Proliferation Of Spaces Research Articles

Matrix viscoelasticity controls spatiotemporal tissue organization.

Biomolecular and physical cues of the extracellular matrix environment regulate collective cell dynamics and tissue patterning. Nonetheless, how the viscoelastic properties of the matrix regulate collective cell spatial and temporal organization is not fully understood. Here we show that the passive viscoelastic properties of the matrix encapsulating a spheroidal tissue of breast epithelial cells guide tissue proliferation in space and in time. Matrix viscoelasticity prompts symmetry breaking of the spheroid, leading to the formation of invading finger-like protrusions, YAP nuclear translocation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition both in vitro and in vivo in a Arp2/3-complex-dependent manner. Computational modelling of these observations allows us to establish a phase diagram relating morphological stability with matrix viscoelasticity, tissue viscosity, cell motility and cell division rate, which is experimentally validated by biochemical assays and in vitro experiments with an intestinal organoid. Altogether, this work highlights the role of stress relaxation mechanisms in tissue growth dynamics, a fundamental process in morphogenesis and oncogenesis.

MODEL OF NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORT FLOW

The purpose of the article is to analyze and study the peculiarities of the formation of noise loads from the traffic flow, their proliferation in space and possible methods of protecting the surrounding area from the effects of environmental loads. The analysis of indicators of noise characteristics on the highway is carried out, the indicators of noise levels are determined taking into account the traffic intensity and conditions of the research area. Methods of protection against noise loads by noise protection screen are analyzed.
 Based on the calculations, the models of noise proliferation in space depending on the distance to the source of noise generated by the traffic flow are obtained. Relevant studies and the obtained models can be used in studies of zoning of main areas according to the degree of noise load on the linear sections of the road network of the city.
 Assessment of noise in inter-highway areas is an important step in the work of urban planners, related to the requirements of current regulations on noise protection. All this increases the role of assessment methods used in the analysis and selection of the most effective, in terms of noise protection, building planning project.
 To assess the detailed planning at the design stage, it is sufficient to determine the position of the demarcation curve of acoustic comfort on a planned basis. In this case, the demarcation curve of acoustic comfort can be plotted not one, but several, depending on the accepted values of the allowable sound level Lval.eq. and the estimated sound level on the highway Leq.

Beyond abstract space: Architectural experiments for dwelling and concrete utopia in urban China

Urban transformation in China is witnessing a diversification of architectural designs and the more prominent roles played by architects. Notably, recent architectural practices in urban and regional China have increasingly emphasised the social functions and uses of architecture – architecture is mobilised by many architects and their clients to promote public goods, social improvement and extra-economic purposes. The dialectic between material and social transformations constitutes the focus of this paper. To reconceptualise architecture as an active social intervention, this paper first delineates a theoretical outline that starts from Henri Lefebvre’s thesis on the alienation of everyday life and proliferation of abstract space in modern cities. We then engage with the notion of concrete utopia that highlights alternative urban spaces produced by architectural works, which do not radically transcend the dominant capitalist system but intervene into the current conditions by enriching and improving them incrementally. To illustrate this perspective, this paper develops a preliminary reading of two empirical cases based on second-hand materials collected from public media and social media, namely the Aranya project in Changli County, Hebei Province and the renovation project of a traditional house in central Shanghai.

Street Discussion Spaces in Post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire: non-formal learning, dialogue and daily life

Abstract: This paper frames the daily life of education outside of formal school, by considering two types of non-formal discussion spaces in Côte d’Ivoire. I argue that both traditional and modern learning were reinvented in the street in response to the Ivoirian political crisis through the proliferation of spaces called grins and agoras. At daily meetings, teenagers and adults gathered important information regarding the crisis and also learned how to be in a conflicted society, often through dialogic encounters between members of different generations, professions and experiences. In the post-conflict context, these spaces, and the dialogue within them, have evolved to meet the changing needs of participants, further highlighting the connection between learning in everyday life and the surrounding structures and systems.

O mundo das miudezas

O projeto de lei complementar do Plano de Preservação do Conjunto Urbanístico de Brasília encontra-se em tramitação no âmbito do Poder Legislativo, do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Infelizmente, o projeto não considera históricos problemas da cidade: rupturas do tecido urbano; vazios sem justificativa funcional, bioclimática ou expressiva; questões de acessibilidade universal; má definição de espaços para a vida pública; uma das mais perversas estratificações socioespaciais do mundo. Décadas de crítica a configurações modernas, que não consideram o espaço ‘entre edifícios’ como alvo da atenção projetual, são ignoradas. Mais que em projetos do período clássico do urbanismo moderno (anos 1960), projetos recentes fazem proliferar espaços definidos por paredes cegas, ou edifícios-ilhas em esquemas introvertidos: atividades abrem para o interior dos prédios e esvaziam o âmbito público de transições entre fechado e aberto. As iniciativas do ‘homem comum’ de Certeau, sempre a reinventar a cidade mediante fascinantes ‘fissuras urbanas’ na ordem hegemônica, são ignoradas. Em vez de atacar problemas estruturais da cidade, o Plano perde-se em pormenorizar atributos das parcelas urbanas, no furor legislativo de quase duzentos artigos e uma miríade de anexos. O mundo das miudezas.

Shooting for the Stars: Introducing the National Space and Ballistic Missile (NSBM) Dataset

To what extent have space and ballistic missile capabilities proliferated globally and what impact have they had on global politics? To date, scholars have lacked a comprehensive data source on states’ global space capabilities and only limited data on their ballistic missile arsenals. The National Space and Ballistic Missile (NSBM) Dataset provides a new collection of data on states’ civilian and military rocketry programs and their presence in outer space, including information on states’ space launch capabilities, satellite capabilities, and human spaceflight. This data has potential applications for study of international security, international cooperation, and international political economy, especially as the importance of space assets continues to grow and greater numbers of countries gain access to space. This study illustrates a number of the important trends in the proliferation of space and missile capabilities revealed by our dataset. We also employ our new data to evaluate the role that supplier states have played in influencing the global proliferation of short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs). We find that supplier states appear to be strategically motivated in preferentially helping their defense pact allies obtain SRBMs.

Accelerated cell divisions drive the outgrowth of the regenerating spinal cord in axolotls.

Axolotls are unique in their ability to regenerate the spinal cord. However, the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon remain poorly understood. Previously, we showed that regenerating stem cells in the axolotl spinal cord revert to a molecular state resembling embryonic neuroepithelial cells and functionally acquire rapid proliferative divisions (Rodrigo Albors et al., 2015). Here, we refine the analysis of cell proliferation in space and time and identify a high-proliferation zone in the regenerating spinal cord that shifts posteriorly over time. By tracking sparsely-labeled cells, we also quantify cell influx into the regenerate. Taking a mathematical modeling approach, we integrate these quantitative datasets of cell proliferation, neural stem cell activation and cell influx, to predict regenerative tissue outgrowth. Our model shows that while cell influx and neural stem cell activation play a minor role, the acceleration of the cell cycle is the major driver of regenerative spinal cord outgrowth in axolotls.

Evolution under the sun: optimizing light harvesting in photosynthesis.

The emergence and evolution of life on our planet was possible because the sun provides energy to our biosphere. Indeed, all life forms need energy for existence and proliferation in space and time. Light-energy conversion takes place in photosynthetic organisms that evolve in various environments featuring an impressive range of light intensities that span several orders of magnitude. This property is achieved by the evolution of mechanisms of efficient energy capture that involved development of antenna pigments and pigment-protein complexes as well as the emergence of various strategies on the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels to counteract the detrimental effects of high light intensity on the delicate photosynthetic apparatus. Darwin was one of the first to describe the behaviour of plants towards light. He noticed that some plants try to avoid full daylight and called this reaction paraheliotropism. However, it was only in the second half of the 20th century, when scientists began to discover the structure and molecular mechanisms of the photosynthetic machinery, that the reasons for paraheliotropisms became clear. This review explains the need for the evolution of light adaptations using the example of higher plants. The review focuses on short-term adaptation mechanisms that occur on the minute scale, showing that these processes are fast enough to track rapid fluctuations in light intensity and that they evolved to be effective, allowing for the expansion of plant habitats and promoting diversification and survival. Also introduced are the most recent developments in methods that enable quantification of the light intensities that can be tolerated by plants.

Material lines: apocalypse, capricci, war and other disasters

Albrecht Dürer's woodcuts Apocalypsis cum figuris (c.1498) present images in which space is almost entirely defined and structured by human bodies. In the engraved Capricci by Giovanni Battista Piranesi (c.1744–47) and by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (c.1740–2) the proliferation in space of architectural debris and the figures that coexist with it collaborate in the definition of space as a seamless clump of matter. Architecture has altogether disappeared from Francisco Goya's The Disasters of War (1810–20), where an incommensurable space is at once shallow and endlessly deep: matter solidified by horror. In Jake and Dinos Chapman's re-workings of Goya's Disasters of War (1999–2005) figures re-emerge from this solid space and are returned to the foreground, ready to spring out of the image. Through these and other examples, this essay explores forms of representation that challenge the integrity of the body, both architectural and human, in an explosive crescendo in which the technical materiality of the drawn line gradually dissolves to return to three-dimensional space. It argues that violence here is not only pertinent to the contents of the images—apocalypse, destruction, war, disaster, martyrdom—but is intrinsic to the technical medium of the representation.

The retreating state: Political geographies of the object and the proliferation of space

In their article, “Political geographies of the object,” Meehan, Shaw, and Marston (2013) introduce and explore some of the implications of object-oriented ontology (OOO) for political geography. Their analysis uses The Wire – a television drama about the legitimate and illegitimate forces affecting drug trade and policing in Baltimore – to consider how objects such as wiretaps, cameras and standardized tests affect power. Their theoretical aim is to move political geography beyond textual/discursive examinations of the state or those focusing on material/social relations. To do so, the authors appeal to OOO, which is gaining momentum in several fields beyond its originating home in continental philosophy. The implications of OOO are intriguing. So too are the problems. Particularly problematic, as this commentary identifies, is the question of what approaching the state as an object implies – a question left untouched in Meehan et al.’s provocative piece. I raise this problem because OOO requires approaching the state as a real object and this contrasts with political geographies that aim to avoid reifying the spatial extension of the state (i.e. territory) or its abstract relations. I begin with an overview of OOO that situates Meehan et al.’s arguments.

Activation of nervous system development genes in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells following spaceflight exposure

Stalled cell division in precursor bone cells and reduced osteoblast function are considered responsible for the microgravity-induced bone loss observed during spaceflight. However, underlying molecular mechanisms remain unraveled. Having overcome technological difficulties associated with flying cells in a space mission, we present the first report on the behavior of the potentially osteogenic murine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) in a 3D culture system, flown inside the KUBIK aboard space mission ISS 12S (Soyuz TMA-8 + Increment 13) from March 30 to April 8, 2006 (experiment "Stroma-2"). Flight 1g control cultures were performed in a centrifuge located within the payload. Ground controls were maintained on Earth in another KUBIK payload and in Petri dishes. Half of the cultures were stimulated with osteo-inductive medium. Differences in total RNA extracted suggested that cell proliferation was inhibited in flight samples. Affymetrix technology revealed that 1,599 genes changed expression after spaceflight exposure. A decreased expression of cell-cycle genes confirmed the inhibition of cell proliferation in space. Unexpectedly, most of the modulated expression was found in genes related to various processes of neural development, neuron morphogenesis, transmission of nerve impulse and synapse, raising the question on the lineage restriction in BMSC.

Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors, Third Edition

The proliferation of space and aircraft‐based Earth observation systems makes it difficult for users to navigate the maze of information available about them. Kramer's book has served that role in its first two editions, and is enhanced in its new third edition. His book should be a required document in any serious library supporting remote sensing research and applications.