Promise Of Reward Research Articles

韓非子와 荀子의 본성론 차이와 그 함의

Xunzi is a Confucian scholar well known for his theory that no human nature is innately good. However, because it is in human nature to be greedy, it is possible to train the people through promise of reward and punishment. Xunzi has long been considered to have taught Han Feizi who has a similar notion of human nature and uses it as basis for his Legalist theories. In this paper, I compare the two philosophers based on their system of reward and punishment in order to analyze the difference and the similarities between the two. Although the two philosophers share an understanding of human nature, and a system of reward and punishment based on such theories, whereas Xunzi has a belief in the possibility of edification through good influence, Han Feizi does not. Xunzi asserts that mercy is more efficient than punishment in case of petty thefts among the poor, and also that even the severest punishment cannot push a soldier to risk one’s life in battle. This goes directly against Han Feizi’s strong belief in the absoluteness of the rule of law, where no mercy is possible even for the poor, and a rigid system of punishment and reward is seen as sufficient to push the people toward risking their lives for their king. On the other hand, although Han Feizi is often criticized for his lack of regard for the people’s lives in pursuit of power for the absolute monarch, it may be seen that such unforgiving application of the law results in an orderly society which benefits the people in the long run. Therefore, it may be argued that both Xunzi and Han Feizi’s long term goal for the legal system is to bring order to society. A comparison between the two scholars proves that no one-dimensional analysis is valid, and renders it possible to understand their philosophies in a much more colorful light.

Supply chain disruption response and recovery: The role of power and governance

How buyer-supplier relationships manage and recover from periods of distress is a critical managerial challenge. We examine this issue specifically by looking at buyer-supplier relationships that are recovering from a supply chain disruption. Governance studies have been central in the supplier management literature for some time, and we are motivated to understand the role of governance for relationships in distress and the impact of power dynamics in this context. We explore the impact of contractual and relational governance on disruption response and recovery and examine the moderating role of power that the buyer might leverage over their suppliers following a disruption. Power is conceptualised as threat of coercion and promise of reward, and thus reflects the two contrasting dimensions of power. Addressing common concerns with single respondent surveys, we used a cross-sectional survey to collect matched pair data from 239 US manufacturers and examined the dyadic perspectives of both buyers and suppliers, analysing the data using hierarchical OLS regression. We found that contractual and relational governance both enhance disruption response and recovery by encouraging supplier cooperation. We also report that threat of coercion from the buyer, and the promise of reward for a supplier, is not effective in reinforcing the positive impact that contractual governance has on disruption response and recovery performance. However, we find that the promise of a reward does enhance the effectiveness of relational governance in improving the response and recovery.

Mitigating requesting acts by deaf Jordanian adults

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the linguistic mitigating devices that deaf Jordanian adults use when making requests. To this end, a sample of 52 people (of whom 26 were hearing and 26 were deaf) was collected through a Discourse Completion Task (DCT). It was found that the two groups of participants showed variations in the way they structured their request acts and spelled them out. This was evident in the deaf group’s obvious underuse of certain request mitigation strategies and the lexico-grammatical items mapping them; in the absence of some strategies (i.e., sweetener, promise of reward, hint, and threat); and in the underassessment of social distance, relative power, and degree of imposition. This inappropriate use of requesting acts by deaf participants is attributed to their inadequate linguistic, pragma-linguistic and socio-pragmatic competence. The study concludes with some suggestions how to improve the Jordanian educational system for the deaf.

The Impact of Zakāh and Ribā on Society

This paper discusses how zakāh and ribā affect society both economically and spiritually. The former elevates the financial level of its members by helping them circulate wealth amongst the whole society, while the latter concentrates wealth amongst the rich. Using the descriptive and deductive methods and evidence from the Qur’ān and the Prophetic traditions, the paper argues that those who pay zakāh are not left with the promise of reward in the hereafter alone, rather they are blessed with the abundance of wealth in this world also. Conversely, those who are involved in ribā-based transactions are punished in this world before being punished in the hereafter.

Competition as a form of promotion of the beauty salon on social media platform

There are many forms of promoting a company and its products that can be organized on social media platforms. The most popular ones are: premium sales, loyalty program, promotional lotteries, competition, and although they seem similar, they differ significantly, in particular with regard to formal requirements. The aim of the article is to discuss the outline of a competition organized in the form of a public promise of reward, indication of the requirements of popular social media platforms towards organizers of such promotional campaigns, and to draw attention to the most common mistakes. Beauty salon owners planning to organize a competition in social media should especially take care of its legal correctness, because it affects not only their legal liability, but also the public perception.

Work group rituals enhance the meaning of work

The many benefits of finding meaning in work suggest the importance of identifying activities that increase job meaningfulness. The current paper identifies one such activity: engaging in rituals with workgroups. Five studies (N = 1,099) provide evidence that performing group rituals can enhance the meaningfulness of work, and that in turn this meaning can enhance organizational citizenship behaviors (to the benefit of those groups). We first define group rituals both conceptually and empirically, identifying three types of features associated with group rituals—physical actions, psychological import, and communality—and differentiating group rituals from the related concept of group norms (Pilot Studies A and B). We then examine—correlationally in a survey of employed individuals (Study 1a) and experimentally in a study that manipulates the presence or absence of the three types of ritualistic features (Study 1b)—whether performing an activity at work with ritualistic physical, psychological, and communal features (versus an activity with none or just one of these features) is associated with more meaningful work experiences. We test whether this enhanced meaning predicts the extent to which individuals are willing to engage in behaviors enacted on behalf of that group, even without the promise of reward, using organizational citizenship behaviors in Studies 1a–1b and performance on a brainstorming task in Study 2. Taken together, these studies offer a framework for understanding group ritual and offer novel insight into the downstream consequences of employing group rituals in organizational contexts.

The specificity of establishment of relationships from a public promise of a reward without contest

The article is devoted to consideration the specialties of order of establishment the obligation from a public promise of a rewardwithout contest. The author defines the similarities and differences between the legal order of establishing relationships in abovementionedway and the order of establishing a relationship under the contract. It is designated that in some cases the public promise ofreward without contest can be considered as public offer that addressed to indefinite number of persons.At the same time there is a difference between abovementioned mechanisms of establishment of relationships. In case when relationshipsestablishes from a public promise of a reward without contest there is a task completion between such a promise and relationshipsestablishment. The only acceptance of the task conditions is not enough to establish the relationships. But when a contract is concludingthe acceptance of an offer is enough to cause such effect.The task completion is taken out of the legal relationship and considered as the ground for establishment the obligation. Onlywhen the character of the task determines the necessity to transfer its result from performer to a person who promised the reward thetask completion is considered as a condition for establishment the obligation. At the same time in contractual relationships the juridicallyimportant actions are committed within the relationships and have character of right-realization and carrying out the responsibi -lities.Thereby when legal relationships establishes from public promise of a reward without contest the person who promised the rewardis getting the good that is the result of task completion before the establishment of relationship or in the moment of its establishment. Butwhen the legal relationships establishes from the contract its participants get the effect as a result of realization the right and carrying outthe responsibilities that comprised by the content of appropriate relationships. Consequently the public character of a reward that addressesto indefinite number of persons intended to increase the probability to get some good that has the unique character.

Parrots give each other gifts without promise of reward

Parrots give each other gifts without promise of reward

Jumping Ship or Jumping on the Bandwagon: When Do Local Politicians Support National Candidates?

AbstractLocal politicians are often expected to mobilize voters on behalf of copartisan candidates for national office. Yet this requirement is difficult to enforce because the effort of local politicians cannot be easily monitored and the promise of rewards in exchange for help is not fully credible. Using a formal model, we show that the incentives of local politicians to mobilize voters on behalf of their party depend on the proportion of copartisan officials in a district. Having many copartisan officials means that the party is more likely to capture the district, but the effort of each local politician is less likely either to be noticed by higher-level officials or to make a difference on the election outcome, thus discouraging lower-level officials from exerting effort. We validate these claims with data from federal elections in Mexico between 2000 and 2012. In line with the argument, the results show that political parties fail to draw great mobilization advantages from simultaneously controlling multiple offices.

الإرادة المنفردة في قانون المعاملات المدنية الإماراتي : دراسة مقارنة = Unilateral Will as per UAE Civil Transactions Law : An Analytical Study

الالتزام | الحق | المذهب الشخصي | المذهب الموضوعي | التصرف الانفرادي | الوعد بجائزة | مصدر | الإرادة | العقد | استثنائي | Obligation | Right | Personal Doctrine | Objective Doctrine | Unilateral Action | Promise of Reward | Source | Will | Contract | Exceptional

A Pragmatic Study of Request Head Acts and External Modifications as Seen in "Frozen"

This research attempts to investigate the requests in Frozen, an American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy-comedy film. The data comprise 76 requests collected from the subtitles of the movie, along with the context. Specifically, it aims to classify and analyze the requests‘ head acts and external modifications, and to find out the more dominant strategy appears in the movie. The classification of the head act was according to the theory of request strategies proposed by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984): direct, conventionally indirect, and non-conventionally indirect. The classification of the external modification was according to the theory of external modification strategies proposed by Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper‘s classification (qtd. in Schauer, 92): preparator, grounder, disarmer, imposition minimizer, sweetener, and promise of reward. Based on the classification, it can be seen that direct strategies is the most preferred strategies in uttering requests with 50 (65.79%) occurrences and grounder is the most preferred strategies in modifying requests with 23 (67.65%) occurrences. The high frequency of direct strategy might be caused by the characters‘ intimacy in the storyline and grounder might be caused by the easiness of using grounder in modifying requests.

Quasi-institute non-contractual obligations with unilateral legitimate actions

The location and maintenance of cvazi-іnstitute of non contractual obligations are determined from one-sided legitimate actions. An obligation right is examined as a subindustry of civil law ofUkraine. The last consists of two institutes of contractual and non contractual obligations. Non contractual are all obligations that arise out of any other possible legal proofs after the exception of agreement. On the sign of legitimacy of founding of origin non contractual obligations are divided into those that arise out of wrong acts (restoration) and legitimate actions. In turn one-sided legitimate actions come forward as legal transactions, legal acts. The feature of non contractual obligations from one-sided legitimate actions is determination of their maintenance or by a law or law and will of one side obligation. Therefore as expedient the selection of intermediate structure comes forward between an institute and subinstitute – cvazi-іnstitute, that in turn includes for itself the subinstitutes of separate types of not contractual obligations, as obligations from the public promise of reward, obligation from conducting business in interests of other person without her commission.

Soft Power Revisited: What Attraction Is in International Relations

This thesis problematises the bases of soft power, that is, causal mechanisms connecting the agent (A) and the subject (B) of a power relationship. As the literature review reveals, their underspecification by neoliberal IR scholars, the leading proponents of the soft power concept, has caused a great deal of scholarly confusion over such questions as how to clearly differentiate between hard and soft power, how attraction (soft power’s primary mechanism) works and what roles structural and relational forces play in hard/soft power. In an effort to ascertain the bases, I address this issue not from the viewpoint of A’s policies or resources, like do IR neoliberal scholars, but in terms of B’s psychological perception of A. Employing social psychological accounts, I argue that attraction can be produced in three distinct ways, namely 1) through B’s identification with A (“emotional” attraction), 2) via B’s appreciation of A’s competence/knowledge in a particular field (“rational” attraction) and 3) by means of the activation of B’s internalised values which contextually prescribe B to act in A’s favour (“social” attraction). Importantly, depending upon the way attraction is produced, it is peculiar in a number of characteristics, the main of which are power scope, weight and durability. Insights from social psychology also show that unlike soft power, hard power requires not only B’s relevant perception of the A-B relationship (as coercive or rewarding), but also A’s capability to actualise a threat of punishment and/or a promise of reward. I argue this difference can be fairly treated as definitional rather than empirical, which implies that coercion and reward necessarily have both relational and structural dimensions, whereas for attraction, a structural one alone suffices, while a relational one may or may not be present. Having explicated the soft power bases, I illustrate each of them using three “most likely” case studies, namely Serbia’s policies towards Russia (emotional attraction), Kazakhstan’s approach to relations with the EU (rational attraction) and Germany’s policies vis-a-vis Israel (social attraction).

Janji dan Ancaman Sebagai Metode Dakwah Alquran

Al-Quran is a reference book of Islamic propagation. The Qur'an has its own way of conveying propaganda to man. There are several methods of da'wah submitted by the Qur'an, among them with methods of promise and threats. The terms promises and threats have been discussed by experts among the Mu'tazila with the concept of wa'ad and wa'id. In the book of al-Milal wa al-Nihal by AsySyahrastani mentions what is meant by wa'ad and wa'id according to ahlussunnah including the original Kalam Allah. Allah promises rewards for those who carry out His commands and threaten with torment for everyone who transgresses. Everyone who carries out his command is entitled to reward according to the promise of goodness and every wretched person has the right to be tortured for doing a prohibited act. It has nothing to do with reason. Meanwhile the Mu'tazila argue that wa'ad and wa'id are not = Allah's kalam at the time of the Azaan but the command and the prohibition, the promise of reward and the threat of punishment based on the new kalam. Whoever survives because he executes the command and gets the reward. Whoever loses because he violates the threat. As a result he got the punishment and all that was obtained through reason. Many examples of verses about promises and threats are spreading in the Qur'an. The expression of promises and threats in the Qur'an has distinctive features and editorials. Each of the verse's editors has the following characteristics: the verse editorial of the promise is usually characterized by: First, expressed by the sentence of condition, with the custom of the word man and the answer with the word fa. Secondly, the editorial of the appointment is also expressed with the sentence ististna (exceptions). Thirdly, the wording of the promise is expressed in the word wabasysyiri. Meanwhile, the verse about the threat usually has the following characteristics: First, expressed in the word wail. There are 27 times the word wail in the Qur'an. Second, expressed by the terms of condition. Third, expressed by the phrase wabasysyiri (convey the good news). Da'wah method through promise gives a very big influence to people who believe in Allah SWT. that is, first, the method of promise can motivate the believers to worship sincerely and multiply doing good. Second, people of faith and righteous deeds are more patient in facing the tough trials of life in the world. Third, it can show to the believer that how great grace is given by Allah SWT. to mankind. Fourth, giving awareness to the believer that if he has faith and works righteous the reward is not only obtained in the hereafter, but there is a reward given directly by Allah SWT. in a world of quiet, peaceful and well-off lives. The verse of the threat is also very influential to the person who believes in Allah SWT. Among these, first, people who believe in Allah SWT. and faith in the Day of Resurrection will be afraid of death and life after death. Therefore, he will be motivated to worship sincerely and multiply righteous deeds. Second, people who believe in Allah SWT. convinced that the threat of Allah SWT. against the person who rcommits the munk must be valid. Because the threat is something that is shown directly by Allah SWT. in this world.

Rewards that undermine customer loyalty? A motivational approach to loyalty programs

AbstractGuided by the framework of self‐determination theory (SDT), this study examined the effects of external rewards on undermining customers’ intrinsic motivation to engage in a retail loyalty program. Two experiments revealed that participants who received a salient, controlling reward (i.e., a promise of reward with an explicit requirement and deadline, without options of choice) reported lower intrinsic motivation to use the loyalty program than participants who received a nonsalient, autonomy‐supportive reward (i.e., a promise of reward with a less explicit requirement and no deadline, with options of choice). However, the undermined intrinsic motivation of those who received the salient, controlling reward was enhanced when they were given verbal feedback acknowledging their potential negative feelings associated with using the loyalty program. These findings provide important practical implications for designing a more effective loyalty program.

Denunciation and Social Control

It has long been observed that centralized social control requires some level of cooperation from the populace. Without such assistance, control agents are unable to acquire the local knowledge necessary to locate and prosecute deviants. Yet why citizens cooperate with authorities, especially in the most repressive regimes, remains a puzzle. This article develops two models of such cooperation: in the first, authorities actively use incentives to elicit denunciations from the populace, through either coercion or the promise of rewards. In the second, authorities passively gain access to local negative networks, as individuals denounce to harm others whom they dislike and to gain relative to them. Using internal variation in the early years of the Spanish Inquisition (1486 to 1502) and Romanov Russia (1613 to 1649), I demonstrate the differing effects of each model on patterns of denunciations. Paradoxically, social control is most effective when authorities provide individuals maximum freedom to direct its coercive power.

Moderation, Reward, Entitlement: The “Obesity Epidemic” and the Gendered Body

I argue that the abject figure of the fat woman that emerges from “obesity epidemic” discourse makes the construction of the slender body visible as the object of (bourgeois masculine) national desire. It extends the theory of the slender body originally outlined by Susan Bordo to propose that the “obesity epidemic” morally regulates female bodies according to a moderation-reward-entitlement system. This architecture describes the way that individuals become useful to the state and to themselves, with the promise of reward for obedient behavior. Specifically, I argue that slenderness, as an ascetic practice of moderation, grants the female subject a range of entitlements—to femininity, to the middle class, to national belonging—the reward for which is happiness.

Focused but fixed: The impact of expectation of external rewards on inhibitory control and flexibility in preschoolers.

Promise of rewards has been widely used in controlling preschoolers' behaviors. The current study investigated how the expectation of receiving an external reward may influence preschoolers' executive function. Four- to 5-year-old Singaporean children were randomly assigned to reward-informed and reward-uninformed conditions. Results showed that compared with those in the reward-uninformed condition, although performing the same on the control tasks and reporting similar motivation and mood states before being told about the reward, the children in the reward-informed condition performed better on the Day/Night Stroop (Experiment 1, N = 41) but worse on the Flexible Item Selection Test (Experiment 2, N = 43). These findings suggest that the expectation of receiving an external reward can influence preschoolers' behavioral control.

Special Edition: Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice Editorial 9.3

This Special Edition of JUTLP is unique in that it examines a single university's approach to curriculum reform, providing insights from many of the people who were engaged in the process. At La Trobe University in Australia the mechanism for engaging in discussions at a university level has been encapsulated in an institutional strategy known as Design for Learning (DfL) (La Trobe University 2009). From 2007, former Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic) Belinda Probert and former Pro ViceChancellor (Curriculum and Academic Planning) Tom Angelo, led an exciting and edgy curriculum change initiative intended to build on La Trobe’s learning and teaching strengths, while simultaneously building a systems focus for ensuring curriculum quality and renewal. The blueprint for the DfL described its principles thus: “ … highlight[ing] breadth of choice, equity, flexibility (options), learning centred-ness, research and evidence based decision making, a systems focus (rather than making individuals responsible for things they do not control), and support (resources)” (La Trobe University 2009, p. 7). With goodwill, energy and a profound sense that ‘something needed to be done’, in the early years of the DfL, the university was alive with fresh talk of curriculum, teaching and student learning galvanised by new leadership, a commitment to evidence-based change, resources to fund curriculum innovation, together with the promise of reward and recognition. Imagine the scene: committees and communities spring up to think together about complex pedagogical issues, spirited discussion takes place, departments and faculties share resources and good practices, new staff are brought on board with responsibility to make things happen. The 7 papers represented here describe both large and small curriculum change initiatives – some funded by the university and others done out of love, curiosity and interest.

Iranian EFL Learners’ Interlanguage Request Modifications: Use of External and Internal Supportive Moves

The present study investigated the interlanguage pragmatic knowledge of Iranian English learners at three levels of English language proficiency. The study focused on learners’ ability to perform the speech act of request and their performance was compared with American native speakers of English to see to what extent they approximated native speakers in using external and internal modifications. A Discourse Completion Task (DCT) including 12 situations was employed to elicit performance data from 120 participants, 90 Iranian EFL learners and 30 American native speakers of English. The data were categorized using an adapted version of the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) classification. The study found that Iranian English learners overused external modifications and underused internal modifications compared to American native speakers. However, they showed pragmatic development toward native speaker norms with increase in language proficiency level. Advanced learners approximated native speakers both in the frequency of use and linguistic form of external modifications with regard to preparator, getting pre-commitment, promise of reward, sweetener, grounder, appreciations, confirmatory, and pre-pre strategies. However they did not approximate native speakers in the frequency of use of external modifications with regard to disarmer and apology strategies, and both in frequency of use and linguistic form of imposition minimizer strategy. In addition, advanced learners approximated native speakers both in the frequency of use and linguistic form of internal modifications with regard to conditional and understater strategies; and in the linguistic form of play down, politeness marker, consultative device, and upgrader strategies. However they did not approximate native speakers both in the frequency of use and linguistic form of downtoner strategy.