Prominent Fatty Acids Research Articles

Study of the chemical components of CO2 extracts from the fruits of Sorbus aucuparia L.

The article presents the results of the study of the chemical composition of Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. For the first time in Kazakhstan, 20 grams of brown Sorbus aucuparia L. extract were collected using subcritical carbon dioxide extraction. The current study was directed mainly to the chemical compositions of subcritical Sorbus aucuparia L. СО2 subcritical extract. The Sorbus aucuparia L. extract's chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The extract included the following main compounds: 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Determined fatty acid profile and the moisture content of raw vegetable ingredients of Sorbus substance. Quantitative determination of fatty acids of ethanol extract was carried out. The results of the analysis for fatty acids in the study showed that linoleic (37.7 %) and oleic (50.5 %) were the most prominent fatty acids. The aim of this study is to determine the component composition by using the GC-MS method and fatty acid to study the Sorbus aucuparia L. extract obtained by CO2 extraction, which grows in Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. To determine the possibility of using Sorbus aucuparia L., we carried out the composition and fatty acid of the extract obtained by CO2 extraction in subcritical conditions of Sorbus aucuparia L. by a certain GC-MS method. Results. The raw materials of the plant were collected in accordance with GACP requirements. Conducted subcritical CO2 extraction of plant raw materials showed a 20 g extraction yield. Chemical compounds were discovered, bioactive components were identified, such as 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone (30.18 %), 5-(3-Ethoxy-4,5-dihydro-isoxazol-5-yl)-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (3.20 %), 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (2.53 %). Conclusions. The possibility of using the obtained CO2 extract of Sorbus aucuparia L. in the field of pharmaceutical products as a substance and a drug

Physicochemical and nutritional profiles of wild adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi Linn) accessions by GC, FTIR, and spectrophotometer

Purpose of current study was to determine physicochemical, triglyceride composition, and functional groups of wild adlay accessions (brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple) to find out its scope as cereal crop. Triglycerides, minerals and functional groups were determined through Gas chromatography, spectrophotometer and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer respectively. Results revealed variation among bulk densities, specific densities, percent empty spaces, and corresponding grain counts per 10 g of sample are useful in distinguishing brown, black, yellow, grey, green, off white, and purple wild adlay accessions. Specific density and grain count per 10 g sample was significantly related. No statistical relationship exists among the pronounced physical characteristics. Brown adlay expressed the highest protein, fat, and fiber contents 15.82%, 4.76% and 2.37% respectively. Protein, fat, ash, and fiber percent contents were found comparable to cultivated adlay. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed macro elements including phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and sodium in the range 0.3% - 2.2% and micro elements boron, iron, copper, zinc, and manganese in the range 1.6 mg/kg - 20.8 mg/kg. Gas chromatography showed polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) constitute the primary fraction (39% ± 7.2) of wild adlay triglycerides. Linoleic and palmitic acids were present as prominent fatty acids, 43.5% ±1.4 and 26.3% ±1.4 respectively. Infra-red frequencies distinguished functional groups in narrow band and fingerprint region of protein in association with out of plane region leading to structural differences among adlay accessions. Comparison of major distinguishing vibrational frequencies among different flours indicated black adlay containing highest functional groups appeared promising for varietal development.

Free Fatty Acid Profile of Köy Cheese Consumed in Erzurum and Its Region

Köy cheese is a type of cheese with white interior, slightly yellowish exterior, a slightly firm texture, and a mild salty taste. It is produced and consumed in some regions in the Marmara and Aegean regions of Turkey, as well as in Bayburt, Yusufeli and Erzurum regions. The present study was conducted to determine the free fatty acid profile of Köy cheeses consumed in Erzurum and its surrounding areas. Analyzes were carried out by GC-MS using 10 cheese samples, and as a result, the presence of 25 free fatty acids was determined. Among these, short-chain fatty acids accounted for 2%, medium-chain fatty acids for 7%, and long-chain fatty acids for 91%. Palmitic acid (36.3563±5.4150%), oleic acid (22.0077±5.3136%), myristic acid (12.3104±2.1054%) and stearic acid (11.9837±3.1320%) were the prominent fatty acids among total free fatty acids. This study is considered to be significant in terms of providing data about the free fatty acid profile of Köy cheese produced and consumed widely in Türkiye.

A Novel Microwave Hot Pressing Machine for Production of Fixed Oils from Different Biopolymeric Structured Tissues.

A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field.

Phytochemical, GC-MS, FTIR and Amino acid profile of methanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit

The methanolic fruit extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera was analyzed for the presence of phytocompounds, their bioactivity, the functional groups involved in this activity, and its amino acid profile using standard procedures. Phytochemicals such as tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were identified as being highly present. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis identified 16 bioactive compounds, with 2-thiopheneethanol (58.77%) being the most abundant. Curcumin, with the most diverse pharmacological role, and other bioactive compounds such as cedren-13-ol, 8 (1.56%), N-benzyl stearamide (4.46%), a prominent fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor; pthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester (1.49%); and phenol, 2, 6-bis (1,1 dimethyl ethyl) (1.46%), were also present. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of alkanes, esters, benzene rings, aliphatic, sulfonic acid, and methylene chains. Also, the amino acid analysis of the T. tetraptera revealed that the fruit contains 18 amino acids. Leucine (4.20%), phenylalanine (3.37%), and valine (3.25%) were the most abundant essential amino acids identified, with glutamic (7.20%) and aspartic acid (5.61%) having the highest concentrations as non-essential amino acids. This therefore indicates that T. tetraptera fruit could be used as a pharmacological or therapeutic agent as well as a dietary condiment, particularly at this time when there is a demand for novel protein sources.
 Keywords: Tetrapleura tetraptera, phytochemicals, GC-MS, FTIR, amino acid, curcumin

Fatty acid and amino acid profiling, antioxidant activity and other quality characteristics of vacuum packed cheddar style-yak milk cheese during ripening

This study aimed to formulate Cheddar-style cheese from standardised yak milk (casein-fat ratio: 0.7) and examined different quality parameters during 5 months ripening at 7 ± 1 °C. The chemical components viz., fat, protein, ash, and salt contents, increased significantly (p˂0.05), whereas the moisture content decreased considerably (p˂0.05) during ripening. Similarly, pH, titratable acidity [lactic acid (% by weight)], soluble protein (%), ripening index, tyrosine value (μg/g), total free fatty acids (μm/g), and peroxide value (mEq of O2/kg) increased considerably (p˂0.05) during ripening. Yeast and mould count (logCFU/g) showed a significant (p˂0.05) increase, while the coliform count (logCFU/g) were undetectable at the end of ripening. Further, cheese textural attributes and colour value (L*, a* and b*) also decreased significantly (p˂0.05). The protein hydrolysis pattern in cheese was detected using electrophoresis. The water-soluble extracts of cheese exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Palmitic (27.2%) and oleic acid (24.4%) were the prominent fatty acids detected in higher concentrations at the end of ripening. The majority of amino acids such as glutamic acid and histidine, were also retained in the cheese. The sensory ratings of cheese significantly increased as ripening proceeded, and the formulated product was acceptable for up to 120 days.

Oil removal from spent bleaching earth of vegetable oil refinery plant using supercritical carbon dioxide

The oil in the spent bleaching earth (SBE) matrix was successfully removed by applying the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction technique in a semi-continuous flow–type system. The SCCO2 extraction process was conducted at 40–80 °C and 20–30 MPa with extraction time of ∼180 min. The color of SBE matrix changes from the dark to dark-pale color after the SCCO2 extraction treatment exhibiting the substances including oil in the SBE matrix were successfully removed. The extracted oil yield was around 95% when the SCCO2 extraction process was performed at 40 °C and 30 MPa with 10% ethanol addition as a co–solvent. The GC analysis showed that the prominent fatty acid constituents in the extracted oil are palmitic and oleic acids, furthermore it can be fed as a feedstock to produce biodiesel fuel. Next, it can be proposed that SCCO2 extraction system is a viable way to extract oil from the SBE matrix.

Effect of autoclaving as a pre-treatment in the wet reduction process for extracting fish oil from yellowfin tuna heads

Various studies have focused on extracting fish oil using a variety of methods, yet, the wet reduction process is the common industrial method as it is environmentally friendly. However, the use of autoclaving in extracting oils from fish or fish by-products are comparatively less. Therefore, this study was conducted to extract crude oils from the yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) head, the lipids richest body part compared to processing offcuts like skin, viscera etc., by a simple wet reduction process using an autoclave at 121°C as the pre-treatment with different holding times (15, 30, and 45 min). The maximum extraction yield of 5.37±0.22 % was recorded at 30 min holding time of autoclave. No significant changes in peroxide value, moisture content and colour values were observed for the different autoclaving durations (P > 0.05). Conversely, acid value, p-anisidine value and total oxidation value (TOTOX) were increased significantly with a longer autoclaving duration of 45 min (P < 0.05). However, all peroxide values, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value were below the standard values stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) except the acid values which shows the need for refinery before any applications. Based on the spectra of Attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), autoclaving for a longer time resulted in lower intensity at wavenumbers around 3,012 - 3,013 and 1,741 - 1,744 cm−1 and shifting of bands to lower wavenumbers showing its effect on the structural changes of molecules in the oil. All extracted oils resulted in a high PUFA content than MUFA and SFA contents based on the fatty acid composition. The DHA (C22:6, n3) was the most prominent fatty acid in all the oil samples. However, PUFA content was reduced slightly by increasing the autoclaving duration at 45 min. Therefore, this study concludes autoclaving at 121°C for 30 minutes as the optimum pre-treatment conditions to extract fish oil from yellowfin tuna heads using the wet reduction process.

Metabolite Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Seeds of Different Seed Coat Colors.

Seed coat color is one of the main agronomical traits that determine the chemical quality of soybean seeds and has been used as a parameter during cultivar development. In this study, seeds of yellow (n = 10), greenish-yellow (n = 5), and light-yellow (n = 4) soybean accessions were evaluated for their contents of total protein, total oil, total phenolic (TPC), and five prominent fatty acids including palmitic acid (PA), stearic acid (SA), oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (LLA), relative to a control cultivar, and the effect of seed coat color on each was investigated. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results showed significant variations of metabolite contents and antioxidant activities between the soybeans. The average TPC, DPPH-radical scavenging activity, and FRAP were each in the order of greenish-yellow > yellow > light-yellow soybeans. In contrast, light-yellow soybeans contained a high level of OA and low levels of SA, LA, and LLA, each except LA differing significantly from yellow and greenish-yellow soybeans (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that greenish-yellow and light-yellow soybeans could be good sources of antioxidants and high-quality soybean oil, respectively.

Food Potential and Antioxidant Property of Cassia auriculata Seed: A Nutritionally Unexploited Legume

Background: Seeds of Cassia auriculata are reported to be used for varying medicinal purposes; however, information on nutritive value and physical properties of seeds remains unexplored. Hence, this study is carried out to investigate the proximate, minerals, fatty acid profile, functional properties, phenolic profiling as well as antioxidant activities of seed in order to give adequate information on its suitability as a possible future food source. Methods: The proximate compositions were evaluated by AOAC, and other standard prescribed methods. Minerals and fatty acids compositions were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and UV-visible spectrophotometers, while anti-nutrient determinations were carried out using standard procedures. Antioxidant activity and phenolic profiles were also analyzed using UVvisible spectrophotometers and HPLC. Results: The results obtained from proximate analysis were: moisture content (9.74%), ash content (4.95%), protein (23.83%), lipid (6.68%), crude fiber (8.93%), total soluble sugars (53.4%) and energy value (412.6 Kcal/100g). The mineral analysis showed that nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were the predominant elements present in the seeds. Calcium, zinc, sodium, magnesium, copper, and iron were also detected in appreciable amounts. The analyzed anti-nutritional factors were oxalate (1.38 μg/mg), phytate (0.12 μ g/mg), tannin (3.02 μg/mg), phenol (1.11 μg/mg) and saponins (0.0037%). In the seeds oils, palmitic acid (14.01%) was prominent saturated fatty acid followed by stearic acid (5.12%) and arachidic acid (2.17%), while oleic acid (21.31%) and linoleic acid (51.52%) constituted the dominant unsaturated fatty acids. The physicochemical and functional properties revealed that the seeds flour had excellent water absorption index, swelling index, foaming capacity and foam stability. In addition to that, the flour extracts revealed the dose-dependent antioxidant properties of tested extracts of the seed flour. Moreover, the HPLC analysis unveiled four phenolic compounds namely, benzoic acid (0.72 μg/mg), cinnamic acid (0.71 μg/mg), salicylic acid (0.65 μg/mg) and vanillic acid (0.61 μg/mg). Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that Cassia auriculata seed flour is a good source of important nutrients such as fat, protein, fibre and minerals along with edible phenolics. So the seeds would be a valuable source of dietary supplements especially for growing population and could be used for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes.

Fatty Acids and Sugars in Lablab Seed Produced in Virginia (A Non-traditional Location)

Lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], a relatively unknown crop in the United States of America, is understood to be adapted to Southern USA. Even though, previous studies conducted in Virginia have indicated that Lablab can be produced in Virginia as a forage crop, composition of lablab seed produced in Virginia is unknown. To alleviate this limitation, seeds of seventeen lablab lines from a replicated field study, that was conducted for two years, were analyzed for concentrations of fatty acids and sugars. Results indicated that genotypes had mostly significant effects on concentrations of fatty acids and sugars. Prominent fatty acids in lablab seeds, grown in Virginia (USA), were linoleic (53.5%), palmitic (15.8%), and linolenic (14.1%). Mean saturated and total unsaturated fatty acids in lablab seeds were 22.2 and 77.6%, respectively. Mean concentrations of sucrose, fructose, and glucose concentrations in lablab seed were 1.45, 0.42, and 0.78 g per 100 g meal. Mean concentrations of total non-nutritive sugars (Raffinose+Stachyose+Verbascose) in lablab seed were 4.96 g per 100 g meal. Correlations between several nutritional quality traits in lablab seed were observed to be significant. A comparison of nutritional quality of lablab seed with literature values of black bean, navy bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, and pea indicated that lablab has potential as a new food legume for United States of America.

Composition of Some Apiaceae Seed Oils Includes Phytochemicals, and Mass Spectrometry of Fatty Acid 2‐Methoxyethyl Esters

The seed oils of eight Apiaceae species, angelica (Angelica archangelica), anise (Pimpinella anisum), caraway (Carum carvi), carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), coriander (cilantro; Coriandrum sativum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), dill (Anethum graveolens), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum), obtained by hexane extraction, are investigated for their composition. As is known for the Apiaceae family, the major fatty acid in all oils is petroselinic acid (6(Z)‐octadecenoic acid). Quantification of petroselinic and oleic acids is carried out with their 2‐methoxyethyl esters, resolving the overlap occurring for methyl esters. Linoleic acid is the second most prominent fatty acid, followed by oleic acid with lesser amounts of linolenic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Most of these seed oils contain significant amounts of specific phytochemicals, including anethole in anise, carvone in caraway and dill as well as angelica in lesser amounts, cuminaldehyde in cumin, and apiole and myristicin observed only in parsley. Minor amounts of three C16:1 isomers, Δ4, Δ6, and Δ9, are observed in all oils, thus appearing characteristic of these seed oils. The mass spectra of 2‐methoxyethyl esters are reported with a salient feature being the base peak in the mass spectrum of 2‐methoxyethyl petroselinate at m/z 84 compared to the usual m/z 55.Practical Applications: Knowledge of the composition of seed oils is of utmost significance for their use in all applications, food and non‐food. Typically, these oils are obtained by hexane extraction of the seeds. This work now shows that seed oils from the common Apiaceae family, which includes many food‐related species, contain phytochemicals, which often have physiological significance and are usually associated with other plant parts. Besides this, the mass spectra of the 2‐methoxyethyl esters of fatty acids as found in these seed oils are reported as these esters were shown in the past to be especially suitable for quantification. This information is valuable for verifying the nature of these esters.The seed oils of Apiaceae species contain a variety of specific phytochemicals. The most common fatty acid is petroselinic acid, with 2‐methoxyethyl esters known to allow quantification of this acid. The mass spectra of fatty 2‐methoxyethyl esters are reported.

Biodiesel Production from Pongamia Pinnata and its Characterization using GC-MS, NMR and FT-IR Spectral Studies

Biodiesel synthesis from the pongamia oil seed and its characterization is elaborated in this paper. A double stage transesterification i.e. acid catalysed transesterification and base catalysed esterification are adopted to reduce the free fatty acids content and conversion of triglycerides into methyl esters. In this process, H2SO4, NaOH and methanol are used at the methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1. By this process, 95% of pongamia biodiesel is obtained. The physiochemical properties like calorific value, Cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point etc. are analysed and it is found to be within the ASTM standards. GC-MS analysis indicated the existence of 14 prominent fatty acids with oleic acid as the major constituent. 13C and 1H NMR results supported the GC-MS data and it also confirmed the conversion efficiency of converting the vegetable oil into PBD as 87.23%. The shifting and appearance of major peaks in the FT-IR spectrum confirmed the formation of FAMEs from the triglycerides.

Phylogenomic analysis of the Brevibacillus brevis clade: a proposal for three new Brevibacillus species, Brevibacillus fortis sp. nov., Brevibacillus porteri sp. nov. and Brevibacillus schisleri sp. nov.

During a screen for antifungal activity of Brevibacillus strains in the Northern Regional Research Laboratory collection we identified two strains with strong activity. Subsequent genomic sequencing and phylogenomic analysis revealed that these strains (NRRL NRS-1210T and NRRL B-41110T) are likely novel species. To confirm their taxonomic placement, we conducted a 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis and subsequently sequenced the genomes of 10 Brevibacillus type strains with a 16S homology > 97%. Phylogenomic analysis of these type strains and of representative Brevibacillus strains deposited in GenBank also identified several novel clades that should be recognised as novel species. For one of these novel clades, we were able to obtain a publicly available isolate (ATCC 35690T) that could serve as a type strain. The three new species were subjected to a polyphasic characterisation to confirm their taxonomic status. Cells of strains NRRL NRS-1210T, NRRL B-41110T and ATCC 35690T are Gram-staining positive, motile and form tan colonies. All three strains are obligate aerobic mesophiles with a broad pH range for growth. The two most prominent fatty acids of the three strains were identified as iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The DNA G+C contents of strains NRRL NRS-1210T, NRRL B-41110T and ATCC 35690T are 47.2mol%, 47.1mol% and 47.3mol%, respectively. Based on these characteristics, three novel species are proposed: Brevibacillus fortis sp. nov. (NRRL NRS-1210T = DSM 9886T = ATCC 51666T), Brevibacillus porteri sp. nov. (NRRL B-41110T = KACC 19693T) and Brevibacillus schisleri sp. nov. (ATCC 35690T = LMG 17055T).

Fatty Acid Profiling of Polyethylene Glycol Adapted and Un-Adapted Cell Lines of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Oryza sativa&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; L.cv. Swat-1 under Temperature Stress

Higher plants can adapt to abiotic stress to a certain degree. In this study, the impact of temperature stress on osmotic stress adapted and un-adapted cell lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.cv Swat-1) was observed. For the change in proline content, relative growth rate, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid were evaluated. The cell lines were incrementally adapted to 20% polyethylene glycol. The adapted lines showed significantly higher growth rate and proline content as compared to the un-adapted cell lines on temperature stress. Among saturated fatty acids palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and myristic acid (C14:0) were the prominent fatty acids detected while among unsaturated fatty acid Oleic acid (C18:1c) and Linoleic acid (C18:2c) were the major fatty acids found. Under low temperature stress the percentage of saturated fatty acids was found to be lower (53%) in adapted cell line as compared to the un-adapted cell line (63%) while the percentage of saturation increased (83%) in adapted line under high temperature stress as compared to un-adapted line (70%). On the other hand at low temperature stress the percent level of unsaturated fatty acids in the adapted line was higher (48%) than the un-adapted cell line (37%). In conclusion, adaptation to one abiotic stress confers co-tolerance to the other abiotic stresses. Fatty acids saturation level could be a crucial factor in the plant ability to tolerate heat and cold stress.

Fatty acids, triterpenes and cycloalkanes in ficus seed oils

The compositions of the seed oils obtained by hexane extraction of three members of the Ficus genus of the Moraceae plant family was determined, namely Ficus nota, Ficus septica, Ficus ulmifolia. Linolenic acid is the most prominent fatty acid in the seed oils followed by linoleic acid, with these two fatty acid comprising about 75% of the fatty acids in the oils. The high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids coincides with high levels of these acids predominating among the fatty acids observed in various plant parts of other Ficus species. Besides the fatty acids, a variety of phytochemicals also found in other plant parts of Ficus species were observed in the seed oils, including squalene, pentacyclic triterpenes such as α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol, as well as sterols such as cholesterol and γ-sitosterol, the former at unusually elevated levels. The levels of these phytochemicals vary from species to species and location of harvest, with F. ulmifolia showing by far the highest level of these materials and with α-amyrin, β-amyrin and lupeol being the most common, their amounts exceeding those of fatty acids for samples from one specific location. Surprisingly, low levels of macrocyclic alkanes in the range of C24-C30 were identified.

Fusarium verticillioides as a single-cell oil source for biodiesel production and dietary supplements

Abstract A newly isolated oleaginous fungus called E4-2 and identified as Fusarium verticillioides was selected as a potential source of lipid production using glucose as carbon source and a mixture of ammonium chloride and yeast extract as nitrogen sources. A maximum lipid accumulation of 1.88 g/L and a lipid cell content of 38% were obtained at optimal pH and temperature equal to 5 and 30 °C, respectively. Moreover, the E4-2 strain can grow on a variety of low-cost agro-waste carbon sources. Interestingly, waste cooking oils (1.67 g/L) and soap stock of refined olive oil pomace (1.25 g/L) were optimal for a maximum lipid accumulation. Gas chromatography analysis of the extracted lipids revealed that, similar to some vegetal oils, the prominent fatty acid (FA) constituents were C18:1 (34.65%), C18:2 or ω6 (30.78%) and C16:0 (25.61%) with a high ω6 content. More interestingly, the ω3 content rose from 0.86 to 1.71 when culture temperature was set from 30 to 25 °C. The predictive determination of biodiesel properties from fatty acids profile suggests that E4-2 lipids may favorably be used for biodiesel production. All these characteristics argue in favor of the great biotechnological potential of the lipids produced by our strain.

Bioprospecting microbes for single-cell oil production from starchy wastes

ABSTRACTProduction of lipid from oleaginous yeast using starch as a carbon source is not a common practice; therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore the capability of starch assimilating microbes to produce oil, which was determined in terms of biomass weight, productivity, and lipid yield. Saccharomyces pastorianus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Rhodotorula glutinis, and fungal isolate Ganoderma wiiroense were screened for the key parameters. The optimization was also performed by one-factor-at-a-time approach. Considering the specific yield of lipid and cell dry weight yield, R. glutinis and R. mucilaginosa showed superiority over other strains. G. wiiroense, a new isolate, would also be a promising strain for starch waste utilization in terms of extracellular and intracellular specific yield of lipids. Extracellular specific yield of lipid was highest in R. glutinis culture (0.025 g g−1 of biomass) followed by R. mucilaginosa (0.022 g g−1 of biomass) and G. wiiroense (0.020 g g−1 of biomass). Intracellular lipid was again highest in R. glutinis (0.048 g g−1 of biomass). The most prominent fatty acid methyl esters among the lipid as detected by GC-MS were saturated lipids mainly octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoate, and hexadecanoate. Extracellular lipid produced on starch substrate waste would be a cost-effective alternative for energy-intensive extraction process in biodiesel industry.

Physicochemical Characterization and Fatty Acid Profiling of Different Philippine Pili Nut (Canarium ovatum, Engl.) Varieties

AbstractCanarium ovatum, commonly known as Pili nut, is an endemic crop in the Philippines. This study focused on the assessment of the physical, nutritional, and fatty acid profile of the pulp and kernel of Pili nut varieties. The study included 7 varieties that are cultivated in a single soil condition at the Albay Research and Development Center, Buang, Tabaco City, Philippines. Standard method Association of Official Analytical Chemist for nutritional analysis and DNA barcoding were used in the study. Molecular authentication through DNA barcoding shows that studied Pili nut varieties belong to genus C. ovatum. Split component of the fruit reveals that pulp is the major component (12.6–25.3%) of the fruit, followed by shell (5.97–12.3%), kernel (1.75–3.49%), and testa (0.17–0.34%). Lyophilized Pili nut kernel contains 67.2–74.1% fat, 11.5–13.2% protein, 3.43–9.97% dietary fiber, and 2.93–3.37% ash, and provides 704–749 cal 100 g−1 energy. Pili nut pulp contains 43.4–53.1% dietary fiber, 20.2–31.7% fat, 8.32–10.9% ash, and 4.53–6.32% protein, and provides 361–432 cal 100 g−1 energy. Pili nut pulp is an excellent source of dietary fiber. Prominent fatty acid is oleic acid (C18:1) for all varieties, which is higher in the pulp than in the kernel. Other major fatty acids include palmitic (C16:0), linoleic (C18:2), stearic (C18:0), and linolenic (C18:3) acids. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics measured depend significantly on the variety.

Gelidibacter flavus sp. nov., Isolated from Activated Sludge of Seawater Treatment System.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterial strain designated Con4T was isolated from activated sludge in a seawater treatment system. The strain was rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, and formed yellow-colored colonies on agar medium. Cells contained carotenoid pigments, but flexirubin-type pigments were absent. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was assigned to the genus Gelidibacter. Optimum growth occurred at 20°C, pH 7.0, and 1-2% (w/v) NaCl. Prominent fatty acid types were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, and iso-C16:0 3OH. Diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were present as the major polar lipids. MK-6 was present as major menaquinone. Strain Con4T showed the highest sequence similarity with Gelidibacter mesophilus KCTC 12106T (96.5%), Gelidibacter gilvus IC158T (96.4%), and Gelidibacter algens ACAM 536T (95.8%). The G+C mol% contents of the strain Con4T were 37.7%. Distinct morphological, physiological, and genotypic differences from the previously described taxa support the classification of strain Con4T as a representative of a novel species in the genus Gelidibacter, for which the name Gelidibacter flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Con4T (=KEMB 41-198T=JCM 31135T).