Prolonged Insomnia Research Articles

Current status, mechanism and research progress of major sedative-hypnotic drugs for the treatment of insomnia

Insomnia, a widespread condition in modern society, has seen a rise in its affected population in recent years. Prolonged insomnia not only causes anxiety and depression but also impairs individuals’ work and study efficiency while posing a threat to their physical health. Drug therapy is the predominant treatment for insomnia, encompassing drugs such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, novel non-benzodiazepines, melatonin receptor agonists, melatonin, and orexin receptor antagonists. However, concerns arise due to the significant side effects, ease of tolerance development, dependency issues, and rebound phenomena upon drug discontinuation for some of these medications. Hence, there’s an urgent need for the research and development of novel hypnotic-sedative drugs that offer minimal toxic side effects, excellent tolerance, and reduced dependency. This paper presents a review of the mechanisms and research advancements of key sedative-hypnotic drugs in recent years. Furthermore, based on conformational relationships, we aim to predict the structure of these novel drugs, providing a valuable reference for drug research and development, while offering diverse drug options tailored to different patient needs.

Spontaneus Coronary Artery Disection Resulted From Severe Smoking and Prolonged Insomnia

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is rarely observed. Percent of 80 has not additional risk factor for coronary artery diseases and observed in young women who uses oral contraceptive or during peripartium period. This case is SCAD in a male patient who presents with symptoms suggestive acute myocardial ischemia and is under severe smoking and prolonged insomnia.

The impact of somatic health problems on insomnia in middle age

Objective: The objective of this study is to assess the impact on insomnia symptoms of somatic diseases, psychological factors, living habits and life events during the previous year. Background: Although health problems are a significant cause of insomnia, psychosocial factors are considered to be even more important. The relative impact of these and other factors on insomnia calls for further evaluation. Methods: A questionnaire study in a randomly selected middle-aged population in Finland ( N=626, 264 men and 362 women). Results: In our study, 9.8% of men and 17.0% of women reported the occurrence of insomnia at least once a week during the previous 3 months. Insomniacs perceived their health as ‘poor’ or ‘rather poor’ more often than others and depression, allergic rhinitis, asthma, hypertension and heart symptoms such as arrhythmias were more common among them. Insomnia was not a side-effect of the treatment of these diseases; lack of medical treatment was associated with a higher incidence of insomnia. Work-related factors such as ‘moving to a poorer job or to poorer working conditions’ during the past year increased the possibility of insomnia, while moving house seemed to have a positive effect. When comparing these associations in logistic regression models, nervousness and tension were, however, the factors most significantly associated with insomnia. Conclusions: Psychosocial factors appeared to be more significantly associated with prolonged insomnia than somatic health problems.

The pioneering experimental studies on sleep deprivation.

The experimental studies on sleep deprivation were initiated by the Russian physician and scientist, Marie de Manacéine, who studied sleep-deprived puppies kept in constant activity. She reported in 1894 that the complete absence of sleep was fatal in a few days, pointing out that the most severe lesions occurred in the brain. In 1898, the Italian physiologists Lamberto Daddi and Giulio Tarozzi also kept dogs awake by walking them; the animals died after 9-17 days, and their survival was unrelated to food consumption. In the histological study performed by Daddi, degenerative alterations, mainly represented by chromatolytic changes, were observed in neurons of the spinal ganglia, Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and neurons of the frontal cortex. Daddi ascribed these changes to a state of autointoxication of the brain during insomnia. In 1898, the psychiatrist Cesare Agostini, interested in the psychic phenomena caused by prolonged insomnia in humans, sleep deprived dogs by keeping them in a metallic cage in order to avoid fatigue. The dogs survived about 2 weeks, and degenerative changes were observed in their brains. In these experimental paradigms, the effect of sleep loss was confounded by motor exhaustion and/or intense sensory stimulation. In spite of the absence of adequate controls, the pioneering studies performed at the end of the 19th century represented the first experimental attempts to relate sleep with neural centers and suggested that sleep is a vital function and that the brain may be affected by insomnia.

Studies of sleep deprivation-relationship to schizophrenia.

Introduction There were several reasons for investigating the effects of sleep deprivation in man. One was simply a curiosity about the unusual consequences of prolonged insomnia described by earlier investigators. Kleitman 1 and Tyler 2 cited in detail the hallucinations and psychotic-like symptoms that occur under these circumstances and also described subjects who developed short-lived schizophrenic psychoses. Psychological alterations, such as inattention, apathy, illusions, and hallucinations, which commonly appear after 36 to 50 hours of wakefulness, have been noted to coincide with an increase in high-frequency, low-amplitude waves on the electroencephalogogram. 3-5 In contrast to such spontaneous psychological disturbances, sleep-deprived subjects have been able to perform normally on specific tests designed to measure work capacity, psychomotor performance, intellectual acumen, and personality structure. 1,8 Measurements of the basal metabolic rate, blood sugar, alkaline reserve, blood and urinary adrenal steroids, etc., have not been found to change significantly with sleep deprivation. 1,5

The role of metabolites and the role of histo-hematological barriers in the regulation of body functions. (End)

Evaluation of the results obtained in the study of the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on various physiological systems is complicated by the fact that the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid depends to a large extent on the state of the blood-brain barrier, and thus reflects not only a certain physiological state of the central nervous system. There is no doubt that the metabolic products of the brain, secreted into the cerebrospinal fluid, exert their effect not only on the activity of various parts of the brain and on the coordination of their functions, but due to the rapid transition of these substances from the cerebrospinal fluid into the general circulation, they also affect as a humoral a factor on the function of other physiological systems, as it was revealed in a number of experiments carried out in recent years in our laboratories. For example, it turned out that under various influences (direct irritation of the central nervous system in experimental epilepsy, irritation of the sensory nerves associated with severe pain, traumatic shock, toxemic or chemical shock, as well as starvation, prolonged insomnia, etc.) - substances appear in the cerebrospinal fluid that affect the state and activity of the cardiovascular system, the tone of smooth muscles, the excitability of the central nervous system, etc. These are the results of the work of our employees: Zeitlin, Weiss, Harles, Voskresensky, Gromakovskaya , Bazarova, Gotsman, Komarova and others. Work in this direction continues at the present time.

An outbreak of paratyphoid fever

W. M.t aged 29, had severe influenza in 1901, appendicitis in 1903, and appendicectomy in 1907, followed by prolonged insomnia rod mental depression. He returned to work, but in 1911, after % mild attack of influenza, headaches, and depression with suicidal impulses, culminating in delusional insanity, he was again unable to work. He was found to have staphylococcal infection involving all his nasal sinuses. The sinuses were radically operated on to eliminate all the focal sepsis, and after some months he

Medical Meetings — Results of Prolonged Insomnia — Sanitary Problems of a Cuban Invasion — Medical Notes

Medical Meetings — Results of Prolonged Insomnia — Sanitary Problems of a Cuban Invasion — Medical Notes