Proliferation Of Prostate Epithelial Cells Research Articles

Omentin-1 inhibits the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia by attenuating local inflammation

BackgroundBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a prevalent disease affecting elderly men, with chronic inflammation being a critical factor in its development. Omentin-1, also known as intelectin-1 (ITLN-1), is an anti-inflammatory protein primarily found in the epithelial cells of the small intestine. This study aimed to investigate the potential of ITLN-1 in mitigating BPH by modulating local inflammation in the prostate gland.MethodsOur investigation involved two in vivo experimental models. Firstly, ITLN-1 knockout mice (Itln-1−/−) were used to study the absence of ITLN-1 in BPH development. Secondly, a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH mouse model was treated with an ITLN-1 overexpressing adenovirus. We assessed BPH severity using prostate weight index and histological analysis, including H&E staining, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro, the impact of ITLN-1 on BPH-1 cell proliferation and inflammatory response was evaluated using cell proliferation assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsIn vivo, Itln-1−/− mice exhibited elevated prostate weight index, enlarged lumen area, and higher TNF-α levels compared to wild-type littermates. In contrast, ITLN-1 overexpression in TP-induced BPH mice resulted in reduced prostate weight index, lumen area, and TNF-α levels. In vitro studies indicated that ITLN-1 suppressed the proliferation of prostate epithelial cells and reduced TNF-α production in macrophages, suggesting a mechanism involving the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation.ConclusionThe study demonstrates that ITLN-1 plays a significant role in inhibiting the development of BPH by reducing local inflammation in the prostate gland. These findings highlight the potential of ITLN-1 as a therapeutic target in the management of BPH.

Abstract 1634: Cyclin D1 induces Akt1 activity in RB deficient prostate cancer

Abstract Background: Prostate cancer (PCa), the second leading cause of death in American men, is a genetically heterogeneous disease. The aberrant activation of AKT is one of the most frequent alterations in human cancers, and an elevated level of phosphorylated AKT at Ser473 site (pSer473) is associated with metastatic cancers (1). In prostate cancer (PCa), PI3K/AKT activation induces tumorigenesis (2), androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling, enzalutamide resistance and stemness, synergizing with other pathways including the notch intracellular domain (NICD). The cyclin D1 gene (CCND1), which is overexpressed in PCa, conveys canonical function by encoding the regulatory subunit of a holoenzyme that phosphorylates the retinoblastoma gene (RB) product, and non-canonical functions through phosphorylating other substrates and transcriptional activities. Cyclin D1 expression augments growth of some castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC) and clinical trials are targeting the cyclin D1 related CDK kinase activity in pRB+ PCa. Several Rb-independent mechanisms of action have been described (3). In recent studies the effect of CDK inhibitors was similar in patients with Rb+ vs. Rb− PCa (4). Whether Rb expression is required for the antiproliferative effects of CKD4/6 inhibition in PCa remains to be established. Methods: The kinetics of Akt1 induction by mitogens was assessed using the phosphorylation of the dichromic fluorescent (DCF) dye substrate LS456. We used cyclin D1 shRNA to show endogenous cyclin D1 augmented AKT1 signaling in response to mitogens. Results: Cyclin D1 reintroduction into cyclin D1−/− cells augmented Akt1 phosphorylation, requiring the cyclin D1 K112 residue. CDK inhibitors reduced Akt activity in RB+ and RB− human prostate cancer cell lines. Prostate-specific epithelial cell deletion of cyclin D1 (probasin-CRE-cyclin D1fl/fl) reduced prostate epithelial cell Akt1 activity assessed by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. pAktSer473 was reduced in cell nuclei and the cytoplasm of both epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts without a significant change in the abundance of Akt1. The downstream targets of Akt signaling (pTSC2Ser939, and pFKHRSer319) and ARSer213P were reduced in both epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Genetic deletion of both epithelial cell and stromal cyclin D1 further reduced Akt1 activity, prostate epithelial cell proliferation, and markers of cancer stem cells. Proteomic analysis of cyclin D1-expressing stroma identified heterotypic chemokine signals that augment PCa AKT activity. Conclusions: Cyclin D1 induces Akt1 activity in both RB+ and RB− PCa cells which may contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. Reference: (1) Chen YL, Law PY, Loh HH. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents 2005;5:575-892. (2) Stoyanova T, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:20111-63. (3) Chen K, et al. Cell Rep 2020;32:1081514. (4) de Kouchkovsky I, et al. Clin Cancer Res 2022;28:1531-9 Citation Format: Xuanmao Jiao, Anthony W. Ashton, Zhiping Li, Ritika Harish, Danni Li, Gordon Robertson, Duanwen Shen, Xiaoming Ju, Ke Chen, Wei Zhang, Samuel Archilefu, Kenneth A. Iczkowski, Hallgeir Rui, Beatrice Knudsen, Paul Timpson, Max Nobis, Richard G. Pestell. Cyclin D1 induces Akt1 activity in RB deficient prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1634.

Correction: Metformin inhibits the proliferation of benign prostatic epithelial cells

Correction: Metformin inhibits the proliferation of benign prostatic epithelial cells

Inhibiting CBP Decreases AR Expression and Inhibits Proliferation in Benign Prostate Epithelial Cells.

(1) Background: CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a key transcriptional coactivator of androgen receptors (AR). We conducted this study to investigate the effects of CBP on AR expression and proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prostate epithelial cells. (2) Methods: By analyzing a published data set, we found that CBP was closely related to the gene expression of AR in prostate cells. We enrolled 20 BPH patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in Peking University First Hospital in 2022, and analyzed the expressions of CBP and AR in BPH prostate tissues. Then, we used ICG-001 and shRNA to inhibit CBP in prostate epithelial cells (BPH-1 cells and RWPE-1 cells), and conducted immunofluorescence, cell viability assay, flow cytometry analysis, and Western blot to analyze the effects of CBP on AR expression and proliferation in prostate epithelial cells. We also studied the interaction between CBP and AR through a co-immunoprecipitation assay. (3) Results: CBP is consistent with AR in expression intensity in prostate tissues. Inhibiting CBP decreases AR expression, and induces proliferation inhibition, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in BPH prostate epithelial cells. The co-immunoprecipitation assay showed that CBP binds with AR to form transcription complexes in prostate epithelial cells. (4) Conclusions: Inhibiting CBP decreases AR expression and inhibits proliferation in benign prostate epithelial cells. CBP may be a potential target to affect AR expression and the proliferation of prostate epithelial cells in BPH.

Metformin: A promising clinical therapeutical approach for BPH treatment via inhibiting dysregulated steroid hormones-induced prostatic epithelial cells proliferation

The occurrence of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) was related to disrupted sex steroid hormones, and metformin (Met) had a clinical response to sex steroid hormone-related gynaecological disease. However, whether Met exerts an antiproliferative effect on BPH via sex steroid hormones remains unclear. Here, our clinical study showed that along with prostatic epithelial cell (PEC) proliferation, sex steroid hormones were dysregulated in the serum and prostate of BPH patients. As the major contributor to dysregulated sex steroid hormones, elevated dihydrotestosterone (DHT) had a significant positive relationship with the clinical characteristics of BPH patients. Activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by Met restored dysregulated sex steroid hormone homeostasis and exerted antiproliferative effects against DHT-induced proliferation by inhibiting the formation of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated Yes-associated protein (YAP1)-TEA domain transcription factor (TEAD4) heterodimers. Met’s anti-proliferative effects were blocked by AMPK inhibitor or YAP1 overexpression in DHT-cultured BPH-1 cells. Our findings indicated that Met would be a promising clinical therapeutic approach for BPH by inhibiting dysregulated steroid hormone-induced PEC proliferation.

Periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) supernatant from obese mice releases anticontractile substances and increases human prostate epithelial cell proliferation: the role of nitric oxide and adenosine.

Background: The prostate gland is surrounded by periprostatic adipose tissue (PPAT) that can release mediators that interfere in prostate function. In this study, we examined the effect of periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant obtained from obese mice on prostate reactivity in vitro and on the viability of human prostatic epithelial cell lines. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a standard or high-fat diet after which PPAT was isolated, incubated in Krebs-Henseleit solution for 30min (without prostate) or 60min (with prostate), and the supernatant was then collected and screened for biological activity. Total nitrate and nitrite (NOx-) and adenosine were quantified, and the supernatant was then collected and screened for biological activity. NOx- and adenosine were quantified. Concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (PE) were obtained in prostatic tissue from lean and obese mice incubated with or without periprostatic adipose tissue. In some experiments, periprostatic adipose tissue was co-incubated with inhibitors of the nitric oxide (NO)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway (L-NAME, 1400W, ODQ), adenylate cyclase (SQ22536) or with adenosine A2A (ZM241385), and A2B (MRS1754) receptor antagonists. PNT1-A (normal) and BPH-1 (hyperplasic) human epithelial cells were cultured and incubated with supernatant from periprostatic adipose tissue for 24, 48, or 72h in the absence or presence of these inhibitors/antagonists, after which cell viability and proliferation were assessed. Results: The levels of NOx- and adenosine were significantly higher in the periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant (30min, without prostate) when compared to the vehicle. A trend toward an increase in the levels of NOX was observed after 60min. PPAT supernatant from obese mice significantly reduced the PE-induced contractions only in prostate from obese mice. The co-incubation of periprostatic adipose tissue with L-NAME, 1400W, ODQ, or ZM241385 attenuated the anticontractile activity of the periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant. Incubation with the supernatant of periprostatic adipose tissue from obese mice significantly increased the viability of PNT1-A cells and attenuated expression of the apoptosis marker protein caspase-3 when compared to cells incubated with periprostatic adipose tissue from lean mice. Hyperplastic cells (BPH-1) incubated with periprostatic adipose tissue from obese mice showed greater proliferation after 24h, 48h, and 72h compared to cells incubated with culture medium alone. BPH-1 cell proliferation in the presence of PPAT supernatant was attenuated by NO-signaling pathway inhibitors and by adenosine receptor antagonists after 72h. Conclusion: NO and adenosine are involved in the anticontractile and pro-proliferative activities of periprostatic adipose tissue supernatant from obese mice. More studies are needed to determine whether the blockade of NO and/or adenosine derived from periprostatic adipose tissue can improve prostate function.

Abstract A085: A luminal intermediate cell state maintains long-term prostate homeostasis and contributes to tumorigenesis

Abstract Cellular heterogeneity poses tremendous challenges for developing cell-targeted therapies and biomarkers of clinically significant prostate cancer. The origins of this heterogeneity within the cellular complexities of normal adult and aging tissue remain unknown leaving important cellular states and transcriptional programs that allow the expansion of malignant clones in early cancer unidentified. These unresolved questions hamper the development of novel therapies designed to block the deregulated proliferation of prostate epithelial cells. To define cell states that contribute to early cancer development, we performed in vivo lineage tracing with multicolor reporters, whole organ mapping and single cell transcriptomics of normal and malignant prostate from genetically-engineered mouse models. We show here that the long-term luminal homeostasis is maintained by multiple clones with various fitness levels. Long-term clonal expansions are enabled by a luminal transcriptional state harboring basal markers (Luminal Intermediate, LumI) and controlled by Wnt/p63 signaling. Moreover, LumI cells greatly expand during early stages of tumorigenesis in several mouse models of prostate cancer. Specific genetic ablation of p63 from luminal cells in vivo decreases clonal activity in homeostasis and reduces the formation of aggressive clones in prostate tumor models. Finally, the LumI cells and Wnt signaling appear to significantly increase in human aging prostate and prostate cancer samples, highlighting the importance of this hybrid cell state for human pathologies with potential translational impact. Our models reveal a continuity of this cell state from normal homeostasis to aging and early cancer with specific alterations at each stage. Understanding how the luminal intermediate cell state is regulated in homeostasis and deregulated in hyperproliferative contexts is crucial for the development of prognostic markers and new therapeutic interventions for prostate diseases. Citation Format: Fu Luo, Lara F. Tshering, Karis Tutuska, Mariola Szenk, Diana Rubel, James G. Rail, Savanah Russ, Jingxuan Liu, Alice Nemajerova, Gábor Balázsi, Flaminia Talos. A luminal intermediate cell state maintains long-term prostate homeostasis and contributes to tumorigenesis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2023 Mar 15-18; Denver, Colorado. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A085.

Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharide on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Orchiectomized Rats.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease of the urinary system that affects elderly men. Current treatments for BPH are associated with several adverse effects, thus highlighting the need for alternative agents. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS), a water-soluble functional oligomer derived from brown algae, inhibits prostate cancer cell proliferation. However, the effects of AOS on BPH and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of AOS in BPH by using human benign prostatic epithelial cells (BPH-1) and a rat model of testosterone-induced BPH. Treatment with AOS inhibited in vitro and in vivo proliferation of prostatic epithelial cells and the testosterone-induced expression of androgen receptor (AR) and androgen-associated genes, such as those encoding 5α-reductase type 2 and prostate-specific antigen. Oral administration of AOS remarkably reduced the serum levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone as well as the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, inflammatory cytokines, and enzymes, which showed increased levels in prostatic tissues of rats with testosterone-induced BPH. Taken together, these data demonstrate that AOS suppresses testosterone-induced BPH in rats by downregulating AR and the expression of androgen-associated genes, supporting the hypothesis that AOS might be of potential use for the treatment of BPH.

Cell-Type-Specific Signalling Networks Impacted by Prostate Epithelial-Stromal Intercellular Communication.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in males. A greater understanding of cell signalling events that occur within the prostate cancer tumour microenvironment (TME), for example, between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and prostate epithelial or cancer cells, may identify novel biomarkers and more effective therapeutic strategies for this disease. To address this, we used cell-type-specific labelling with amino acid precursors (CTAP) to define cell-type-specific (phospho)proteomic changes that occur when prostate epithelial cells are co-cultured with normal patient-derived prostate fibroblasts (NPFs) versus matched CAFs. We report significant differences in the response of BPH-1 benign prostate epithelial cells to CAF versus NPF co-culture. Pathway analysis of proteomic changes identified significant upregulation of focal adhesion and cytoskeleton networks, and downregulation of metabolism pathways, in BPH-1 cells cultured with CAFs. In addition, co-cultured CAFs exhibited alterations in stress, DNA damage, and cytoskeletal networks. Functional validation of one of the top differentially-regulated proteins in BPH-1 cells upon CAF co-culture, transglutaminase-2 (TGM2), demonstrated that knockdown of this protein significantly reduced the proliferation and migration of prostate epithelial cells. Overall, this study provides novel insights into intercellular communication in the prostate cancer TME that may be exploited to improve patient management.

Bacterial RNA virus MS2 exposure increases the expression of cancer progression genes in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line.

Bacteriophages effectively counteract diverse bacterial infections, and their ability to treat most types of cancer has been explored using phage engineering or phage-virus hybrid platforms. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the bacteriophage MS2 can affect the expression of genes associated with the proliferation and survival of LNCaP prostate epithelial cells. LNCaP cells were exposed to bacteriophage MS2 at a concentration of 1×107 plaque forming units/ml for 24-48 h. After exposure, various cellular parameters, including cell viability, morphology, and changes in gene expression, were examined. MS2 affected cell viability adversely, reducing viability by 25% in the first 4 h of treatment; however, cell viability recovered within 24-48 h. Similarly, the AKT, androgen receptor, integrin α5, integrin β1, MAPK1, MAPK3, STAT3, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α genes, which are involved in various normal cellular processes and tumor progression, were significantly upregulated, whereas the expression levels of HSP90, ITGB5, ITGB3, HSP27, ITGAV, and PI3K genes were unchanged. Therefore, based on viability and gene expression changes, bacteriophage MS2 severely impaired LNCaP cells by reducing anchorage-dependent survival and androgen signaling. A caveolin-mediated endocytosis mechanism for MS2-mediated signaling in prostate cancer cells was proposed based on reports involving bacteriophages T4, M13, and MS2, and their interactions with LNCaP and PC3 cell lines.

Role of green tea catechins in modulating stromal-epithelial interaction in prostate cells

Recent years have witnessed a significant interest in phytonutrients as treatment module for a range of diseases, including cancers. Catechins, predominant in green tea are potent antioxidants belonging to the flavonoid family that have been linked epidemiologically to a lower prevalence of prostate pathologies in Asian nations. In the present work, we investigated ameliorative potential of green tea catechins (epigallocatechin, EGC, and epigallocatechin 3-gallate, EGCG) on the aberrant proliferation of normal prostate epithelial cells driven by paracrine action of stromal medium, conditioned with estradiol (E2) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (20 pM and 10 nM respectively). It was observed that EGC (5 µM) significantly inhibited the aberrant epithelial proliferation induced by stromal conditioned medium (CM), with a decreased expression of ERα, ERβ, AR, CK05, CK18, and PSA. Further, the CM collected after pre-treatment of stromal cells with EGCG (0.75 µM), had an inhibitory effect on epithelial cell proliferation, with reduction in the expression of ERα, AR, and CK05 while the expression of ERβ, CK18, and PSA were increased. These findings suggest that EGC helps in downregulating the aberrant epithelial proliferation while EGCG is able to downregulate the proliferative potential of stromal cell secretome. These insights will help in deciphering preventive measures against prostate pathologies involving stromal-epithelial cross-talk.

Effects of a phthalate metabolite mixture on both normal and tumoral human prostate cells.

Phthalates represent a group of substances used in industry that have antiandrogenic activity and are found in different concentrations in human urine and plasma. More than 8 million tons of phthalates are used each year, predominantly as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. Phthalates are widely used in everyday consumer products and improperly discarded into the environment. Furthermore, in vivo studies carried out in our laboratory showed that a mixture of phthalates, equivalent to the mixture used in this study, deregulated the expression of genes and miRNAs associated with prostatic carcinogenic pathways. Thus, this study was designed to establish an in vitro model to assess pathways related to cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and biosynthesis of miRNAs, using both normal and tumoral prostatic epithelial cells exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalate metabolites. Tumor (LNCaP) and normal (PNT-2) prostatic epithelial cell lines were exposed for 24 and 72 h to vehicle control or the phthalate mixture. The selected metabolite mixture (1000 μmol/L) consisted of 36.7% monoethyl phthalate (MEP), 19.4% mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), 15.3% monobutyl phthalate (MBP), 10.2% monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), 10.2% monoisononyl phthalate (MiNP), and 8.2% monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP). Gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR and cell migratory potential was measured using cell migration assays. Our results showed that the mixture of phthalates increased cell turnover, oxidative stress, biosynthesis, and expression of miRNAs in LNCaP cells; thus, increasing their cellular expansive and migratory potential and modulating tumor behavior, making them possibly more aggressive. However, these effects were less pronounced in benign cells, demonstrating that, in the short term, benign cells are able to develop effective mechanisms or more resistance against the insult.

A Combination of Natural Products, BenPros (Green Tea Extract, Soybean Extract and Camellia Japonica Oil), Ameliorates Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in elderly men and causes lower urinary tract symptoms due to excessive proliferation of prostate stromal and epithelial cells. The present study investigated the improving effect of BenPros, an edible natural product mixture (green tea extract, soybean extract and camellia japonica oil), against the development of BPH in vitro and in vivo. BenPros treatment showed inhibitory ability on testosterone-induced androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and 5α-reductase protein expression in LNCap-LN3 cells and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-induced increases in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW264.7 cells. In a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model, BenPros decreased the up-regulated serum 5α-dihydrotestosterone and PSA levels. Moreover, BenPros also significantly reduced PSA protein expression in prostate tissue. Furthermore, TP-induced increased expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were reduced by BenPros, resulting in an increase in the Bcl-2/BCL2-related X ratio. These regulatory abilities of BenPros on BPH inducing markers also reduced prostate size and epithelial thickness based on histological analysis. These results indicate that BenPros has a protective ability against BPH in vitro and in vivo, and it may be a promising candidate as a functional food in regulating BPH.

Abstract 869: Post-transcriptional control of androgen receptor expression

Abstract The Androgen Receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that modulates the expression of androgen-regulated genes involved in the proliferation and differentiation of normal prostate epithelial cells. However, in Prostate Cancer (PCa), these cellular events are dysregulated upon significant changes in AR, such as AR overexpression, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which AR expression and function are controlled, we have explored the post-transcriptional regulatory RNA elements of AR, particularly the 3’ untranslated region (UTR). The AR 3’UTR is 6.8 Kilobases (Kb) long, which indicates that this region is likely a site for multitudinous levels of post-transcriptional regulation. We found that the length of AR 3’UTR negatively correlates with AR expression, with the full length 3’UTR leading to the most downregulation of expression. Currently, we are exploring cis-acting noncoding RNAs and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) predicted to interact with the AR 3’UTR. Citation Format: Eviania Likos, Girish C. Shukla. Post-transcriptional control of androgen receptor expression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 869.

Origanum majorana L. Extract Attenuated Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rat Model: Effect on Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Proliferation.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a widespread androgenic illness influencing elderly men. It is distinguished by prostatic epithelial and stromal muscle cell proliferation. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis have all been interrelated to the development of BPH. Marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is a herb with reported antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antioxidative properties, which have not yet been studied in relation to BPH. Consequently, in this work, an ethanolic extract of O. majorana was prepared in two doses (250 and 500 mg/kg/day) to be injected into castrated rats after induction of a testosterone-BPH model. Testosterone propionate (TP) was subcutaneously injected (0.5 mg/kg/day) for one week after castration to induce BPH. Forty adult Wistar male rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control, BPH model, high and low O. majorana doses (250, 500 mg/kg/day), and finasteride (FN) (0.8 mg/kg/day) as a positive control. Treatment was continued with drugs/normal saline for 28 days. Rat’s body and prostate were weighed, prostate index (PI) and % of prostate growth inhibition were calculated, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), prostatic content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA), DN damage, histopathological changes, immune expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), caspase-3, α-SMA, and TGF-β1 were assessed. In addition, molecular quantitative PCR and ELISA analyses were performed to identify the expression of mRNAs and related proteins of both caspase-3 and TGF-β1 in prostate tissue from O. majorana-treated and untreated groups. Rats with BPH had significantly higher prostate weights and PI, higher DHT, DNA damage (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-OH-dG), and MDA levels with prominent PCNA, α-SMA, and TGF-β expression, but lower SOD, CAT, and TAC activity and caspase-3 expression. O. majorana (250 and 500 mg/kg/day)-treated groups revealed a decrease in prostate weights and PI, lower levels of DHT, suppressed oxidative stress, reduced tissue proliferation and fibrosis, and restored antioxidant and proapoptotic activity. Additionally, quantitative PCR and ELISA analysis showed that treatment with O. majorana significantly upregulated the expression of caspase-3 and downregulated the expression of TGF-β in prostate tissues of BPH rats. The data were confirmed by the immunohistological reactivity of these targeted markers in the prostate tissues. These effects were more significant with O. majorana 500 mg/mL/rat. In conclusion, the current study indicates the efficient use of O. majorana in the treatment of testosterone-induced BPH through its antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and antioxidative mechanisms.

Scaphechinus mirabilis Extract Effectively Inhibits the Proliferation of BPH-1 and LNCaP Prostate Epithelial Cells

Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease characterized by progressive proliferation of prostate stromal and epithelial cells. While the precise etiology of BPH is still not clear, the proliferation of epithelial cells has been implicated in the development of the disease. Scaphechinus mirabilis (S. mirabilis) is a marine species belonging to the order Clypeasteroida, which contains flat, burrowing sea urchins. Objective: This study examined the effects of S. mirabilis extract on the proliferation of BPH-1 and LNCaP prostate epithelial cells. Methods: BPH-1 and LNCaP cells were cultured and treated with S. mirabilis extract (50, 100, and 200 μg/ml). The viability of cells treated with S. mirabilis extract was determined by the MTT assay. Results: Proliferation of BPH-1 and testosterone-induced LNCaP cells was inhibited by treatment with S. mirabilis extract. S. mirabilis extract suppressed the expression of androgen-related proteins, such as androgen receptor, prostate-specific antigen, and 5α-reductase 2. S. mirabilis extract inhibited testosterone-induced proliferation. Moreover, S. mirabilis extract induced apoptotic responses by regulating the expression of caspase-9, Bcl-2, and Bax. Conclusion: These findings suggest that S. mirabilis extract abrogated the expression of androgen- related proteins by inducing apoptotic responses, which could be valuable for the design of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of BPH.

Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and epithelial cellular inflammation by blocking the E2F7/HIF1α pathway.

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) has remained one of the most prevalent urological diseases, particularly in older men. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has been identified as a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin that exhibits broad protective effects. However, the role of DHA in inhibiting CNP inflammation and prostatic epithelial cell proliferation remains largely unknown. CNP animal model was induced by carrageenan in C57BL/6 mouse. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to examine inflammatory cytokines and proliferation genes expression. Immunofluorescence and immunochemistry staining were used to detect and E2F7 expression. Human prostatic epithelial cells (HPECs) and RWPE-1 was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic CNP model in vitro. Cell proliferation was determined using MTS assay. DHA significantly alleviated the rough epithelium and inhibited multilamellar cell formation in the prostatic gland cavity and prostatic index induced by carrageenan. In addition, DHA decreased the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 inflammatory factors in prostatitis tissues and in LPS-induced epithelial cells. Upregulation of transcription factor E2F7, which expression was inhibited by DHA, was found in CNP tissues, human BPH tissues and LPS-induced epithelial cells inflammatory response. Mechanically, we found that depletion of E2F7 by shRNA inhibited epithelial cell proliferation and LPS-induced inflammation while DHA further enhance these effects. Furthermore, HIF1α was transcriptional regulated by E2F7 and involved in E2F7-inhibited CNP and cellular inflammatory response. Interestingly, we found that inhibition of HIF1α blocks E2F7-induced cell inflammatory response but does not obstruct E2F7-promoted cell growth. The results revealed that DHA inhibits the CNP and inflammation by blocking the E2F7/HIF1α pathway. Our findings provide new evidence for the mechanism of DHA and its key role in CNP, which may provide an alternative solution for the prevention and treatment of CNP.

Relationship between endogenous testosterone and prostate carcinoma.

Prostate cancer incidence is rising rapidly worldwide, which includes Asian countries too. There are a lot of controversies regarding the link between endogenous testosterone levels and prostate disorders. This study was conducted to understand the value of serum testosterone in predicting the risk and occurrence of prostate carcinoma. Eighty males in the age group of 50-80 years, out of which forty were diagnosed as Prostate cancer patients and forty were healthy controls matched with respect to age and sex, were recruited in the study. Serum testosterone and serum prostate-specific antigen levels were estimated in both groups. Serum testosterone levels were low in 67.5% and normal in 32.5% of the patients of prostate cancer. In comparison with the controls, serum PSA levels were observed to be higher in prostate cancer patients (P < 0.001). Analysis of the data was done with the help of an unpaired t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Androgens promote cellular differentiation and proliferation of prostate epithelial cells via the genetic alterations in the TMPRSS2 gene and ETS (E26 transforming sequences) transcription factor genes involved in cell proliferation and tumor cell invasion. These genes are found to be over-expressed in prostate carcinomas. Suppression of testosterone by prostate cancer-induced production of inhibin that initiates the hypothalamic-pituitary axis negative feedback mechanism might be the reason for lower levels of serum testosterone in prostate carcinoma patients. Hence, screening of elderly men above 60 years of age for serum testosterone levels should be done for early identification of prostate carcinoma as well as a better prognosis in the management of the disease.

Combined treatment with dihydrotestosterone and lipopolysaccharide modulates prostate homeostasis by upregulating TNF-α from M1 macrophages and promotes proliferation of prostate stromal cells

Androgens and chronic inflammation, which play essential roles in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are considered to be important factors in disorders of prostate homeostasis. These two factors may lead to pathological hyperplasia in the prostate transition zone of patients with BPH. However, few studies have examined the mechanism of how dihydrotestosterone (DHT) affects chronic inflammation in prostate tissue during the progression of BPH. This study examined the performance of DHT in lipopolysaccharide-treated M1 macrophages and the subsequent effects on the proliferation of prostate stromal and epithelial cells. We found that DHT increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from M1 macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells. The supernatant of M1 macrophages promoted the proliferation of WPMY-1 prostate stromal cells by upregulating B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and cellular Myc (c-Myc) levels by activating TNF-α-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Moreover, this supernatant increased the expression of androgen receptor in WPMY-1 cells, which was TNF-α-independent. Additionally, TNF-α protein expression was significantly higher in patients with BPH and a large prostate volume than that in those with a small prostate volume. Further analysis showed that higher serum testosterone combined with prostate-specific androgen concentrations was related to TNF-α expression. This study suggests that DHT modulates the inflammatory environment of BPH by increasing TNF-α expression from lipopolysaccharide-treated M1 macrophages and promotes the proliferation of prostate stromal cells. Targeting TNF-α, but not DHT, may be a promising strategy for patients with BPH.

Genomic Features and Clinical Implications of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a rare and unique form of aggressive prostate carcinoma, which is characterized by an expansile proliferation of malignant prostatic epithelial cells within prostatic ducts or acini and the preservation of basal cell layers around the involved glands. The vast majority of IDC-P tumors result from adjacent high-grade invasive cancer via the retrograde spreading of tumor cells into normal prostatic ducts or acini. A subset of IDC-P tumors is rarely derived from the de novo intraductal proliferation of premalignant cells. The presence of IDC-P in biopsy or surgical specimens is significantly associated with aggressive pathologic features, such as high Gleason grade, large tumor volume, and advanced tumor stage, and with poor clinical courses, including earlier biochemical recurrence, distant metastasis, and worse survival outcomes. These architectural and behavioral features of IDC-P may be driven by specific molecular properties. Notably, IDC-P possesses distinct genomic profiles, including higher rates of TMPRSS2–ERG gene fusions and PTEN loss, increased percentage of genomic instability, and higher prevalence of germline BRCA2 mutations. Considering that IDC-P tumors are usually resistant to conventional therapies for prostate cancer, further studies should be performed to develop optimal therapeutic strategies based on distinct genomic features, such as treatment with immune checkpoint blockades or poly (adenosine diphosphate–ribose) polymerase inhibitors for patients harboring increased genomic instability or BRCA2 mutations, as well as genetic counseling with genetic testing. Patient-derived xenografts and tumor organoid models can be the promising in vitro platforms for investigating the molecular features of IDC-P tumor.