Promising Gene Carrier Research Articles

Application of Nanoparticles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates, imposing a huge burden on both patients and the healthcare system. Traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have limitations, so finding more effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools is critical to improving the survival and quality of life of colorectal cancer patients. While current tumor targeting research mainly focuses on exploring the function and mechanism of molecular targets and screening for excellent drug targets, it is crucial to test the efficacy and mechanism of tumor cell therapy that targets these molecular targets. Selecting the appropriate drug carrier is a key step in effectively targeting tumor cells. In recent years, nanoparticles have gained significant interest as gene carriers in the field of colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment due to their low toxicity and high protective properties. Nanoparticles, synthesized from natural or polymeric materials, are NM-sized particles that offer advantages such as low toxicity, slow release, and protection of target genes during delivery. By modifying nanoparticles, they can be targeted towards specific cells for efficient and safe targeting of tumor cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the safety, efficiency, and specificity of nanoparticles in targeting tumor cells, making them a promising gene carrier for experimental and clinical studies. This paper aims to review the current application of nanoparticles in colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment to provide insights for targeted therapy for colorectal cancer while also highlighting future prospects for nanoparticle development.

Delivery of BikDD proapoptotic gene in Peptide-18-targeted Poly(2-oxazoline)-DOPE nanoliposomes for breast cancer models.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and a significant cause of death in females worldwide. For effective breast cancer treatment, using systems with a promising delivery of anticancer agents is an important strategy. Peptide 18 (P18), a tumor-homing peptide, shows a high binding affinity toward breast cancer cells. Nanoliposomes are known to have enhanced accumulation ability in tumors with longer systemic circulation. In this study, Poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) polymers conjugated with DOPE are used to prepare PEtOx-DOPE nanoliposomes. BikDD, a mutant form of the Bik gene and a member of the BH3-only proapoptotic genes, mimics the constitutively phosphorylated form of the gene. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents a novel approach by investigating P18-conjugated PEtOx-DOPE nanoliposomes (P18-PEtOx-DOPE) for the targeted delivery of BikDD to the AU565 breast cancer model. A site-directed mutated BikDD was loaded into P18-PEtOx-DOPE nanoliposomes, and the targeted drug delivery system was assessed in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models for efficiency, safety, and efficacy. The increased Bik mRNA expression levels in AU565 cells suggest a high effectiveness of the targeting PEtOx-DOPE nanoliposomes. Following the in vitro studies, the delivery of BikDD by P18-PEtOx-DOPE nanoliposomes was analyzed in CD-1 nude mice models. The animal study showed no significant difference in the tumor volume of the CD-1 nude mice treated with P18-PEtOx-DOPE-BikDD nanoliposomes compared to the free delivery of BikDD. Our preclinical studies suggest that P18-PEtOx-DOPE-BikDD nanoliposomes may be promising gene carriers for targeted breast cancer therapy. Thus, further studies should be carried out to determine the prolonged use of this drug delivery system in breast cancer therapy.

Nona-Arginine Mediated Anti-E6 ShRNA Delivery Suppresses the Growth of Hela Cells in vitro.

The E6 oncoprotein of HPV plays a crucial role in promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis, leading to tumor growth. Non-viral vectors such as nona-arginine (R9) peptides have shown to be potential as carriers for therapeutic molecules. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of nona-arginine in delivering E6 shRNA and suppressing the E6 gene of HeLa cells in vitro. HeLa cells carrying E6 gene were treated with a complex of nona-arginine and E6 shRNA. The complex was evaluated using gel retardation assay and FESEM microscopy. The optimal N/P ratio for R9 peptide to transfect HeLa cells with luciferase gene was determined. Relative real-time PCR was used to evaluate the efficiency of mRNA suppression efficiency for E6 shRNA, while the effect of E6 shRNA on cell viability was measured using an MTT assay. The results indicated that R9 efficiently binds to shRNA and effectively transfects E6 shRNA complexes at N/P ratios greater than 30. Transfection with R9 and PEI complexes resulted in a significant toxicity compared to the scrambled plasmid, indicating selective toxicity for HeLa cells. Real-time PCR confirmed the reduction of E6 mRNA expression levels in the cells transfected with anti-E6 shRNA. The study suggests that R9 is a promising non-viral gene carrier for transfecting E6 shRNA in vitro, with significant transfection efficiency and minimal toxicity.

Ammonium trifluoroborate-modified poly(β-aminoesters): A case study for PET-guided in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of a non-viral gene delivery system.

Nucleic acid-based therapies have become a game-changing player in our way of conceiving pharmacology. Nevertheless, the inherent lability of the phosphodiester bond of the genetic material with respect to the blood nucleases severely hampers its delivery in naked form, therefore making it necessary to use delivery vectors. Among the potential non-viral vectors, polymeric materials such as the poly(β-aminoesters) (PBAEs) stand out as promising gene carriers thanks to their ability to condense nucleic acids in the form of nanometric polyplexes. To keep advancing these systems into their translational preclinical phases, it would be highly valuable to gain accurate insights of their in vivo pharmacokinetic profile. We envisaged that positron emission tomography (PET)-guided imaging could provide us with both, an accurate assessment of the biodistribution of PBAE-derived polyplexes, as well shed light on their clearance process. In this sense, taking advantage of the efficient [19F]-to-[18F]‑fluorine isotopic exchange presented by the ammonium trifluoroborate (AMBF3) group, we have designed and synthesized a new 18F-PET radiotracer based on the chemical modification of a linear poly(β-aminoester). As proof of concept, the incorporation of the newly developed 18F-PBAE into a model nanoformulation was shown to be fully compatible with the formation of the polyplexes, their biophysical characterization, and all their in vitro and in vivo functional features. With this tool in hand, we were able to readily obtain key clues about the pharmacokinetic behavior of a series of oligopeptide-modified PBAEs (OM-PBAEs). The observations described in this study allow us to continue supporting these polymers as an outstanding non-viral gene delivery vector for future applications.

Interleukin-12 Plasmid DNA Delivery by N-[(2-Hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan-Based Nanoparticles.

Cationic polysaccharides are capable of forming polyplexes with nucleic acids and are considered promising polymeric gene carriers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl] chitosan salt (HTCS), a quaternary ammonium derivative of chitosan (CS), which benefits from non-ionizable positive charges. In this work, HTCS with a full quaternization of amino groups and a molar mass of 130,000 g·mol−1 was synthesized to use for delivery of a plasmid encoding the interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene. Thus, a polyplex based on HTCS and the IL-12 plasmid was prepared and then was characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, plasmid condensation ability, and protection of the plasmid against enzymatic degradation. We showed that HTCS was able to condense the IL-12 plasmid by the formation of polyplexes in the range of 74.5 ± 0.75 nm. The level of hIL-12 production following the transfection of the cells with HTCS polyplexes at a C/P ratio of 8:1 was around 4.8- and 2.2-fold higher than with CS and polyethylenimine polyplexes, respectively. These findings highlight the role of HTCS in the formation of polyplexes for the efficient delivery of plasmid DNA.

Cation Bulk and pKa Modulate Diblock Polymer Micelle Binding to pDNA.

Polymer-based gene delivery relies on the binding, protection, and final release of nucleic acid cargo using polycations. Engineering polymeric vectors, by exploring novel topologies and cationic moieties, is a promising avenue to improve their performance, which hinges on the development of simple synthetic methods that allow facile preparation. In this work, we focus on cationic micelles formed from block polymers, which are examined as promising gene compaction agents and carriers. In this study, we report the synthesis and assembly of six amphiphilic poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(cationic acrylamide) diblock polymers with different types of cationic groups ((dialkyl)amine, morpholine, or imidazole) in their hydrophilic corona. The polycations were obtained through the parallel postpolymerization modification of a poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) reactive scaffold, which granted diblock polymers with equivalent degrees of polymerization and subsequent quantitative functionalization with cations of different pKa. Ultrasound-assisted direct dissolution of the polycations in different aqueous buffers (pH = 1-7) afforded micellar structures with low size dispersities and hydrodynamic radii below 100 nm. The formation and properties of micelle-DNA complexes ("micelleplexes") were explored via DLS, zeta potential, and dye-exclusion assays revealing that binding is influenced by the cation type present in the micelle corona where bulkiness and pKa are the drivers of micelleplex formation. Combining parallel synthesis strategies with simple direct dissolution formulation opens opportunities to optimize and expand the range of micelle delivery vehicles available by facile tuning of the composition of the cationic micelle corona.

Amphiphilic Chitosan Bearing Double Palmitoyl Chains and Quaternary Ammonium Moieties as a Nanocarrier for Plasmid DNA.

Amphiphilic chitosan, bPalm-CS-HTAP, having N-(2-((2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl) (bPalm) groups as double hydrophobic tails and O-[(2-hydroxyl-3-trimethylammonium)] propyl (HTAP) groups as hydrophilic heads was synthesized and evaluated for its self-assembly properties and potential as a gene carrier. The degree of bis-palmitoyl group substitution (DSbPalm) and the degree of quaternization (DQ) were approximately 2 and 56%, respectively. bPalm-CS-HTAP was found to assemble into nanosized spherical particles with a hydrodynamic diameter (DH) of 265.5 ± 7.40 nm (PDI = 0.5) and a surface charge potential of 40.1 ± 0.04 mV. bPalm-CS-HTAP condensed the plasmid pVAX1.CoV2RBDme completely at a bPalm-CS-HTAP:pDNA ratio of 2:1. The self-assembled bPalm-CS-HTAP/pDNA complexes could enter HEK 293A and CHO cells and enabled gene expression at negligible cytotoxicity compared to commercial PEI (20 kDa). These results suggested that bPalm-CS-HTAP can be used as a promising nonviral gene carrier.

Rational design of engineered H-ferritin nanoparticles with improved siRNA delivery efficacy across an in vitro model of the mouse BBB.

Gene therapy holds tremendous potential for the treatment of incurable brain diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, glioma, and Parkinson's disease. The main challenge is the lack of effective gene delivery systems traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), due to the complex microvessels present in the brain which restrict substances from the circulating blood passing through. Recently, increasing efforts have been made to develop promising gene carriers for brain-related disease therapies. One such development is the self-assembled heavy chain ferritin (HFn) nanoparticles (NPs). HFn NPs have a unique hollow spherical structure that can encapsulate nucleic acid drugs (NADs) and specifically bind to cancer cells and BBB endothelial cells (BBB ECs) via interactions with the transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) overexpressed on their surfaces, which increases uptake through the BBB. However, the gene-loading capacity of HFn is restricted by its limited interior volume and negatively charged inner surface; therefore, these drawbacks have prompted the demand for strategies to remould the structure of HFn. In this work, we analyzed the three-dimensional (3D) structure of HFn using Chimera software (v 1.14) and developed a class of internally cationic HFn variants (HFn+ NPs) through arginine mutation on the lumenal surface of HFn. These HFn+ NPs presented powerful electrostatic forces in their cavities, and exhibited higher gene encapsulation efficacy than naive HFn. The top-performing candidate, HFn2, effectively delivered siRNA to glioma cells after traversing the BBB and achieved the highest silencing efficacy among HFn+ NPs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that HFn+ NPs obtained by this genetic engineering method provide critical insights into the future development of nucleic acid delivery carriers with BBB-crossing ability.

Enhanced nuclear gene delivery via integrating and streamlining intracellular pathway

The essential challenge of gene therapy is to develop safe and efficient vectors that escort genes to target sites. However, due to the cumbersome workflow of gene transfection into cells, successive gene loss occurs. This leads to considerable reductions in nuclear gene uptake, eventually causing low gene expression. Herein, we designed a gene vector named CA3S2 (C: N,N′-cystamine-bis-acrylamide [CBA], A: agmatine dihydrochloride [Agm], S: 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzenesulfonamide [ABS]) with excellent gene transfection ability. This vector can promote gene delivery to the nucleus via enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting through integrating and streamlining of the complex intracellular pathway. Briefly, ABS endowed CA3S2/DNA nanoparticles with not only a natural ER-targeting tendency attributed to the caveolae-mediated pathway but also direct receptor-binding capacity on the ER surface. Agm enabled CA3S2 to enhance lysosomal escape and nuclear uptake ability. The gene delivery efficiency of CA3S2 was significantly better than that of polyethyleneimine 25K (PEI 25K). Therefore, CA3S2 is a promising gene carrier, and the ER-targeting strategy involving intracellular pathway integration and streamlining has potential for gene therapy.

Screening of the binding affinity of serum proteins to lipid nanoparticles in a cell free environment

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are promising drug and gene carriers. Upon intravenous administration, LNPs’ experience different degree of cellular uptake depending on their formulation. Currently, in vitro and in vivo studies are the gold standard for assessing the fate of nano carriers once administered, but they are time consuming and expensive. In this work, we propose a time and cost-effective method to screen a wide range of LNP formulations and select the most promising candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies. Two different approaches were explored to investigate the binding affinity between LNPs and serum proteins using sensor functionalisation with either protein specific antibody or PEG specific antibody. The first approach allowed to identify the presence of a specific protein in the protein corona of lipid particles (reconstituted and native high-density lipoproteins (rHDL and HDL), and low-density lipoproteins LDL); while the second one provided a versatile platform for the immobilisation of pegylated-particles in order to follow the interaction with serum proteins and hence predict the composition of LNP protein corona. Sensing was done using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) but the approach is extendable to other surface sensing techniques such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) or ellipsometry.

Ultrasound-Assisted miR-122-Loaded Polymeric Nanodroplets for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Gene Therapy.

Ultrasound-induced microbubble sonoporation has been shown to effectively improve drug/gene delivery efficiency by enhancing tissue and cell permeability. However, the microscale size and short duration of ultrasound contrast agents limit their accumulation in target areas. Here, a kind of ultrasound-triggered phase-transitioning and size-changing cationic nanodroplet, perfluoropentane/C9F17-PAsp(DET)/miR-122/poly(glutamic acid)-g-MeO-poly(ethylene glycol) (PGA-g-mPEG) ternary nanodroplets (PFP-TNDs/miR-122), was developed to deliver microRNA-122 (miR-122) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. PFP served as an ultrasound-sensitive core for ultrasound-triggered phase transition and size change from the nanoscale to the microscale. Positively charged C9F17-PAsp(DET) ensured adequate miRNA loading. PGA-g-mPEG, which served as the shell of the nanodroplet, modified the nanodroplets, enhanced their stability in serum, and protected miR-122 from degradation in vivo. The results exhibited that PFP-TNDs/miR-122 has a nanosize diameter (362 ± 15 nm) and remained stable for 24 h. After treatment with PFP-TNDs/miR-122 combined with ultrasound irradiation, the miR-122 expression level was significantly increased by approximately 600-fold in HepG2 cells, 500-fold in SMMC-7721 cells, and 30-fold in human HCC xenografts. Moreover, PFP-TNDs/miR-122 combined with ultrasound radiation effectively suppressed the growth, migration, and invasion of HCC cells, and inhibited tumor proliferation in mice. This study revealed that the biodegradable PFP-TNDs is a promising therapeutic gene carrier with functions of gene protection and effective gene delivery for clinical applications. Furthermore, PFP-TNDs/miR-122 associated with ultrasound irradiation may pave a new way to improve the prognosis of patients with HCC.

Supramolecular Assembly of Amino Acid Based Cationic Polymer for Efficient Gene Transfection Efficiency in Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

The success of gene therapy is enormously dependent on an efficient gene carrier, and in this context, cationic polymers still continue to play a major role particularly with respect to the safety issue compared to viral vectors. Developing an efficient gene carrier system having promising gene transfection efficiency with low toxicity is the foremost impediment associated with a nonviral carrier. Here, we explored amino acid based biocompatible polymers synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization where glycine (Gly), leucine (Leu), and phenyl alanine (Phe) amino acids were used as the pendent groups of the polymeric brushes. The presence of both a hydrophobic group (long chain aliphatic group associated with the RAFT agent) and hydrophilic amino groups was associated with the supramolecular assembly of the polymeric chain having hydrodynamic sizes within the range of 150-300 nm with a positive zeta potential of 30 ± 5 mV. All polymers showed very low toxicity and possessed >80% cell viability even at a very high concentration of 1000 μg/mL against both normal and cancerous cells. In addition to this, the polymers also showed excellent blood compatibility, and negligible hemolysis was observed at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. All polymers showed efficient DNA complexation capability as well as excellent protection of DNA against highly negatively charged surfactant and enzymatic digestion, although the efficiency was dependent on the N/P ratio of polymer/DNA complexes. Interestingly, the phenyl alanine moiety containing polymer brush P(HEMA-Phe-NH2) showed a hexagonal shaped nanoparticle after complexation with pDNA and consequently showed higher cellular uptake, resulting in a higher transfection efficiency in a triple negative breast cancer cell, the MDA-MB-231 cell. Therefore, the synthesized polymer containing an amino acid pendent group, especially the phenyl alanine moiety, may be a promising nonviral gene carrier system in gene therapy application in the future.

Star-shaped poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate)s as non-viral gene carriers: Exploring structure-function relationship

Gene therapy shows much promise in treating many inheritable and acquired diseases, but challenges remain in the design of gene vectors with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency. Elucidating the structure-function relationship of non-viral polymer-based gene carriers is crucial for improving the design and performance of safe and effective gene therapy approaches. The cationic poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate) (PAEM) containing primary amino side groups is an attractive carrier for gene delivery. This study focuses on four PAEM-based polycations with well-defined molecular weight and chain architecture. The polymers include three cyclodextrin (CD)-cored star-shaped PAEM polycations (s-PAEM), synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and a linear PAEM polycation (l-PAEM), synthesized via activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. All four polycations could condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) into spherical polyplexes with small sizes (<200 nm). The polyplexes showed excellent stability during storage and were able to resist electrostatic destabilization. The cytotoxicity of these polycations was depended on dose and target cell type and was influenced by molecular weight and chain architecture, yet the polyplexes showed little cytotoxicity regardless of the type of polymer used. The transfection efficiency of PAEM polycations was highly dependent upon molecular weight, molecular architecture (star versus linear) and target cell type. In most cases, polyplexes formed by high-molecular-weight s-PAEM performed the best. Moreover, at a specific N/P ratio, the transfection efficiency mediated by s-PAEM was higher in MCF-7 breast cancer cells than in COS-7 fibroblast-like cells, but such cell-type dependence was not obvious for l-PAEM. These findings indicate that the star-shaped PAEM polycations could be promising gene carriers for gene therapy applications.

Dendrimer functionalized carbon quantum dot for selective detection of breast cancer and gene therapy

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most fatal subtype among all other types of breast cancer and there are no targeted chemotherapy for the treatment of TNBC due to the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2). To address this problem, we develop a targeted non-viral vector which could efficiently deliver the gene of interest and could also diagnose of TNBC. We have synthesized carbon quantum dots (CD) from sweet lemon peel, conjugated it with different generation of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers to get CD-PAMAM conjugates (CDPs). RGDS peptide was further conjugated to CDP to target αvβ3 integrin which is over expressed in TNBC. DNA complexation assay, cellular cytotoxicity, hemolysis assay, DNase I assay, cellular uptake and in vitro transfection showed CDP3 as a promising gene carrier system TNBC gene therapy. Besides, CDP3 shows selective quenching of fluorescence in presences of Cu(II) with a quenching efficiency of about 93%. As the Cu(II) ion concentration remains upregulated in TNBC, CDP3 could be a promising theranostic tool for TNBC treatment.

Hypoxia-inducible bidirectional shRNA expression vector delivery using PEI/chitosan-TBA copolymers for colorectal Cancer gene therapy

AimsThis investigation was conducted to construct a hypoxia/colorectal dual-specific bidirectional short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression vector and to transfect it into the colon cancer cell line HT-29 with PEI/chitosan-TBA nanoparticles for the simultaneous knock down of β-catenin and Bcl-2 under hypoxia. Main methodsTo construct a pRNA-bipHRE-CEA vector, the carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA) promoter designed in two directions and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhancer were inserted between two promoters for hypoxic cancer specific gene expression. To confirm the therapeutic effect of the dual-specific vector, β-catenin and Bcl-2 shRNAs were inserted downstream of each promoter. The physicochemical properties, the cytotoxicity, and the transfection efficiency of these PEI/chitosan-TBA nanoparticles were investigated. In addition, the antitumor effects of the designed vector on the expression of β-catenin and Bcl-2, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were investigated in vitro. Key findingsThe silencing effect of the hypoxia-response shRNA expression vector was relatively low (18%–25%) under normoxia, whereas it was significantly increased to approximately 50%–60% in the HT-29 cell line. Moreover, the cancer cells showed significant G0/G1 arrest and increased apoptosis due to gene silencing under hypoxia. Furthermore, MTS assay, fluorescence microscopy images, and flow cytometry analyses confirmed that the PEI/chitosan-TBA blend system provided effective transfection with low cytotoxicity. SignificanceThis novel hypoxia-responsive shRNA expression vector may be useful for RNA interference (RNAi)-based cancer gene therapy in hypoxic colorectal tumors. Moreover, the PEI/chitosan-TBA copolymer might be a promising gene carrier for use in gene transfer in vivo.

Oligohistidine and targeting peptide functionalized TAT-NLS for enhancing cellular uptake and promoting angiogenesis in vivo

BackgroundGene therapy has been developed and used in medical treatment for many years, especially for the enhancement of endothelialization and angiogenesis. But slow endosomal escape rate is still one of the major barriers to successful gene delivery. In order to evaluate whether introducing oligohistidine (Hn) sequence into gene carriers can promote endosomal escape and gene transfection or not, we designed and synthesized Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV) peptide functionalized TAT-NLS-Hn (TAT: typical cell-penetrating peptide, NLS: nuclear localization signals, Hn: oligohistidine sequence, n: 4, 8 and 12) peptides with different Hn sequence lengths. pEGFP-ZNF580 (pZNF580) was condensed by these peptides to form gene complexes, which were used to transfect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).ResultsMTT assay showed that the gene complexes exhibited low cytotoxicity for HUVECs. The results of cellular uptake and co-localization ratio demonstrated that the gene complexes prepared from TAT-NLS-Hn with long Hn sequence (n = 12) benefited for high internalization efficiency of pZNF580. In addition, the results of western blot analysis and PCR assay of REDV-TAT-NLS-H12/pZNF580 complexes showed significantly enhanced gene expression at protein and mRNA level. Wound healing assay and transwell migration assay also confirmed the improved proliferation and migration ability of the transfected HUVECs by these complexes. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assay illustrated that these complexes could promote the tube formation ability of HUVECs.ConclusionThe above results indicated that the delivery efficiency of pZNF580 and its expression could be enhanced by introducing Hn sequence into gene carriers. The Hn sequence in REDV-TAT-NLS-Hn is beneficial for high gene transfection. These REDV and Hn functionalized TAT-NLS peptides are promising gene carriers in gene therapy.

Safety of nanoparticles based on albumin-polymer conjugates as a carrier of nucleotides for pancreatic cancer therapy.

Gene therapy through systemic administration is expected to offer significant therapeutic potential against intractable cancers, including pancreatic cancer. One of the requirements for in vivo gene therapy is the development of a gene carrier with a high level of safety, transfection ability and tumour accumulation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA)-poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) conjugation (BSA-PDMAEMA conjugation) could result in the development of a promising gene carrier. This conjugate could preserve the BSA structure well and efficiently condense the nucleotide inside, resulting in the formation of BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles that have a polyion complex core and surrounding BSA corona with a size of <100 nm. The nanoparticles that were produced based on BSA-PDMAEMA conjugation possessed good characteristics for use as a gene carrier with good biocompatibility, appropriate blood retention and gene protective properties. Furthermore, the in vivo two-dimensional and three-dimensional biodistribution in a xenograft pancreatic cancer (AsPC-1) model in mice clearly showed that BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles accumulated at the tumour site via enhanced permeability and the retention effect. Furthermore, BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles, which condensed the active anti-cancer oligonucleotide, ISIS5132, inhibited the growth of cancer in AsPC-1-bearing mice compared to mice which were administered with ISIS5132 alone. The structure of the BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles, i.e. the polyion complex core with the BSA corona, would comprehensively contribute to these ideal characteristics for use as a gene carrier. In conclusion, BSA-PDMAEMA nanoparticles could exert a therapeutic effect on intractable pancreatic cancer in vivo, indicating their use as a promising gene carrier.

Rodlike Supramolecular Nanoassemblies of Degradable Poly(Aspartic Acid) Derivatives and Hydroxyl-Rich Polycations for Effective Delivery of Versatile Tumor-Suppressive ncRNAs.

The delivery of tumor-suppressive noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) including short ncRNAs (i.e., miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) is put forward to treat tumors. In this work, novel rodlike supramolecular nanoassemblies (CNC @CB[8] @ PGEA) of degradable poly(aspartic acid) (PAsp) derivatives-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and hydroxyl-rich polycations (ethanolamine-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate), PGEA) are proposed via typical cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])-based host-guest interactions for delivery of different ncRNAs to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Spindly CNCs, one kind of natural polysaccharide nanoparticles, possess good biocompatibility and unique physico-chemical properties. PGEA with abundant hydroxyl groups is one promising gene carrier with low cytotoxicity. PAsp can benefit the disassembly and degradability of nanoassemblies within cells. CNC @ CB[8]@PGEA combines the different unique properties of CNC, PGEA, and PAsp. CNC @ CB[8] @ PGEA effectively complexes the expression constructs of miR-101 (plasmid pc3.0-miR-101) and lncRNA MEG3 (plasmid pc3.0-MEG3). CNC @ CB[8] @ PGEA produces much better transfection performances than PGEA-containing assembly units. In addition, the codelivery system of CNC @ CB[8] @ PGEA/(pc3.0-MEG3+pc3.0-miR-101) nanocomplexes demonstrates better efficacy in suppressing HCC than CNC @ CB[8] @ PGEA/pc3.0-MEG3 or CNC @ CB[8] @ PGEA/pc3.0-miR-101 nanocomplexes alone. Such rodlike supramolecular nanoassemblies will provide a promising means to produce efficient delivery vectors of versatile tumor-suppressive nucleic acids.

Ternary complex of plasmid DNA with NLS-Mu-Mu protein and cationic niosome for biocompatible and efficient gene delivery: a comparative study with protamine and lipofectamine

Non-viral gene delivery methods are considered due to safety and simplicity in human gene therapy. Since the use of cationic peptide and niosome represent a promising approach for gene delivery purposes we used recombinant fusion protein and cationic niosome as a gene carrier. A multi-domain fusion protein including nuclear localization motif (NLS) and two DNA-binding (Mu) domains, namely NLS-Mu-Mu (NMM) has been designed, cloned and expressed in E. coli DE3 strain. Afterward, the interested protein was purified by affinity chromatography. Binary vectors based on protein/DNA and ternary vectors based on protein/DNA/niosome were prepared. Protamine was used as a control. DNA condensing properties of NMM and protamine were evaluated by various experiments. Furthermore, we examined cytotoxicity, hemolysis and transfection potential of the binary and ternary complexes in HEK293T and MCF-7 cell lines. Protamine and Lipofectamine™2000 were used as positive controls, correspondingly. The recombinant NMM was expressed and purified successfully and DNA was condensed efficiently at charge ratios that were not harmful to cells. Peptidoplexes showed transfection efficiency (TE) but ternary complexes had higher TE. Additionally, NMM ternary complex was more efficient compared to protamine ternary vectors. Our results showed that niosomal ternary vector of NMM is a promising non-viral gene carrier to achieve an effective and safe carrier system for gene therapy.

Role of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Intracellular Delivery of Peptide Nucleic Acids Targeting Hepadnaviral Replication.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are potentially attractive antisense agents against hepatitis B virus (HBV), although poor cellular uptake limits their therapeutic application. In the duck HBV (DHBV) model, we evaluated different cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for delivery to hepatocytes of a PNA-targeting hepadnaviral encapsidation signal (ε). This anti-ε PNA exhibited sequence-specific inhibition of DHBV RT in a cell-free system. Investigation of the best in vivo route of delivery of PNA conjugated to (D-Arg)8 (P1) showed that intraperitoneal injection to ducklings was ineffective, whereas intravenously (i.v.) injected fluorescein-P1-PNA reached the hepatocytes. Treatment of virus carriers with i.v.-administered P1-PNA resulted in a decrease in viral DNA compared to untreated controls. Surprisingly, a similar inhibition of viral replication was observed in vivo as well as in vitro in primary hepatocyte cultures for a control 2 nt mismatched PNA conjugated to P1. By contrast, the same PNA coupled to (D-Lys)4 (P2) inhibited DHBV replication in a sequence-specific manner. Interestingly, only P1, but not P2, displayed anti-DHBV activity in the absence of PNA cargo. Hence, we provide new evidence that CPP-PNA conjugates inhibit DHBV replication following low-dose administration. Importantly, our results demonstrate the key role of CPPs used as vehicles in antiviral specificity of CPP-PNA conjugates.