Prominent Architects Research Articles

THE INFLUENCE OF LOUIS H. SULLIVAN ON THE CHICAGO SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

Chicago has been an active city since it started to attract people for new opportunities in the 1830s. After the city experienced the Great Fire in 1871, the primary concern was to rebuild the city. The absence of fire-protective materials, fragile soil conditions, and the need for multistory commercial buildings with structural stability were serious challenges. Many prominent architects and engineers not only rose to them but also created the “Commercial Style”. Thus, the time witnessed the emergence of the Chicago School. This paper addresses the influence of Louis Henry Sullivan on the Chicago School of Architecture. Looking at the remarkable ideas in materials and construction techniques employed at the time, it is aimed to answer how a city is built on its dynamics on a different scale. It provides an in-depth analysis of the period’s problems related to building construction via literature review, drawings, and photographs. As the method of the study, tall building innovations were investigated using Sullivan’s five buildings which express the idea of contemporary high- rise buildings and technical solutions of the period. The study will contribute literature answering how these buildings’ designs responded to the theory behind the Chicago School of Architecture.

Concept-space analysis through architectural discourses

This study aims to reveal the concepts that constitute space through architectural discourses. Within the scope of this study, a conceptual reading model has been developed based on theoretical and practical discourses on space by 9 prominent architects from the 1950s to the present day. The content analysis method and the MAXQDA program have been utilized as the interface for evaluating these discourses, yielding a model that can be tested across various architectural typologies and/or individual cases. In this context, four main components that constitute space, namely ‘change, meaning, syntax, and vital comfort’, have been identified. Alongside these, a network of relationships has been constructed with quantitatively prominent subconcepts. Based on all analysis outputs obtained, it has been recognized that space constitutes a dialectical relationship as a whole, capturing the era through change, taking form through syntax, quantifiable through vital comfort, and ultimately creating memory through the meaning it acquires.

The Architectural Pedigree of İznik’s 14th-Century Green Mosque in Turkey

A monument constructed in the dynastic beginnings of the Ottoman Empire, the 14th-Century Yeşil Camii (Green Mosque), was one of the first buildings sponsored after the conquest of the Byzantine city Nicaea (İznik). Commissioned by Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (1364-1387), the mosque became a landmark of a burgeoning Ottoman government that soon reigned over three continents. With the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the centuries-old Ottoman Empire, with all its institutions, was abolished. The Türk Tarih Tezi (Turkish History Thesis) became the propaganda of the nation-state, denoting a national spirit among Turks in all periods of history. In this historicist reading, the Green Mosque became a beacon signifying the zeitgeist of pure national building forms for the Turks. In the late 1930s, the secular appraisal of this thesis began to wane in favor of a religious-ethnic reading. Imperial monuments with an Islamic past came to befit the locus of Turkish identity. Nevertheless, the ideological transformation of the Green Mosque transcended any objectifying vision. The nationalist lens shifted, emphasizing Muslim-Turks over the Turkish race and iterating a formal revelation of the Green Mosque that has perpetuated the long-standing understanding of the building. This essay presents the Green Mosque in view of the texts written by prominent architects and historians, against the backdrop of crossing boundaries between architectural historiography and nationhood of space, from early beginnings to late 1980s.

Alexander Petrovich Kudryavtsev’s anniversary

Academician D. V. Busch writes about the 85th anniversary of one of the most famous and prominent architects of modern Russia, A. P. Kudryavtsev, and characterises his diverse and prolific work, as well as the breadth and depth of his knowledge. The exhibition dedicated to A. P. Kudryavtsev’s anniversary and achievements comprises sections corresponding to the most important stages and results of his theoretical and creative work.

The Future Belongs to Those Who Can Make it a Reality

The article is devoted to the specifics of modern museums, positioning themselves as museums of the future. The author analyses this new format in the world of museums. The Museum of the Future in Dubai, created by Sean Killa with the participation of Killa Design, Buro Happold and Mattar ben Lahej, serves as an example. The author notes a particular interest in the construction of museums around the world. This arises from the unique purpose of such objects - their ability to become a symbol of the city and, in a certain sense, create its positive image in the public mind. Such prominent architects as Zaha Hadid, Peter Schweger, Aldo Rossi, Hans Hollein, Axel Schultes, Shigeru Ban and others paid attention to the construction of museums. Considering several relatively new museum buildings, the author identifies some general trends, among which, first of all, are the expressiveness of architectural images and a change in the museum concept. As a rule, there are no works of art in the museum of the future. The author believes that this is perhaps the most shocking moment experienced by those visitors who were hoping for a meeting with the classics or contemporary art. The traditional image of the temple of the muses and the national treasury has been replaced by a new museum, in which the priority is given to meeting with the event. Now the museum is a place of educational programs, an opportunity to test one’s creative abilities. The modern museum, which has chosen the position of interpreting the future, is a kind of intellectual, communicative, public centre with leisure services.

Residential architecture of Novi Zagreb on the example of Siget settlement

Zagreb was fertile land for development of modernism and internationalism in architecture thanks to very strong modernist scene from the period before the World War II. Numerous prominent architects just continue to work and to promote their ideas in socialist Yugoslavia when Social realism was rejected and modernism was established as cultural mainstream in new established Yugoslavia. Decision to spread the city on the south over the river Sava was used for creation of new town totally in accordance to modernist priniciples of urban planinig and architecture, Athens charter and Le Corbusiers visions. Progresive and innovative ideas were implemented with strong support of entire society and state structures oriented to modernization and urbanization as tools for creating industrialized and future oriented society. After decades of existence Novi Zagreb survive crictics and challenges of social and economical changes and become to be attractive living area for different social groups of people which offering decent and functional spatial concepts of flats and urban living. On the example of one of Novi Zagreb settlements Siget that was developed through several decades and built accordingly to first urban plans we can follow realization of modernist ideas and their progressive evolution in heterogenic concepts of residential units, materialization and adoption to human needs. Urban design solutions and different layouts of flats settled in different kinds of residential buildings in Siget create real picture about range of modernist architecture realized in Novi Zagreb and give us opportunity to reconsider human oriented, socially responsible and sustainable residential architecture instead current, investor and profit directed approach.

English architecture in 1963: a newly rediscovered view from Germany

This article provides an English translation of an unpublished German typescript found in the archive of the architect Julius Posener in the Akademie der Kunst, Berlin. Posener, a professor of architectural history at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste (HBK), travelled with a colleague and fifteen students to England for a fortnight in March 1963. They met several prominent architects, saw a wide selection of their current and recently completed works, and attended events at the Architectural Association school. The typescript is an account of the trip that he wrote up from notes in his diary on 29 March, two days after their return. Posener, who had previously spent almost a decade teaching architecture in London, proves to have been a sympathetic observer of the scene, eager to compare and contrast what he saw in England with contemporary work in Germany; his account evokes subtle disagreements between himself and his colleague on conceptual and historical points, and gives us an insight into the day-to-day workings of Denys Lasdun’s office, the Architectural Association, the London County Council, and the Building Research Station in Garston.

STAGES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCRETE AND EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

This days the use of concrete and reinforced concrete structures in construction is common. Their widespread use has been made possibleby the achievements of engineers and architects ofpast centuries. The authors consider the main defining stages of development of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and their widespread popularization in the world. A consistent historicaloverview of the development of structural forms of reinforced concrete in residential and non-residential buildings was made. Numerous examples illustrate the path of development of reinforced concrete structures - from strut-beam systems to curvilinear spatial forms.The works of prominent civil engineers and architects are considered: F. Gennebique, M. Kenneth, O. Perre, R. Mayar, D. Mate Trucco, V. Bonade Bottino, R. Piano, E. Fressine, M. Berg, G. Trauer, E. Torroha, P. Luigi Nervi and others [2,13, 15].The article analyzes the development of architecture, building structures and construction technologies in the crucial phases of historical development based on the use of architectural research,which is based on the analysis of objective features of buildings and structures, namely their functional purpose and design capabilities. The experience of designing and construction of unique constructionswith large-span coverings, the search for rationalconstructive decisions are traced, recommendations for the further perspective development of reinforced concrete designs are given.

From Lugano to Krakow: The Career of Giovanni Battista Trevano as a Royal Architect at the Vasa Court in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, many builders, artists, and architects living on the shores of Italian lakes decided to settle in Poland. Upon arrival, they pursued brilliant careers in various areas of life. Over time, they became Polonized. This was also the case for Giovanni Battista Trevano, who was active in Krakow in the first half of the 17th century and whose lifetime achievement was to become the royal architect of the Vasa kings. This article presents Trevano’s artistic oeuvre and provides insight into his social, economic, and intellectual status in the new community, including the architect’s offspring, who pursued successful careers in army, church, and state offices throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. These new findings are based on manuscripts that have recently been discovered by the author of the article in both Polish and Swiss archives. They allow for expanding the knowledge of the Trevano family’s genealogy and biography, and correcting some unjustified views in the discourse. On the basis of research on new archival sources, one can conclude that Giovanni Battista Trevano was a prominent architect, who is credited with introducing in Poland the early Baroque style, which soon became dominant in northern European art.

Industrial heritage of Saint Petersburg XIX - early xx centuries as objects of architectural tourism

Territories and objects of industrial architecture are an important and integral part of the image of St. Petersburg. On the vast industrial territories of St. Petersburg, in the past the industrial capital of Russia, many valuable architectural monuments of the 19th - early 20th centuries, created by prominent architects, are concentrated. However, the fate of this architectural heritage raises serious concerns. The liquidation of many industries, caused by socio-economic changes, left entire groups of enterprises lifeless. Such objects are in varying degrees of preservation, repurposed and used in different ways. The article briefly presents the history of the formation of these monuments of industrial architecture. The purpose of the article is to consider the most characteristic objects of the industrial heritage of St. Petersburg, located along the waterways of the city - the Neva and the Obvodny Canal, as objects of architectural tourism.

Wieder aufbauen nach dem Krieg. Alfred Roth und die in der Schweiz internierten polnischen Architekten

Abstract During the Second World War, more than 10,000 Polish soldiers were interned in Switzerland. Among them were prominent architects, including Marek Leykam and Bohdan Garliński, who upon returning to Poland, left their mark on postwar modernism. Leykam was later marginalized for his buildings that were allegedly too International in style. Garliński became one of the key ideologists of Socialist Realism in the First General Exhibition of Architecture of the People’s Republic of Poland. This article is the first to re-trace their years in Switzerland and their contacts with Alfred Roth, CIAM member and former employee of Le Corbusier. During the war, Roth pursued plans for the reconstruction of Europe, and it was he who supplied the internees with architectural literature and support. Their intersections exemplify the larger history of Switzerland’s insular role during the war, and Poland’s immensely complex architectural scene in the early 1950s.

The icon as a collaborative performance: non-standard solutions, invisible work and networks of trust in the construction of the Elbe Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg

PurposeThe main goal of this paper is to shift the focus from the symbolic and aesthetic features of iconic projects to the complex process of their actual materialisation. Hereby, the authors conceptualise iconic projects as the “collaborative performance” of a wide range of built environment professionals. The authors seek to unravel the complexity of organisational action, professional practices, knowledge and expertise, and the inter-firm networks required for the creation of iconic architecture.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on an in-depth case study of the Elbe Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg's new icon. This included 26 semi-structured interviews with a broad range of interview partners, which were conducted by an interdisciplinary team.FindingsBesides by spectacular architectural design, iconic buildings are characterised by the meticulous execution of even the smallest details as well as of more hidden building elements unlikely to be seen by the public. Execution is usually contingent on the specific building processes and construction practices and requires the continuous engagement of project architects, as well as trusting collaborations with their partners in the construction industry. Yet the making of iconic projects is challenging and (financially) risky, and the interfaces between project partners cannot be easily translated into contractual agreements, which potentially compromises the collaboration between architects and construction firms.Originality/valueThis paper advances a cross-sectoral view on professional practices by providing in-depth insight into the work of less prominent project architects and their partners in the construction industry. This paper hereby bridges design and construction practices and provides a more holistic understanding of how iconic projects are constructed on the ground.

Projekti Ranka Radovića za porodične kuće

Ranko Radović (1935-2005) was one of the most prominent architects, urban planners and professors in Yugoslavia, and he had a significant impact on professional and scientific discussions on the planning and design of public spaces and public buildings. This is evident not only through his designs, but also through numerous publications and presentations. In addition to his well-known public buildings, such as the Museum at Tjentište in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Craft Center in Belgrade, the City Hall in Aranđelovac, and the Post Office, Hotel Partizanka and Bank in Vranjačka Banja, he also designed five single-family houses. Of the five houses, four have been built, however, so far, they have not been the focus of research or published in academic journals. This paper studies Ranko Radović's designs for single-family houses built in the period from 1975 to 1985 in Aranđelovac, Bačka Palanka and Sombor in Serbia. The significance of Radović's design for single-family houses is explored in the context of socialism, in which investors would choose designs for their houses from a "catalogue". This paper also explores Radović's designs in the context of his theoretical approaches on the relationship between traditional and contemporary architecture. The paper aims to shed light on his contribution to ideas regarding the development of modern housing in the 1970s and 1980s in Serbia. It also documents the importance of those projects for the history of the architecture of single-family housing in Serbia.

Nerealizovani projekat zgrade Državne arhive (1922) arhitekte Dimitrija M. Leka

The unrealized project of the State Archives building (1922) is one of the earliest works of the prominent architect and university professor at the Technical Faculty in Belgrade, Dimitrije M. Leko. The project stands as an embodiment of the high-standard academic education of the architect, as well as his affectations and skill in designing monumental public buildings, which would come to have a deep impact on the Yugoslav architectural scene. As a witness to the gradual formation of the architect's particular authorial expression, the project is of great importance to a more complete understanding of his artistic opus. With a more detailed historiographical treatment, this paper strives to contribute to a more complete understanding of the complex history of the construction of the State Archives building, as well as to the genesis of Leko's own personal architectural style.

Shell structures and shells at the beginning of the 21st century

Researchers know that golden century of shells falls on 1920-1960 when the finishing of building of a thin-walled shell became an important event in life of country where this shell was erected. Every built shell was analyzed in tens of scientific works with a point of view of used method of analysis, applied constructive materials, cost of erection. Later on, an interest to thin-walled shells fell down. On the base of the fulfilled research in a paper, it is shown that application of shell structures is increasing in the 21st century because it was closely connected with needs of different branches of human activity. It is proved, that practically in all countries of the world, design and building of shell structures and shells was carried out. Only priority in application constructive materials changed. In the main, reinforced concrete was used earlier but now bar curvilinear structures, composite shells, and bar structures with the glass filling are in priority. It is shown that young and prominent architects and engineers tale part in construction of considered structures and thin-walled shells. All conclusions are confirmed by references containing 38 used original sources.

A review on the book “Leonid Rubtsov – a prominent landscape architect” by O. L. Rubtsova and N. V. Chuvikina

A monograph devoted to the life and work of the outstanding landscape architect Leonid Ivanovich Rubtsov has been recently published. The book provides information about the projects developed and implemented by professor Rubtsov, as well as the main theoretical principles of landscape architecture, which were proposed by him.

XXI festival “Zodchesvo in Siberia 2021”

The Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” was founded at the turn of the millennium. The first Festival was held in 2001 at Irkutsk Sibexpocenter and caused a massive outcry among the architectural community in Siberia and throughout the country.
 Later the Festival “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” became one of the most important annual architectural events in Russia. The first participants of the Festival were the architects from Eastern Siberia (such cities as Irkutsk, Angarsk, Bratsk, Chita and Krasnoyarsk, republics of Buryatia, Tyva, Khakassia, as well as Ust-Ordynsky and Aginsky national districts of Buryatia). Since 2007 architects from Western Siberia (Omsk and Barnaul) have also participated in the Festival. The Festival becomes open.
 The most topical issues are discussed at the Discussion Club of the Festival. Among the most prominent experts are A. Rappaport, O. Vendina, L. Kogan, A. Vysokovsky, A. Gimelstein, A.Kaftanov, M. Rozhansky, V. Dyatlov, A. Ivanov, D. Fesenko, A. Sirina, A. Finogenov. Prominent Russian architects give master classes, which enjoy great popularity. Thanks to the Festival, within twenty years, Siberian architects have met with masters from the capitals: Y. Gnedovsky, A. Asadov, S. Kiselev, A. Skokan, A. Bavykin, V. Plotkin, A. Savin, A. Cheltsov, A. Pavlova, S. Skuratov, N. Yavein, T. Kuzembaev, M. Mamoshin, Yu. Zemtsov, A. Bokov, T. Bashkaev, S. Gnedovsky, A. Chernikhov, V. Kuzmin, foreign architects M. Drahovsky, D. Dendra, G. Stanishev, as well as Siberian experts I. Popovsky, A. Myakota, P. Anisiforov, A. Dering and many other colleagues.
 The organizers consider the Festival to be a preparation stage for the International Festival “Zodchestvo” in Moscow. “Zodchestvo of Eastern Siberia” is traditionally held in Irkutsk. In 2014 it was first held in Krasnoyarsk, and in 2017 Krasnoyarsk housed the Festival for the second time. In the same year, Altai architects proposed to hold the next Festival in Barnaul. Thus, the Festival went beyond the borders of Eastern Siberia. We decided to maintain the name of the Festival, filling it with a new geographical meaning: “Zodchestvo in Siberia”. In 2018 the Festival was held in Barnaul, the capital of Altai, and in 2019 it was held in Tomsk. The twentieth-anniversary event took place on the native land, the city of Irkutsk. This year, Kemerovo celebrates the 300th anniversary of Kuzbass and hospitably hosts the Festival “Zodchestvo in Siberia 2021”.

Multimedia

Multimedia

Japan and the West: An Architectural Dialogue

Japan and the West: An Architectural Dialogue

Review: Cold War and Architecture: The Competing Forces That Reshaped Austria after 1945

Review: <i>Cold War and Architecture: The Competing Forces That Reshaped Austria after 1945</i>