Promising Lines Research Articles

Amoeba plate test with Acanthamoeba castellanii as an innovative tool for Nocardia recovery from sputum samples: a proof-of-concept study.

The culture-proven diagnosis of Nocardiosis is challenging due to the difficulties in recovering Nocardia colonies from respiratory samples containing a complex polymicrobial flora. However, the isolation of Nocardia strains remains necessary to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing and adapt the antibiotic regimen of the patients. This study provides an innovative culture method based on a solid medium amoebic coculture, the amoeba plate test (APT), to cultivate Nocardia strains from clinical sputa samples. Nocardia grew across the APT amoebic monolayer. Moreover, the APT, which is already used in a reference center for the recovery of Legionella strains, exhibited good performances for Nocardia recovery and decontamination of interfering flora, thereby representing a promising second line tool to improve Nocardia culture.

Physicochemical properties of grain of promising winter durum wheat varieties and lines in the south of the Rostov region

The most important thing in the production of durum wheat is to obtain high-quality grain. In this regard, in the Rostov Region, there has been studied the physical and chemical properties of this crop and identified several sources for high-quality grain breeding. The objects of study were 30 winter durum wheat varieties and lines of our own breeding, with the standard variety ‘Kristella’. Large grain (1000-grain weight over 40 g) was formed by 12 winter durum wheat samples. According to the GOST, 26 varieties and lines (770–809 g/l) belonged to the 1st class of grain. In 2021–2023, grain hardness varied from 69 % to 93 %. This trait was influenced by weather conditions during the years of study, grain with large hardness (100 %) was formed in the favorable 2022, in 2023 the grain was floury (51 %). The protein percentage in grain varied over the years from 13.70% in 2022 to 14.91 % in 2021. The mean gluten content of winter durum wheat samples was consistently high over the years and ranged from 28.0 % (2022) to 30.1 % (2021). The mean carotenoid content over the years varied significantly from 472 μg/% (2023) to 718 μg/% (2021). There were significant fluctuations among the samples. Due to the diversity of weather conditions during the years of study, there have been identified 6 winter durum wheat varieties and lines ‘Diona’, ‘Dinas’, ‘Pridonie’, ‘691/20’, ‘390/20’, ‘1377/20’ according to the complex of physical and chemical properties.

Estimation of the development of androgenic dihaploid lines of winter wheat of the R1 generation in vivo

Development of dihaploid lines using biotechnological methods can reduce not only the time required to breed a new variety, but also labor costs and technical resources. Earlier in our studies, there has been obtained seed material of androgenic dihaploid of the regenerated plants of the R0 generation, grown ex vitro. The next stage of the work delt with sowing the seeds of these plants in vivo. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the development of winter wheat plants of androgenic dihaploid lines of the R1 generation and parental varieties in vivo according to such characteristics as a length of phenophases, a vegetation period, morphometric estimation for comparison with each other and with parental genotypes, as well as for seed propagation. As a result of the study carried out in 2022–2024, there has been estimated a new nitial material of winter common wheat obtained on the basis of previously conducted biotechnological work. There have been studied androgenic dihaploid R1 lines according to the traits of vegetative and generative organs, for grain productivity of plants and seed germination. There have been selected promising lines for further breeding evaluation. Androgenic dihaploid lines of winter wheat of the R1 generation 79.1.5.1, 79.1.5.2, 79.2.1.1, 84.3.1.1, 84.3.3.1, 85.2.1.1 were the best according to vegetative, generative traits, grain productivity and seed germination. The best indicators of productivity and germination were characterized by androgenic dihaploid lines based on the hybrid ‘Rostovchanka 7 x Bezostaya 100’.

Effect of Age and Gender on Categorical Perception of Vocal Emotion Under Tonal Language Background.

Categorical perception (CP) manifests in various aspects of human cognition. While there is mounting evidence for CP in facial emotions, CP in vocal emotions remains understudied. The current study attempted to test whether individuals with a tonal language background perceive vocal emotions categorically and to examine how factors such as gender and age influence the plasticity of these perceptual categories. This study examined the identification and discrimination performance of 24 Mandarin-speaking children (14 boys and 10 girls) and 32 adults (16 males and 16 females) when they were presented with three vocal emotion continua. Speech stimuli in each continuum consisted of 11 resynthesized Mandarin disyllabic words. CP phenomena were detected when Mandarin participants perceived vocal emotions. We further found the modulating effect of age and gender in vocal emotion categorization. Our results demonstrate for the first time that a categorical strategy is used by Mandarin speakers when perceiving vocal emotions. Furthermore, our findings reveal that the categorization ability of vocal emotions follows a prolonged course of development and the maturation patterns differ across genders. This study opens a promising line of research for investigating how sensory features are mapped to higher order perception and provides implications for our understanding of clinical populations characterized by altered emotional processing. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27204057.

Optimizing Bus Bridging Services with Mode Choice in Response to Urban Rail Transit Emergencies

During urban rail transit (URT) emergencies, stranded passengers may choose to seek alternative modes of transportation instead of waiting in the URT system for the bus bridging service to commence. To tackle this challenge, we present an optimization-based approach focused on identifying promising bus bridging lines and devising efficient services. Specifically, we introduce a candidate line generation (CLG) model designed to identify potential bus bridging lines. This model is akin to solving a k-all pair elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints (k-APESPPRC). We develop an exact algorithm based on the label setting algorithm and Lawler's algorithm to solve this model effectively. Subsequently, our approach allocates limited bus resources to determine line selection, frequency determination, bus deployment, and passenger assignment on the integrated network (i.e., partial URT network and bus network) with the consideration of mode choice. Given the inherent complexity of this problem, we introduce an optimization-based tabu search method (opt-tabu) designed to efficiently solve real-size instances. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we present a real case study conducted in Hong Kong, showcasing its efficiency and practicality. In summary, this study makes a valuable contribution to the transportation industry by providing a practical and efficient approach to managing URT emergencies, emphasizing the significance of considering mode choice in the context of bus bridging services.

Identification of Resistance to <i>Puccinia striiformisf</i>. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Pst</i>) in Some Commercial and Elite Bread Wheat Lines

Stripe rust is caused by <i>Puccinia striiformisf</i>. sp. <i>tritici</i> (<i>Pst</i>) threatening wheat production in Ethiopia. The emerged virulent stripe rust races at one point of the world spread to the rest of wheat-producing countries by the wind as well as human travels and damaged popular resistant wheat cultivars thereby posing food insecurity. However, wheat cultivars succumb to new Pst race (s) soon after their release from research centers. This study aimed to determine stripe rust resistance in some Ethiopian commercial and elite bread wheat lines. In 2017, a total of 37 commercial and elite bread wheat lines were exposed to stripe rust in under the disease hot spot areas (Kulumsa and Meraro) Arsi zone Oromia regional state. In the second year (2018), 22 promising lines consisting of 16 commercial bread wheat and 6 elite’s lines were evaluated both at seedling and adult plant growth stages. The seedling test was conducted in the greenhouse at Kulumsa research center using three Pst races. In field evaluations, terminal severity (TRS), coefficient of infection (CI), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), disease progress rate (DPR), and spike infection (SI) were considered. Of the 37 commercial and elite bread wheat lines, 19 (51.4%) exhibited lower or equal disease reaction compared to the resistant check (Enjoy) across locations and seasons. Eleven bread wheat lines showed both adult plant and seedling resistance. The 37 commercial wheat lines that showed field resistance was further exposed to three Pst races at the seedling stage and 11 exhibited seedling resistance to all races. This study has identified seedling and adult plant resistance in some commercial and elite bread wheat lines to the prevailing Pst races.

Characterization of high-yielding aman rice genotypes through genetic and agronomic analysis

ABSTRACT Rice (Oryza sativa L.) holds immense global significance, serving as a staple food crop that sustains billions of people and supports livelihoods across diverse cultures and economies, including Bangladesh. For food security in Bangladesh, there is a significant demand for high-yielding Aman rice varieties. We assessed genetic variability of 16 Aman rice genotypes, including 11 promising Aman lines and 5 established Aman cultivars in Bangladesh, with the aim of identifying high-yielding genotypes through a three-year field experiment. The examined genotypes displayed notable variations in both yield and agronomic traits contributing to yield, as evidenced by their greater range of coefficients of variance and genetic variability components. Traits such as effective tillers per hill (ET), filled grains per panicle (FG), plant height (PH) at 80 days after transplanting, and panicle length (PL) demonstrated notable correlations with grain yield (GY) throughout the three-year evaluation. Moreover, the higher broad-sense heritability (H 2) observed in ET, FG, PH, and PL traits suggested a substantial influence of genetic factors on the variability of the Aman rice genotypes. Principal component analysis based biplot and heatmap analyses revealed that the advanced lines BU acc4 and BU acc5 had higher harvest index and relatively greater GY compared to the other Aman rice varieties. These promising Aman lines could prove to be valuable materials for future multi-location yield trials or ongoing and forthcoming breeding programs aimed at enhancing high-yielding Aman rice cultivars.

Screening Tomato Genotypes for B–Recovery and Acquisition Potential in Calcareous Soils

ABSTRACT Screening a suitable genotype is important for nutrient recovery and its acquisition potential. Twenty genotypes of tomato were studied under different doses of B-application. The indices of B use efficiencies, viz. apparent B recovery (ABR), fruit production efficiency (FPE), physiological efficiency (PE), agro-physiological efficiency (APE) and utilization efficiency ratio (UER) were worked out for tomato genotypes. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design for the two consecutive years, assigning three B levels (control i.e. without B application, @ 2.0 kg B ha−1 through borax and 0.25% boric acid foliar spray twice) in main plot and location-specific twenty tomato genotypes in subplots, replicated thrice. Soil applied B produced greater fruit yield than the twice foliar spray of 0.25% boric acid B. However, the tomato fruit yield was improved by 2–12% over control by soil applied B @ 2.0 kg B ha−1 through borax and twice foliar spray of B. Irrespective of genotypes, B content in fruit and shoot of tomato plant improved upon application of B. The apparent B recovery (ABR) and agronomic efficiency (AE) of B suggested that foliar application was more effective in comparison to soil application. The use efficiencies were highest in the cultivars NS–812 followed by NS–512 and B–9–2 in B-deficient calcareous soils with the application of 0.25% boric acid foliar spray twice. These genotypes could be a promising lines for breeding program for B enrichment in tomato for cultivation in B-deficient soils.

Trait Association Studies to Determine Selection Indices in F5 Segregating Populations of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The experiment consisted of 38 promising F5 breeding lines developed and evaluated for correlation coefficient, path coefficient and selection indices studies with four check varieties viz., NVSR-2435, Sardar, Lalkada Gold and GR-18 in RBD with three replications during kharif-2023 at RRRS, Vyara, Gujarat. Genotypic correlation analysis revealed that grain yield per plant appeared to be positively and significantly correlated with productive tillers per plant, plant height, panicle length, straw yield per plant and 100 grain weight, which suggested that these characters can be improved simultaneously towards higher grain yield per plant by direct selection. Genotypic path analysis revealed that positive and direct effects on grain yield per plant were exhibited by days to maturity, productive tillers per plant, panicle length, 100 grain weight and straw yield per plant. Among these traits, panicle length, productive tillers per plant, 100 grain weight and straw yield per plant exhibited direct effect along with highly significant and positive association with grain yield per plant. Therefore, selection for such traits may be considered as most important yield attributing characters. The negligible residual effect of 0.037 was observed in path analysis, indicates that the model explained large proportion of variance. Thirty-one selection indices were constructed in all possible combinations of grain yield per plant (X1) along with four components viz., productive tiller per plant (X2), panicle length (X3), 100 grain weight (X4) and straw yield per plant (X5) through equal weight method. Among all the selection indices, the relative efficiency (%) and expected genetic advance (GA) was noted maximum with four characters selection index (I1245) compared to grain yield per plant (I1).

An Ultra-Broadband Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguide with Sine Edges

In this paper, a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide with sine edges (CBCPW-SE), consisting of a conductor-backed coplanar with periodic sine edges supported by a dielectric substrate, is proposed as a promising new transmission line (TL) at millimeter-wave and terahertz frequencies. This configuration offers a distinct advantage by maintaining a constant input impedance of 50 Ω across a broad frequency spectrum, eliminating the necessity for any additional impedance matching transitions, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and simplicity of the transmission system. To verify the design, the CBCPW-SE was fabricated and measured. The measurement results demonstrate that, from 10 MHz to 100 GHz, the insertion loss is less than 0.1 dB/mm and the reflection coefficient is better than −10 dB. The measured S21 (dB) for a 50 mm-long CBCPW-SE section is less than −5 dB from 10 MHz to 100 GHz. The measured group delay per unit length of the trace is 3.4–5 ps, ranging from 10 MHz to 100 GHz. Moreover, the measured group velocity dispersion (GVD) approaches zero, signifying the minimal temporal spreading of the signal components, a crucial aspect for maintaining signal integrity and facilitating high-speed data transmission.

Using cross-country datasets for association mapping in Arachis hypogaea L.

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most important climate-resilient oil crops in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a significant yield gap for groundnut in Africa because of poor soil fertility, low agricultural inputs, biotic and abiotic stresses. Cross-country evaluations of promising breeding lines can facilitate the varietal development process. The objective of our study was to characterize popular test environments in Uganda (Serere and Nakabango) and Malawi (Chitala and Chitedze) and identify genotypes with stable superior yields for potential future release. Phenotypic data were generated for 192 breeding lines for yield-related traits, while genotypic data were generated using skim-sequencing. We observed significant variation (p<0.001; p<0.01; p<0.05) across genotypes for all yield-related traits: days to flowering (DTF), pod yield (PY), shelling percentage, 100-seed weight, and grain yield within and across locations. Nakabango, Chitedze, and Serere were clustered as one mega-environment with the top five most stable genotypes being ICGV-SM 01709, ICGV-SM 15575, ICGV-SM 90704, ICGV-SM 15576, and ICGV-SM 03710, all Virginia types. Population structure analysis clustered the genotypes in three distinct groups based on market classes. Eight and four marker-trait associations (MTAs) were recorded for DTF and PY, respectively. One of the MTAs for DTF was co-localized within an uncharacterized protein on chromosome 13, while another one (TRv2Chr.11_3476885) was consistent across the two countries. Future studies will need to further characterize the candidate genes as well as confirm the stability of superior genotypes across seasons before recommending them for release.

Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and correlation in advanced breeding lines of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) under heat stress condition

Abstract An experiment was conducted under normal (with six irrigation during crop period) and stressed condition during Rabi 2019 in All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Wheat, MARS, Dharwad, Karnataka with the view of assessing genetic variability, heritability and expected genetic advance in 104 F4 families of the cross HD2864 × DBW14. The progenies exhibited wide range of variation for all the traits indicating the presence of enough genetic variability in the material under study. Under timely sown condition, the traits like leaf waxyness, NDVI at different stages, SPAD at different stages, number of productive tillers per plant, seeds per spike, grain filling duration, spike length, thousand grains weight and seed set percentage showed high variability. The traits like plant height, canopy temperature at different stages and membrane stability index showed low variability. Under late sown condition, the traits like leaf waxyness, plant height, NDVI at different stages, SPAD at different stages, number of productive tillers per plant, seeds per spike, yield per plant, row bulk yield and seed set percentage showed high variability. The traits like days to maturity, spike length and membrane stability index showed low variability. The findings shows that all traits related to crop yield are positively linked, except for canopy temperature at different growth stages. Promising lines identified through Heat susceptibility index (HSI) and Heat tolerance index (HTI) can be utilized in future breeding programs to enhance crop productivity. Keywords: Variability, Coefficient of variation, Heritability, Genetic advance.

Accelerated reproduction of the parental lines of white cabbage using rosette plants (steckling) and artificial climate chambers

Relevance. The technology of producing cabbage seeds with the traditional method takes almost 2 years. Its high labor intensity caused the need to search for cheaper methods of selection and seed production. One of the ways to speed up the stages of the selection process is the use of artificial climate chambers. The aim of research is to obtain seeds of promising inbred lines of late maturing white cabbage and hybrid combinations with their participation using rosette plants (steckling) in artificial climate chambers. Materials and Methods. The material was inbred pure lines of 5-6 generations of inbreeding, obtained from promising hybrid combinations of domestic and foreign breeding. The research was conducted in 2023-2024. Sowing in Plantek 64 cassettes was carried out on July 10, then the seedlings were transplanted into vegetative vessels with an optimal volume of 5-6 liters and installed in the open ground for the growth of a leaf outlet. In the phase 10-13 of real leaves, the plugs were placed in an artificial climate chamber. During the growth and development period, biometric and phenological observations were carried out, and an analysis of seed setting was carried out during the hybridization of inbred lines.Results. As a result of research in the study of hybrid seed production under artificial climate chamber conditions, high rates of seed setting in buds under cross-pollination of rosette plants of white cabbage were revealed. Genotypes with high seed set rate under geitenogamous bud pollination were also identified. The weight of 1000 seeds of the studied plants was within the range of 2.5-5.14 g. Genotypes 383-3, 384-2 and 384-7 were selected, which had the highest percentage of seeds in the fractional composition with size more than 2 mm 80.3%, 43.5% and 59.4%, respectively. When genotypes 384-2 and 384-7 were used in hybrid combinations as a maternal component, high quality indicators of the obtained seeds were revealed.Conclusion. For the studied genotypes of white cabbage, when grown in an artificial climate chamber, no significant effect on seed quality was found; the genotype had a greater effect on seed quality indicators.

Principal Component Analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties for three seasons in Annamalai Nagar, an east coast region of Tamil Nadu

Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess genetic variability and identify key yield-contributing traits among 50 rice genotypes evaluated over three seasons under saline conditions. The study aimed to select promising donor lines for developing salt-tolerant, high-yielding cultivars suitable for coastal regions. PCA identified three principal components (PCs) that explained 73.19%, 70.34%, and 64.81% of the total genetic variation in seasons 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Key plant attributes, such as grain yield per plant, panicle grain density, total tiller number, and productive tiller count, showed significant positive associations with PC1 across various growth stages, underscoring their crucial role in explaining the genetic diversity among the genotypes. Plant height, panicle length, and hundred-grain weight also emerged as major contributors to variation. The PCA biplots consistently demonstrated positive correlations between grain yield and traits like panicle length, hundred-grain weight, and tillering ability. In contrast, days to 50% flowering exhibited a negative association with yield. Genotypes G10, G49, G36, G41, G9, G4, G22, and G21 displayed favourable combinations of grain yield per plant, identifying them as potential donor lines for breeding programs aimed at improving rice yield and associated agronomic traits. This comprehensive PCA analysis highlights the effectiveness of the approach in capturing genotypic diversity and guiding the selection of promising germplasm for targeted trait improvement in rice.

Study on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) promising lines

Study on genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L.) promising lines

Evaluation of Chlorophyllin – IPL Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Treatment of Periungual and Subungual Warts

Abstract Background Periungual and subungual warts are warts that develop around the nail plate in the form of epithelial thickening and fissures that cause pain and may extend below the nail plate and affect the nail matrix and cause permanent nail deformity. They are caused by human papilloma virus. Frequent nail trauma as in nail biters and immune suppression are the main predisposing factors. Treatment of periungual and subungual warts presents a great challenge due to their site and high risk of recurrence. Many treatment methods have been tried as physical destruction by cryocautery, electro cautery and lasers, chemical destruction by salicylic acid, Antimitotics as bleomycin and 5-fluorouracil, Retinoids and immune therapy as intralesional candida antigen, vitamin D derivatives and zinc. However, these methods may be difficult to apply in periungual warts and also may cause severe destruction of the nail. Photodynamic therapy is a promising, effective, easy and safe line of treatment for warts. It works through interaction between the photosensitizer, light source and oxygen causing cell damage and apoptosis of the infected cells. There are several photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy like ALA, MAL and methylene blue. Chlorophyllin is a novel photosensitizer that have been experimented in PDT in dermatological and in non-dermatological fields and showed promising results. Aim The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of chlorophylline-IPL mediated PDT in periungual and subungual warts. Patients and Methods This is a randomized controlled clinical trial. Sixty patients with periungual and subungual warts were recruited, examined and evaluated at dermatology outpatient clinic of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology Department, Ain Shams University Hospitals. They were divided into two groups: Methylene blue group (30 patients) received MB/IPL/PDT sessions for 5 sessions maximum and chlorophylline group (30 patients) received chlorophyllin/IPL/PDT sessions for 5 sessions maximum. Each pateint was evaluated and photographed clinically and dermoscopically before the start of the study and 2 weeks after the end of sessions and response was assessed by clinical and dermoscopic score (poor, good, very good and excellent according to reduction in size of warts in mm). Pateints were also evaluated for pain and satisfaction at the end of the study. Results In MB group: (44.4%) showed poor response,(14.8%) showed good response,(25.9%) showed very good response and (14.8%) showed excellent response, while in chlorophylline group : (63%) showed poor response,(33.3%) showed good response and (3.7%) showed excellent response. These results denoted statistically significant decrease in size of warts in the two groups, the results were better in the methylene blue group. satisfaction score of patients which was (mean±SD:4.52 ± 1.87) in methylene blue group versus (mean±SD:3.41 ± 1.53) in chlorophyllin group with statistically significant difference showing higher satisfaction in methylene blue group. Conclusion Methylene blue and chlorophylline are effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of periungual and subungual warts. However, Methylene blue is more effective than chlorophylline. Further studies for chlorophyllin are needed.

Genetic diversity, relationships among traits and selection of tropical maize inbred lines for low-P tolerance based on root and shoot traits at seedling stage.

The tropical maize breeding for low-P tolerance and good performance under low-P stress environments can be achieved through selection based on root morphology traits at seedling stage. Here, we assessed the genotypic variation and genetic diversity of a panel of 151 tropical maize inbred lines for root and shoot seedling traits, investigated the relationship among traits and selected a set of promising inbred lines for low-P tolerance and performance. We evaluated the inbred lines at seedling stage in a greenhouse experiment under two conditions: applied P (AP) and non-applied P (NAP). A mixed model approach was used to estimate variance components and predict the genotypic values of each inbred line. The genetic diversity among inbred lines based on root and shoot traits was assessed, and correlations were estimated between tested traits under AP and NAP. Our panel of inbred lines showed huge genetic variability for all traits and presented large genetic diversity under both P conditions. Variance components due to the inbred line × P condition interaction were also highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits. Root dry weight (RDW) was positively associated with stalk dimeter (SD), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root length, volume, and area under both P conditions. Also, the SD and SDW were associated with most root traits under AP. Based on low-P tolerance and performance indices, we selected a set of top 20 inbred lines to be used in our maize breeding program. We therefore concluded that there is a significant genetic diversity in the tropical maize inbred lines which have the genetic potential to be use in association mapping studies and also to develop improved low-P tolerant and P-efficient hybrids and maize breeding populations for low-P stress environments.

Characteristics of promising lines of spring sphaerococcum wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) according to productivity and grain quality indicators

Characteristics of promising lines of spring sphaerococcum wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) according to productivity and grain quality indicators

Assessing D×D oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) genotypes for relevant bunch traits: Implication for promising breeding lines development

Assessing D×D oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) genotypes for relevant bunch traits: Implication for promising breeding lines development

Why be a Height Potentialist?

According to height potentialism, the height of the universe of sets is “potential” or “indefinitely extensible,” and this is something that a (formal) theory of sets should capture. Height actualism is the rejection of height potentialism: the height of the universe of sets isn’t potential or indefinitely extensible, and our standard non-modal theories of sets don’t need to be supplemented with or reinterpreted in a modal language. In this paper, I examine and (mostly) criticize arguments for height potentialism. I first argue that arguments for height potentialism that appeal to its explanatory powers are unsuccessful. I then argue that the most promising argument for height potentialism involves the claim that height potentialism follows from our intuitive conception of sets. But, as I explain, on the most plausible way of developing this argument from an intuitive conception of sets, it turns out that whether height potentialism or height actualism is true is a verbal dispute, i.e., a matter of what meanings we choose to assign to our set-theoretic expressions. I explain that only pragmatic considerations can settle such a dispute and that these weigh in favor of actualism over potentialism. My discussion is also intended to serve two broader aims: to develop what I take to be the most promising line of argument for height potentialism, and to elaborate the height actualist position in greater detail than is standardly done.