Promote Tissue Regeneration Research Articles

Healing limited.

Activation of liver X receptor promotes tissue regeneration over neoplastic transformation.

Dual peptide-coordinated dynamic hydrogel with antibacterial and proangiogenic activities for infected skin wounds

Infected skin wounds represent a class of significant clinical challenges due to their complexity and the risk of delayed healing. Developing an effective wound dressing capable of promoting tissue regeneration while addressing infections is crucial. In this study, we designed a dual peptide-coordinated dynamic hydrogel with both antibacterial and proangiogenic properties, specifically tailored for treating infected skin wounds. The dynamic hydrogel was constructed using gelatin, a natural biomacromolecule with high biocompatibility, as the base material. Two functional peptides, the antibacterial melittin and angiogenic peptide, were incorporated to enhance both infection control and tissue repair. Hydrogelation was achieved through coordination interactions between gold (Au) ions and sulfhydryl groups, endowing the hydrogel with dynamic properties. The excellent biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy and angiogenic capability of hydrogel allow it to provide structural support for wound healing while promoting cell proliferation and migration. By eradicating bacteria and stimulating new blood vessel formation, it accelerates the healing of infected wounds. Additionally, its injectability and self-healing properties make it suitable for treating irregularly shaped and deep wounds. This dual-functional hydrogel may offer a promising and minimally invasive treatment option for infected skin wounds, combining high biological safety with simplified surgical procedures.

Anti-inflammatory dressing based on hyaluronic acid and hydroxyethyl starch for wound healing

Eliminating persistent inflammation and choosing dressings that provide the best healing environment is key to promoting wound healing. Dynamic and reversible hydrogels have attracted much attention because of their capacity to adapt to irregular wound surfaces. Herein, oxidized hydroxyethyl starch (OHES) and hyaluronic acid (HA-ADH) were crosslinked via the dynamic acylhydrazone bond to form an anti-inflammatory function hydrogel (HA-ADH/OHES@XT) that could release xanthatin (XT) slowly. The HA-ADH/OHES hydrogels showed an appropriate gelation time, notable water-retaining capacity, self-healing, suitable biodegradability, and good biocompatibility for wound healing applications. In vivo experiments demonstrated that HA-ADH/OHES@XT hydrogels promoted tissue regeneration and wound healing at a rate of approximately 89.1 % on day 20 by reducing inflammation, increasing collagen deposition, and promoting re-epithelialization, indicating their great potential as a wound dressing.

Role of secretomes in chronic wound treatment: a review

Living with a chronic wound may prove to be devastating to patients both physically and psychologically. Wound increases economic and society burden due to low healing rate, prolonged hospital treatment, and increased epidemiology worldwide. Therefore, application wound treatment modalities are necessary for patient recovery. However, each modality has their own advantage and limitation. As a newly-founded modality, secretome, which originated from Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) plays an important role in chronic wound healing due to its ability in promoting tissue regeneration and self-renewal that supports cell proliferation and migration. However, different therapeutic potentials can arise according to each source of stem cells. This review highlights the importance of secretome as a modality in treating chronic wounds. Secretome types, stem cell origin, and results when applied in vitro and in vivo will also be comprehensively reviewed.

The Role of the Immune System in Tissue Repair and Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review

Tissue repair and regeneration are essential processes that restore tissue structure and function after injury. The immune system plays a critical role in orchestrating these processes, regulating inflammation, clearing debris, and promoting tissue regeneration through complex interactions with tissue-specific stem cells and resident immune cells. Key immune players, such as neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells, coordinate the early inflammatory phase, while macrophages, particularly M2-polarized macrophages, facilitate tissue repair by secreting growth factors like **VEGF** and **TGF-β**. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is crucial for proper healing; dysregulated immune activity can lead to chronic wounds, fibrosis, or autoimmune-related tissue damage. In conditions like chronic wounds or liver fibrosis, prolonged inflammation hinders the repair process, emphasizing the need for controlled immune responses. Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune activity, including the use of stem cells, immune-modulatory drugs, and biomaterials, hold promise in enhancing tissue repair and regeneration. This review highlights the key roles of immune cells in tissue repair, the impact of immune dysregulation on healing, and the therapeutic potential of targeting immune pathways to improve regenerative outcomes. Understanding the immune mechanisms behind tissue repair opens new avenues for treating chronic diseases and promoting tissue regeneration in clinical settings. Keywords: Immune system, Tissue repair, Regeneration, Macrophages, Immune modulation

The development of growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs: Therapeutic advances in cancer, regenerative medicine, and metabolic disorders.

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) and its analogs have gained significant attention for their therapeutic potential across various domains, including oncology, regenerative medicine, and metabolic disorders. Originally recognized for its role in regulating growth hormone (GH) secretion, GHRH has since been discovered to exert broader physiological effects beyond the pituitary gland, with GHRH receptors identified in multiple extrahypothalamic tissues, including tumor cells. This review explores the development of both GHRH agonists and antagonists, focusing on their mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and future potential. GHRH agonists have shown promise in promoting tissue regeneration, improving cardiac function, and enhancing islet survival in diabetes. Meanwhile, GHRH antagonists, particularly those in the MIA and AVR series, demonstrate potent antitumor activity by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and downregulating growth factor pathways, while also exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties. Preclinical studies in models of lung, prostate, breast, and gastrointestinal cancers indicate that GHRH analogs could offer a novel therapeutic approach with minimal toxicity. Additionally, GHRH antagonists are being investigated for their potential in treating neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory conditions. This review highlights the versatility of GHRH analogs as a promising class of therapeutic agents, poised to impact multiple fields of medicine.

Antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles as a potential healing treatment for wounds contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus in wistar rats

Currently, the main challenges associated with conventional treatments for complex wounds include antibiotic resistance, persistent infections, delayed healing, pain and discomfort, lesion recurrence, and limited patient adherence. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have demonstrated potential for bacterial control in contaminated wounds while promoting tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of AgNPs in wounds contaminated and non-contaminated with S. aureus. An aqueous suspension of AgNPs at a concentration of 117 μg/mL was synthesized by reducing silver nitrate in a medium containing tannic acid and sodium citrate. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical, with an average diameter of 24.3 ± 0.18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.25 ± 0.013, and a ζ-potential of −60.0 ± 3.07 mV. The bactericidal effect of AgNPs was observed at concentrations of 58.5 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 6.74 μg/mL for S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fibroblast viability (L929 cells) was maintained at confluence with AgNPs concentrations ranging from 0.1 μg/mL to 7.3 μg/mL. On the 7th day post-wound induction, animals treated with AgNPs exhibited 90 % re-epithelialization along with effective microbiological control. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in fibroblast production in the treated groups compared to controls (p < 0.01). These results indicate that AgNPs hold promise for topical applications in bacterial control and wound healing.

Complement component 3 promotes regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the olfactory epithelium are characterized by high regenerative capacity even after birth, but the molecular mechanisms involved in ORN regeneration remain unclear. Complement component 3 (C3) has been shown to promote tissue regeneration, so we hypothesized that C3 activates innate immunity and also promotes regeneration of ORNs. Here, we investigate the role of C3 in ORN regeneration. We used C3 knockout (KO) and wild-type C57BL/6J mice in this study to examine the olfactory regeneration process for 42 days after methimazole-induced olfactory disorder. To compare the regenerative process after ORN damage between C3 KO and wild-type mice, we conducted olfactory behavioral tests and immunohistological analysis and examined growth factors and inflammatory cell induction. C3 KO mice showed delayed olfactory recovery with lower olfactory epithelial thickness. In C3 KO mice, ORN maturation was delayed in association with increased accumulation of immature ORNs. In the normal ORN regeneration process, undesirable immature ORNs are produced and eliminated by apoptosis. C3 deficiency reduced neutrophils induced during ORN regeneration, suggesting the involvement of C3 in ORN regeneration through neutrophil-dependent elimination of undesired ORNs. C3 is therefore suggested to have promoted ORN regeneration by preventing the accumulation of immature ORNs. In addition, C3 may assist ORN maturation by participating in ORN axon selection like synaptic pruning. Our results indicate that C3, which is activated during pathogen infection, also promotes recovery from ORN damage. These findings may lead to new therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorder.

Advances of naturally derived biomedical polymers in tissue engineering.

The extensive utilization of natural polymers in tissue engineering is attributed to their excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and resemblance to the natural extracellular matrix. These polymers have a wide range of applications such as delivering therapeutic medicine, detecting diseases, sensing biological substances, promoting tissue regeneration, and treating diseases. This is a brief review of current developments in the properties and uses of widely used biomedical polymers derived from nature. Additionally, it explores the correlation between the characteristics and functions of these materials in different biomedical applications and highlights the prospective direction for the advancement of natural polymer materials in tissue engineering.

3D Printing‐Based Hydrogel Dressings for Wound Healing

AbstractSkin wounds have become an important issue that affects human health and burdens global medical care. Hydrogel materials similar to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) are one of the best candidates for ideal wound dressings and the most feasible choices for printing inks. Distinct from hydrogels made by traditional technologies, which lack bionic and mechanical properties, 3D printing can promptly and accurately create hydrogels with complex bioactive structures and the potential to promote tissue regeneration and wound healing. Herein, a comprehensive review of multi‐functional 3D printing‐based hydrogel dressings for wound healing is presented. The review first summarizes the 3D printing techniques for wound hydrogel dressings, including photo‐curing, extrusion, inkjet, and laser‐assisted 3D printing. Then, the properties and design approaches of a series of bioinks composed of natural, synthetic, and composite polymers for 3D printing wound hydrogel dressings are described. Thereafter, the application of multi‐functional 3D printing‐based hydrogel dressings in a variety of wound environments is discussed in depth, including hemostasis, anti‐inflammation, antibacterial, skin appendage regeneration, intelligent monitoring, and machine learning‐assisted therapy. Finally, the challenges and prospects of 3D printing‐based hydrogel dressings for wound healing are presented.

Research Progress on the Application of Natural Medicines in Biomaterial Coatings.

With the continuous progress of biomedical technology, biomaterial coatings play an important role in improving the performance of medical devices and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. The application of natural medicine to biological materials has become a hot topic due to its diverse biological activity, low toxicity, and wide range of sources. This article introduces the definition and classification of natural medicines, lists some common natural medicines, such as curcumin, allicin, chitosan, tea polyphenols, etc., and lists some biological activities of some common natural medicines, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and other properties. According to the different characteristics of natural medicines, physical adsorption, chemical grafting, layer-by-layer self-assembly, sol-gel and other methods are combined with biomaterials, which can be used for orthopedic implants, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular stents, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, etc., to exert their biological activity. For example, improving antibacterial properties, promoting tissue regeneration, and improving biocompatibility promote the development of medical health. Although the development of biomaterials has been greatly expanded, it still faces some major challenges, such as whether the combination between the coating and the substrate is firm, whether the drug load is released sustainably, whether the dynamic balance will be disrupted, and so on; a series of problems affects the application of natural drugs in biomaterial coatings. In view of these problems, this paper summarizes some suggestions by evaluating the literature, such as optimizing the binding method and release system; carrying out more clinical application research; carrying out multidisciplinary cooperation; broadening the application of natural medicine in biomaterial coatings; and developing safer, more effective and multi-functional natural medicine coatings through continuous research and innovation, so as to contribute to the development of the biomedical field.

Turn Hood into Good: Recycling Silicon from Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles through Magnesium Modification to Lower Toxicity and Promote Tissue Regeneration.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have gained wide application as excellent carrier materials; however, their limited degradation in the biological system and potential chronic toxicity pose challenges to their clinical applications. Previous studies have focused on optimizing the elimination performance of MSNs; interestingly, silicon has been well-documented as an essential body component. Therefore, converting MSNs into a form readily utilizable by the organism is a way to turn waste into a valuable resource. However, the recycling and utilization of MSNs are associated with significant hurdles. This study proposes an approach to impede the formation of siloxane, the crucial core in MSNs, by introducing a gradient concentration of Mg2+. The invasion of Mg2+ significantly reduces the stability of Si-O-Si bonds by substituting silicon ions while preserving the functional three-dimensional structure. Recycling the increased release of Mg and Si ions enhances cellular antioxidant capacity, reduces oxidative stress reactions, improves mitochondrial function, and regulates macrophage inflammatory states. The proposed approach to converting MSN materials shows significant advantages for tissue regeneration in the periodontal defect model. This study opens an insight for applying MSNs in clinical applications in regenerative medicine.

A review on exploring the potential of PVA and chitosan in biomedical applications: A focus on tissue engineering, drug delivery and biomedical sensors.

Polymers have been integral to the advancement of biomedicine, owing to their exceptional versatility and functionality. Among these, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan both natural polymers stand out for their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique properties. This review article provides a comprehensive examination of the diverse applications of PVA and chitosan in three pivotal areas: tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biosensors. In tissue engineering, the discussion centres on how PVA and chitosan are engineered into scaffolds that not only support cell growth and differentiation but also promote tissue regeneration by closely mimicking the extracellular matrix. These scaffolds offer the necessary mechanical strength and adaptability for various biomedical applications. For drug delivery, the article delves into the development of sophisticated controlled release systems and targeted drug carriers, highlighting the polymers' customizable properties and their mucoadhesive nature, which make them highly effective across multiple drug delivery methods. Furthermore, the potential of PVA and chitosan in biosensor technology is explored, particularly their ability to interact with biomolecules and their intrinsic conductivity attributes that are essential for creating sensitive, reliable, and biocompatible sensors for medical diagnostics. By synthesizing recent research findings and suggesting future research directions, this review underscores the versatility and critical role of PVA and chitosan in pushing the boundaries of biomedical innovation. It offers valuable insights for researchers and scientists dedicated to advancing healthcare through the application of these natural polymers.

Static and dynamic cell culture of small caliber bilayer vascular grafts electrospun from polycaprolactone

Developing a suitable vascular graft to replace damaged small-caliber vessels and promote tissue regeneration is a critical challenge. This study focuses on bilayer polycaprolactone (PCL) grafts, fabricated by electrospinning, with both randomly distributed and radially oriented fibers. The analysis covers surface morphology, fiber diameter, pore size, cellular behavior, and biodegradability. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) show an impressive viability of 142.2% after 7 days, while umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (UASMCs) exhibit 112.6%. Fluorescent microscopy indicates a higher viability of HUVECs over UASMCs. On the other hand, less than 10% of HUVECs and less than 5% of UASMCs undergo cell death within 7 days. Biodegradation analysis over 12 months shows a significant weight loss of 65–70% for both types of fiber arrangements. A custom-designed bioreactor enables dynamic cell culture, revealing comparable activity to static cultures. In the dynamic cell culture environment, HUVECs maintain high viability and display robust proliferation at both the 4th and 7th days, supporting the results observed in static cell cultures. These findings underscore the significant potential of bilayer PCL grafts in advancing the field of blood vessels, offering promising avenues for the development of functional vascular replacements with enhanced regenerative capabilities.

Evidence-based practices on nanotechnology in wound treatment

Nanotechnology has revolutionized wound treatment by offering innovative solutions that accelerate healing, reduce infections, and promote tissue regeneration. This article reviews evidence-based practices regarding the use of nanotechnology in wound care, with a focus on antimicrobial nanoparticles, smart dressings, and regenerative scaffolds. Studies reviewed between 2010 and 2024 indicate that silver, zinc oxide, and gold nanoparticles are effective in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), thereby preventing infections in chronic and acute wounds. Additionally, smart dressings equipped with embedded sensors have demonstrated the ability to monitor the wound environment, detecting signs of infection or inflammation and delivering drugs in a controlled manner. Another aspect addressed is the use of nanomaterial-based scaffolds, which mimic the extracellular matrix and promote cell proliferation, facilitating tissue regeneration in hard-to-heal wounds, such as diabetic ulcers and severe burns. Although the results are promising, the article highlights the need for more large-scale clinical trials and long-term studies to assess the safety and efficacy of these technologies across diverse populations. Moreover, the high cost of some nanotechnological products remains a challenge for widespread implementation, particularly in resource-limited healthcare systems. The conclusion is that nanotechnology holds great potential to transform wound care, but its broad adoption will depend on further studies, improved accessibility, and greater awareness among healthcare professionals and patients.

Hypericum Perforatum Callus Extract-Loaded Composite Hydrogel with Diverse Bioactivities for Enhanced Wound Healing and Fibrosis Prevention.

Plant Callus are a valuable source of pluripotent stem cells and bioactive phytochemicals. Meanwhile, the Hypericum perforatum callus extract (HPCE) is particularly rich in compounds such as hyperforin, hypericin, quercetin, and other phenolic and flavonoid derivatives. These phytochemicals exhibit strong antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic properties, making them promising for wound healing. One of the most critical challenges following wound healing is the formation of fibrosis, which can compromise the complex structural integrity of skin. To address this issue, a poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan/alginate (PCA) wound dressing loaded with HPCE is developed. This hydrogel dressing features a porous structure with suitable mechanical properties and a high swelling capacity, potentially enhancing its effectiveness in promoting tissue regeneration and wound healing. In vitro studies have confirmed its biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion properties. Additionally, the dressing has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the proliferation of certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The in vivo studies revealed the anti-inflammatory properties, promotion of angiogenesis, facilitation of re-epithelialization, and stimulation of collagen deposition of the dressing under investigation. Moreover, the immunohistochemistry analysis of the two key markers, p16 and p53, has shown that the application of the dressing helps prevent fibrosis after wound healing.

Fabrication of MnO2-Modified Decellularized Tendon Membrane for Enhancing Tendon Repair.

Repairing tendon/ligament injuries is a major challenge in sports medicine. It has been reported that tendon injury healing is hindered by massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Manganese oxides nanoparticles are generally non-toxic, can scavenge ROS, promote tissue regeneration, and hold promise for sustainable nanotechnologies. However, the effective and safe integration of MnO2 nanoparticles on decellularized scaffold mediating tissue repair is still a great challenge. To address these issues, an in situ MnO2-modified decellularized scaffold is developed to enhance tendon regeneration through improving microenvironment. The decellularized fibrous membrane is designed and prepared using the central tendon of the porcine diaphragm. Then MnO2 nanozymes are in situ grown on the collagen fibers using tannic acid (TA) as cross-linking agent and reducing agent. The results showed that MnO2-modified scaffold eliminates excessive accumulation of ROS in cells, protects mitochondrial, and maintains the phenotype of tendon cells in an oxidative stress environment. Notably, it is found that the MnO2-modified scaffold exhibits good biocompatibility and is able to promote the tendon healing in the rat patellar tendon defect model. Altogether, this study confirmed that this nanozyme-functionalized decellularized extracellular matrix effectively enhanced tendon repair by scavenging ROS, which provides new strategies for enhancing tendon regeneration.

Intervening to Preserve Function in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy with a Porous Hydrogel and Extracellular Matrix Composite in a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model.

Multiple hydrogels are developed for injection therapy after myocardial infarction, with some incorporating substances promoting tissue regeneration and others emphasizing mechanical effects. In this study, porosity and extracellular matrix-derived digest (ECM) are incorporated, into a mechanically optimized, thermoresponsive, degradable hydrogel (poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-MAPLA)) and evaluate whether this biomaterial injectate can abrogate adverse remodeling in rat ischemic cardiomyopathy. After myocardial infarction, rats are divided into four groups: NP (non-porous hydrogel) without either ECM or porosity, PM (porous hydrogel) from the same synthetic copolymer with mannitol beads as porogens, and PME with porosity and ECM digest added to the synthetic copolymer. PBS injection alone is a control group. Intramyocardial injections occurred 3 days after myocardial infarction followed by serial echocardiography and histological assessments 8 weeks after infarction. Echocardiographic function and neovascularization improved in the PME group compared to the other hydrogels and PBS injection. The PME group also demonstrated improved LV geometry and macrophage polarization (toward M2) compared to PBS, whereas differences are not observed in the NP or PM groups versus control. These results demonstrate further functional improvement may be achieved in hydrogel injection therapy for ischemic cardiomyopathy by incorporating porosity and ECM digest, representing combined mechanical and biological effects.

Formulation of Asiatic acid-loaded polymeric chitosan-based hydrogel for effective MRSA infection control and enhanced wound healing in zebrafish models

BackgroundWound healing relies on a controlled inflammatory process vital for tissue regeneration. Chronic wounds, characterized by persistent inflammation and high infection risk, pose significant challenges in healthcare. Hydrogel dressings offer promise in wound care; however, the understanding of their role in managing inflammation and infection remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate these processes and assess the efficacy of Asiatic acid (AA)-infused hydrogels in reducing inflammation and preventing infection. The unique properties of AA suggest its potential to modulate inflammation, promote tissue regeneration, and inhibit microbial colonization, thereby paving the way for specialized dressings that optimize healing outcomes. MethodsThe investigation encompassed the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant activity, and biocompatibility of AA using a fibroblast cell line. A hydrogel incorporating AA was developed and characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle analysis, tensile testing, swelling capacity, and thermal stability assessments. Biodegradability was evaluated via enzymatic degradation, alongside controlled drug release and antibacterial efficacy against MRSA. In vivo studies using a zebrafish model examined wound healing and immune response. ResultsResults confirmed AA's potent antibacterial activity against MRSA and its effectiveness in disrupting mature biofilms. Additionally, AA exhibited strong antioxidant activity and biocompatibility. Morphological analysis revealed a pore structure conducive to wound healing, and the hydrogel demonstrated enhanced tensile strength, swelling properties, and thermal stability. In vivo, the AA-infused hydrogel accelerated wound closure, re-epithelialization, and immune response, supporting its potential for advanced wound care applications. In conclusion, the AA-infused chitosan hydrogel emerges as a promising candidate for advanced wound care therapies.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles restored nasal barrier function in allergic rhinitis via miR-143–GSK3β in human nasal epithelial cells

BackgroundThe nasal epithelial barrier is the first line of defense against the deep entry of pathogens or aeroallergens, and is more critical in allergic rhinitis (AR). Restoring epithelial barrier dysfunction might be a promising strategy for AR. Recent studies reported that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEV) potentially inhibit the inflammation response and promote tissue regeneration. However, their effect on nasal epithelial cells remains unknown. ObjectivesThis study sought to describe the therapeutic effect of MSC-sEV on AR, particularly focusing their effect on nasal epithelial cells and underlying molecular mechanisms. MethodsWe utilized an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model to study AR. Both primary and immortalized human nasal epithelial cells were used to further validate the therapeutic effects of MSC-sEV on epithelial cell function. Then we constructed miR-143 overexpressing and low-expressing HNEpC and MSC-sEV to elucidate molecular mechanisms. Transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the downstream pathways involved. ResultsMSC-sEV successfully maintained nasal barrier integrity in AR mouse model. The MSC-sEV therapeutic effect on the nasal barrier was substantiated in HNEpC. Mechanistically, microRNA (miR)-143 was a candidate mediator of the above effects. Subsequently, transfecting HNEpC with miR-143 partially mimicked the restoring effect of MSC-sEV. MSC-sEV overexpressing miR-143 exerted more therapeutic effects on tight junctions and barrier integrity. Moreover, miR-143 regulated the GSK3β pathway. ConclusionsOur results indicated that MSC-sEV mitigated AR and restored nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction through the miR-143–GSK3β axis, which suggested that MSC-sEV have the remarkable ability to treat AR.