Promazine Research Articles

Assessment of the assembly behaviour and physicochemical parameters for the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and promazine hydrochloride mixture: Impact of monohydroxy organic compounds

Assessment of the assembly behaviour and physicochemical parameters for the tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and promazine hydrochloride mixture: Impact of monohydroxy organic compounds

Mixed Micellization of Promazine Hydrochloride with Cholinium‐Based Anionic Surface Active Ionic Liquids and their Potential Application for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles

AbstractThis work is aimed to study the interaction of an amphiphilic drug, promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) and two anionic surface active ionic liquids (SAILs), cholinium laurylsarcosinate [Cho][Sar] and cholinium deoxycholate [Cho][Doc] using conductivity, UV‐visible spectroscopy and fluorescence techniques. The results obtained by all three techniques indicated non‐ideal behavior and synergistic interactions between the PMZ drug and SAIL mixed systems. Further, the drug‐SAIL mixtures were used to stabilize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in aqueous solution. The results of UV‐visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that PMZ and SAILs had strong electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions which played a significant role in the stabilization of Ag NPs. The morphological analysis of the Ag NPs showed the formation of various types of aggregates controlled by the internal packing of PMZ‐[Cho][Sar]/[Cho][Doc] mixed systems. These drug‐SAIL based NPs could be used in separation and synthesis applications in nanotechnology by altering the structure of drugs and SAILs.

Competitive adsorptive removal of promazine and promethazine from wastewater using olive tree pruning biochar: operational parameters, kinetics, and equilibrium investigations

This research aims to remove two phenothiazines, promazine (PRO) and promethazine (PMT), from their individual and binary mixtures using olive tree pruning biochar (BC-OTPR). The impact of individual and combinatory effects of operational variables was evaluated for the first time using central composite design (CCD). Simultaneous removal of both drugs was maximized utilizing the composite desirability function. At low concentrations, the uptake of PRO and PMT from their individual solutions was achieved with high efficiency of 98.64%, 47.20 mg/g and 95.87%, 38.16 mg/g, respectively. No major differences in the removal capacity were observed for the binary mixtures. Characterization of BC-OTPR confirmed successful adsorption and showed that the OTPR surface was predominantly mesoporous. Equilibrium investigations revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model best describes the sorption of PRO/PMT from their individual solutions with maximum adsorption capacities of 640.7 and 346.95 mg/g, respectively. The sorption of PRO/PMT conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Regeneration of the adsorbent surface was successfully done with desorption efficiencies of 94.06% and 98.54% for PRO and PMT, respectively, for six cycles.Graphical abstract

Rational design of dysprosium cobalt oxide decorated on flower-like molybdenum disulfide: Development of an electrochemical sensor for antipsychotic drug promazine

The construction of perovskite oxides and metal chalcogenide nanocomposites has been employed to develop electrochemical sensors with outstanding sensitivity and low detection limit. In this work, we have successfully synthesized dysprosium cobalt oxide (DCO) encapsulated with molybdenum disulfide (MS) via ultrasonication way, which is employed for the electrochemical determination of antipsychotic drug promazine (PMZ). The as-prepared DCO/MS nanocomposite was scrutinized by different techniques such as X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). Further, the prepared nanocomposites were modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface and electrochemical activity was inspected through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PB) with a potential window of 0.0–0.9 V. As a result, DCO/MS promotes superior electrochemical performance because of high electrochemical active surface area (0.396 cm2), good conductivity, and synergetic effect. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibits a broad linear range (0.002 – 695.6 μM) and the lowest detection limit of 0.005 µM, excellent sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. Finally, the fabricated sensor was successively used for the real-time detection of PMZ in environmental and biological samples with feasible recoveries.

Identifying Patterns of Clinical Interest in Clinicians' Treatment Preferences: Hypothesis-free Data Science Approach to Prioritizing Prescribing Outliers for Clinical Review.

Data analysis is used to identify signals suggestive of variation in treatment choice or clinical outcome. Analyses to date have generally focused on a hypothesis-driven approach. This study aimed to develop a hypothesis-free approach to identify unusual prescribing behavior in primary care data. We aimed to apply this methodology to a national data set in a cross-sectional study to identify chemicals with significant variation in use across Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) for further clinical review, thereby demonstrating proof of concept for prioritization approaches. Here we report a new data-driven approach to identify unusual prescribing behaviour in primary care data. This approach first applies a set of filtering steps to identify chemicals with prescribing rate distributions likely to contain outliers, then applies two ranking approaches to identify the most extreme outliers amongst those candidates. This methodology has been applied to three months of national prescribing data (June-August 2017). Our methodology provides rankings for all chemicals by administrative region. We provide illustrative results for 2 antipsychotic drugs of particular clinical interest: promazine hydrochloride and pericyazine, which rank highly by outlier metrics. Specifically, our method identifies that, while promazine hydrochloride and pericyazine are barely used by most clinicians (with national prescribing rates of 11.1 and 6.2 per 1000 antipsychotic prescriptions, respectively), they make up a substantial proportion of antipsychotic prescribing in 2 small geographic regions in England during the study period (with maximum regional prescribing rates of 298.7 and 241.1 per 1000 antipsychotic prescriptions, respectively). Our hypothesis-free approach is able to identify candidates for audit and review in clinical practice. To illustrate this, we provide 2 examples of 2 very unusual antipsychotics used disproportionately in 2 small geographic areas of England.

Multi-technique approach to explore the mixed micellization behavior of promazine hydrochloride drug and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant in aqueous glycine, glycylglycine (dipeptide) and glycylglycylglycine (tripeptide) solutions

The aggregation properties of amphiphiles and their mixtures are of theoretical and applied importance. Therefore, mixed micellization behavior of promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) drug and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant at different mole fractions, α PMZ = (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) has been scrutinized in water and (0.025, 0.050 and 0.100) mol·kg −1 aqueous solutions of glycine, glycylglycine (dipeptide) and glycylglycylglycine (tripeptide) at T = (298.15 to 318.15) K, by means of multiple techniques. Thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔG°m, ΔH°m, and ΔS°m) along with excess Gibbs free energy of mixing (ΔG m ex), the molecular interaction parameter (β int), and the degree of ionization (α), have been attained from the conductivity measurements. The partial specific volumes (φ v), partial specific isentropic compression (φ κ) as well as isentropic compressibilities (κ s) were computed from the measured density and speed of sound data. UV-Visible absorption, fluorescence emission and proton (1H) NMR spectra were recorded for the pure PMZ and mixed (PMZ + CTAB) system in the presence of glycine(aq), glycylglycine(aq) and glycylglycylglycine(aq) solutions. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) study was carried out to measure the hydrodynamic diameters (D H) of mixed micellar systems. The prevalence of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions amid the hydrophobic groups of PMZ drug (tricyclic scaffolding), CTAB (–C16H33), glycine, di- and tri-peptides (–CH2), and electrostatic interactions amid the hydrophilic/ionic groups of PMZ{tertiary amine part and +NH (CH3)2, Cl−}, CTAB (–N (CH3)3 +, Br‒) and glycine, di- and tri-peptides {zwitterion (NH3 +, COO−} have been depicted from the aforementioned studies.

The Influence of Selected Antipsychotic Drugs on Biochemical Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease.

The aim of this study was to assess the potency of selected antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol (HAL), bromperidol (BRMP), benperidol (BNP), penfluridol (PNF), pimozide (PIM), quetiapine (QUET) and promazine (PROM)) on the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Binary mixtures of donepezil and antipsychotics produce an anti-BuChE effect, which was greater than either compound alone. The combination of rivastigmine and antipsychotic drugs (apart from PNF) enhanced AChE inhibition. The tested antipsychotics (excluding HAL and PNF) significantly reduce the early stage of Aβ aggregation. BRMP, PIM, QUET and PROM were found to substantially inhibit Aβ aggregation after a longer incubation time. A test of human erythrocytes hemolysis showed that short-term incubation of red blood cells (RBCs) with QUET resulted in decreased hemolysis. The antioxidative properties of antipsychotics were also proved in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC); all tested drugs were found to significantly increase cell viability. In the case of astrocytes, BNP, PNF, PIM and PROM showed antioxidant potential.

Perioral photoallergic dermatitis to promazine hydrochloride.

Perioral photoallergic dermatitis to promazine hydrochloride.

An effective magnetic nanoadsorbent based on a carbonaceous/spinel ferrite nanocomposite for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from wastewater

Activated carbon modified with metal ferrite CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (AC–CoFe2O4) was prepared as a magnetic nanoadsorbent for removing promazine (PZ) from wastewater.

Molecular interactions between novel synthesized biodegradable ionic liquids with antidepressant drug

Biodegradable ionic liquids (BDILs) have immense importance in medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical industries due to their biodegradable nature. The interaction of antidepressant drug (AD) i.e., promazine hydrochloride (PHC) with novel synthesized BDILs i.e., 1-(2-(octylamino)-2-oxoethyl)pyridin-1-ium bromide (OAOEPB) and 4-((hydroxyimino) methyl)-1-(2-(octylamino)-2-oxoethyl)pyridin-1-ium (HIMOAOEPB) bromide has been studied by using various spectroscopic techniques viz UV-vis, fluorescence and FTIR. A variety of interaction parameters viz binding constant (Ka), Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv), and thermodynamic parameter like Gibb's free energy changes (∆GBinding) have been evaluated at room temperature. The observed results show significant changes in the spectral intensities of drug on the addition of BDILs. Highest binding affinity and most promising activity are shown by BDILS HIMOAOEPB than compared to OAOEPB. FTIR spectral analysis on BDIL-drug interactions was also performed in the wave number range up to 400-4000 cm−1.

Determination and Analysis of Promazine Hydrochloride in Chicken by High Performance Liquid

To establish a method for the determination of promazine hydrochloride residue in pork by HPLC. The extraction of promazine hydrochloride from pork tissues by ultrasonic extraction and centrifugal extraction was studied. The peak area of promazine hydrochloride was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The content of promazine hydrochloride in pork was calculated by standard curve equation. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (0.02mol/mL) with a ratio of 60:40, the detection wavelength was set at 258 nm, the flow rate was 1.0mL/min, and the sample size was 10μL. The column temperature was 20℃. Acetonitrile was selected as the extraction liquid, extracted by ultrasonic shock method and centrifugal method, purified by solid phase extraction method, and dried and concentrated by vacuum as the pre-treatment method of pork. The results showed that promazine hydrochloride showed a good linear relationship with the peak area in the concentration range of 1ug/mL~50ug/mL (r2=0.9983). The intra-day and intra-day precision were all less than 3%. The recoveries of three different concentrations were 79.31%~84.38%. The method used in this experiment is simple, easy to operate, high accuracy and good reproducibility, which is suitable for the analysis and detection of the residual amount of promazine hydrochloride in pork.

Study on Complete Antigen Synthesis of Promazine Hydrochloride

To explore the method of complete antigen synthesis of promazine hydrochloride. Based on the analysis of the molecular structure and immunogenicity of promazine hydrochloride, complete antigen was synthesized by mixed anhydride method,under the condition of excess acid, the diazotization reaction of nitrite and p-aminobenzoic acid produces diazosalt, diazonium salt reacts with promazine hydrochloride; Triethylamine and isobutyl chloroformate form a mixed anhydride, promazine hydrochloride complete antigen was synthesized by amino ligation of mixed anhydride and carrier protein bovine serum albumin (BSA), complete antigen synthesis was identified by ultraviolet spectroscopy, the characteristic absorption peaks of promazine hydrochloride, bovine serum albumin and synthetic promazine hydrochloride complete antigen were analyzed. The peak wavelength of the synthesized complete antigen, promazine hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin is different, the complete antigen synthesis of promazine hydrochloride was proved successful. The results of this study provided a basis for the rapid detection of promazine hydrochloride residues in animal-derived food by immunoassay.

Determination and Analysis of Promazine Hydrochloride in Chicken by High Performance Liquid

To establish a method for the determination of promazine hydrochloride residue in pork by HPLC. The extraction of promazine hydrochloride from pork tissues by ultrasonic extraction and centrifugal extraction was studied. The peak area of promazine hydrochloride was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The content of promazine hydrochloride in pork was calculated by standard curve equation. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (0.02mol/mL) with a ratio of 60:40, the detection wavelength was set at 258 nm, the flow rate was 1.0mL/min, and the sample size was 10μL. The column temperature was 20℃. Acetonitrile was selected as the extraction liquid, extracted by ultrasonic shock method and centrifugal method, purified by solid phase extraction method, and dried and concentrated by vacuum as the pre-treatment method of pork. The results showed that promazine hydrochloride showed a good linear relationship with the peak area in the concentration range of 1ug/mL~50ug/mL (r2=0.9983). The intra-day and intra-day precision were all less than 3%. The recoveries of three different concentrations were 79.31%~84.38%. The method used in this experiment is simple, easy to operate, high accuracy and good reproducibility, which is suitable for the analysis and detection of the residual amount of promazine hydrochloride in pork.

DFT computational study towards investigating psychotropic drugs, promazine and trifluoperazine adsorption on graphene, fullerene and carbon cyclic ring nanoclusters.

Detection and qualification process related to impurities assume importance in pharmacological drug development programmes and the present article gives the structural and spectral characterisation of phenothiazine derivatives, promazine (PME) and trifluoperazine (TPE) and their self-assembly with graphene/fullerene/carbon ring (CG/CF/CR) systems theoretically. The investigation of adsorption behaviour of these compounds can provide valuable information about its reactivity, electronic and structural properties. Three-dimensional electrostatic potential diagrams were mapped. The frontier orbital energies and energy band gaps of the molecules were computed. Delocalization of charge density between the bonding or lone pair and antibonding orbitals is calculated by NBO analysis. Docking was executed to investigate binding areas of chemical compounds. Bioactivity scores show that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of the ligands are appropriate leading to be considered potential drug agents. The obtained theoretical wavenumber results of the present study were fully compatible with the experimental results.

Influence of Electrolyte and Temperature on the Aggregation Behaviour of Mixed System Consisting Drug and Anionic Surfactant

At present work, the interaction of amphiphilic drug promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and imipramine hydrochloride (IMH) with anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) in the absence and presence of 50 mmol.kg−1 inorganic salt is investigated in aqueous medium at different temperatures. For this, conductometric measurements were carried out to evaluate the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of drug and surfactant. Ideal critical micelle concentration (CMC id) and interaction parameter (β) has also been evaluated. The deviations obtained in values of CMC and CMC id indicate the interaction between drug and surfactant. Other micellar mole fraction parameters such as X1 Rub (Rubingh), X1 Mot (Motomura), X1 Rd (Rodenas) and X1 ideal (ideal mole fraction) are also evaluated based on different proposed models. Other thermodynamic parameters of micellization such as, standard free energy of micellization , standard enthalpy of micellization , and standard entropy of micellization are also evaluated based upon the equations already present in literature to understand the interactions prevailing in the studied systems.

Opioid-analgesics and promazine overdose

Opioid-analgesics and promazine overdose

Retention and molecular-recognition mechanisms of molecularly imprinted polymers for promazine derivatives

Monodisperse molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for promazine derivatives [promazine (PZ), methylpromazine (MPZ), chlorpromazine (CPZ) and bromopromazine (BPZ)], MIPPZ, MIPMPZ, MIPCPZ and MIPBPZ, were prepared using methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker by multi-step swelling and polymerization. The retention and molecular-recognition properties of the obtained MIPs were evaluated using LC in hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase modes. In computational approaches, intermolecular interaction modes and energies between PZ derivatives and MAAs were evaluated at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level. The interaction energies of PZ, MPZ, CPZ and BPZ with 4 equivalents of MAAs were calculated. The results indicated that the interaction of the aliphatic amine moiety of a PZ derivative with MAA gave almost similar interaction energies at the HF/6-311G(d,p) level, and that the interaction of the sulfur atom of a phenothiazine scaffold with MAA was also the case. The third interaction of the aromatic amine of a PZ derivative with MAA was in the order of MPZ > PZ > CPZ > BPZ presumably due to the change of basicity by the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing effect of a subsituent. Furthermore, the fourth attractive modes of CPZ and BPZ were suggested to be the interaction of their halogen atoms with MAA through both halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding, while PZ and MPZ were suggested to have the weak C–H ⋅⋅⋅ π interaction with MAA. In HILIC mode, the interaction energies at the HF method had good correlation with the retention factor of a PZ derivative on each MIP, indicating that in addition to the shape recognition, the attractive electrostatic interactions would be more responsible for its retention rather than the dispersion energies. Furthermore, in addition to the shape recognition, ionic and hydrophobic interactions, and halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding (the last interaction seems to be weak) seem to work for the retention and molecular-recognition of PZ derivatives on the MIPs in reversed-phase mode.

Comparative Study on the Oxidation Kinetics of Structural Isomers by Acidified N-Bromo-Benzenesulfonamide: A Mechanistic Determination

A comparative study on the oxidation kinetics of potent antihistamines promethazine hydrochloride(PRM1) and promazine hydrochloride (PRM2)—structural isomers by sodium N-bromo-benzene-sulphonamide (bromamine-B or BAB) was carried out in acidic medium (HClO4) at 303 K. The reactions follow identical kinetics, which area fractional order dependence on acid concentration and first-order each on [oxidant]o, and [substrate]. The rate of reaction observed with dielectric constant of the medium which shows inverse proportionality and the reaction is performed by adding methanol. Effect of p-benzenesulfonamide, halide ion and ionic strength on the reaction rate has been investigated. The activation parameters were calculated by varying the temperature range. The reaction stochiometry was found to be 1:1 and the products obtained by the oxidation (promethazine S-oxide and promazine S-oxide) were identified by spectral analysis. Under similar experimental conditions, the rate of oxidation of promethazine hydrochloride is nearly 1.3 times more than the rate of oxidation of promazine hydrochloride. The difference in the acidic nature of nitrogen which is attached to the different carbon atoms accounts for the rate difference of PRM1 and PRM2. The rate law and a plausible mechanism are derived for the obtained experimental results.

Preparation and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Promazine and Chlorpromazine by Multi-step Swelling and Polymerization: the Application for the Determination of Promazine in Rat Serum by Column-switching LC.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for promazine (PZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ), MIPPZ and MIPCPZ, were prepared by multi-step swelling and polymerization using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker. The retention and molecular-recognition properties of MIPPZ and MIPCPZ were evaluated using a mixture of potassium phosphate buffer and acetonitrile, or a mixture of ammonium formate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase in LC. PZ and CPZ gave the maximal retentions on MIPPZ and MIPCPZ at an apparent pH 8.2 using a mixture of potassium phosphate buffer and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The retentions of PZ and CPZ decreased with an increase of acetonitrile contents from 70 to 90 vol% using a mixture of ammonium formate and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The template molecules (PZ and CPZ, respectively) were recognized the most on the respective MIPs, and the imprinting factor of PZ was higher on MIPCPZ than on MIPPZ. These results indicate that in addition to shape recognition, ionic and hydrophobic interactions seem to work for the retention and molecular-recognition of PZ and CPZ on the MIPs. MIPCPZ was successfully utilized for the selective extraction of PZ in rat-serum samples in column-switching LC with fluorescence detection.

Self-aggregation of bio-surfactants within ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide: A comparative study and potential application in antidepressants drug aggregation

Aggregation behavior of bio-surfactants (BS) sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) within aqueous solution of ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [Emim][Br] has been investigated using surface tension, conductivity, steady state fluorescence, FT-IR and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. Various interfacial and thermodynamic parameters are determined in the presence of different wt% of IL [Emim][Br]. Information regarding the local microenvironment and size of the aggregates is obtained from fluorescence and DLS, respectively. FT-IR spectral response is used to reveal the interactions taking place within aqueous NaC/NaDC micellar solutions. It is noteworthy to mention that increasing wt% of [Emim][Br] results in an increase in the spontaneity of micelle formation and the hydrophilic IL shows more affinity for NaC as compared to NaDC. Further, the micellar solutions of BS-[Emim][Br] are utilized for studying the aggregation of antidepressants drug promazine hydrochloride (pH). UV–vis spectroscopic investigation reveals interesting outcomes and the results show changes in spectral absorbance of PH drug on the addition of micellar solution (BS-[Emim][Br]). Highest binding affinity and most promising activity are shown for NaC as compared to NaDC.