Prolate Shape Research Articles

Karakterisasi Spesies Averrhoa yang Tumbuh di Kota Kediri Berdasarkan Pendekatan Palinologi

Averrhoa is a member of the Oxalidaceae family and has four types, namely Averrhoa carambola, Averrhoa bilimbi, Averrhoa leucopetala, Averrhoa dolichocarpa.. Among the four types of averhoa, the most commonly found growing and planted in Kediri's yards were Averrhoa carambola and Averrhoa bilimbi. Cultivation of this plant is usually done by vegetative and generative with seeds. Pollen has long been used as an indicator in plant taxonomy, because in pollen there are many secret characters. This study aims to determine characterization Averrhoa species that grow in Kediri City based on a palinological approach. The result of this research is Averrhoa pollen that grows in Kediri City has almost the same characteristics, namely very small size, spheroidal Prolate shape, trizonocolpate aperture and isopolar polarity. The similarity is so great because the environmental conditions in which these two types of plants grow are the same. The difference in the character of pollen that grows in Kediri City lies in its ornamentation. In Averrhoa carambola ornate Perforate-Foveolate and Averrhoa bilimbi with reticulate character. This difference in ornament is due to the fact that these two types of plants have different species.

Microscopic study of shape evolution and ground-state properties of Iodine isotopes

In this paper, we investigated the shape evolution and ground-state properties of 108−144I isotopes using Hartree–Fock-Bogoliubov Model while employing the axially deformed single-particle harmonic oscillator basis for the expansion of quasiparticle wave functions. We have used SKP and UNEDF2 models to perform the theoretical calculations. We have presented the shape evolution and final values of the quadrupole deformation parameter β 2 of iodine isotopes. We have used the final values of the β 2 for studying the ground-state properties of the iodine isotopic chain. The investigated ground-state properties are the nuclear electric quadrupole moment, single-particle energy levels, the binding energy per nucleon, pairing energy, one-neutron separation energy, two-neutron separation energy, nuclear charge radius, neutron rms radius, proton rms radius, and neutron skin thickness. After using the SKP parameterization on 109I, we have observed the shape coexistence of prolate and oblate shape. Similarly, after using the UNEDF2 parameterization on 110I, 112I, 114I, 115I, 116I, 117I, 118I, and 119I, we discover the shape coexistence of prolate and oblate shape.

Unsynchronized motion of inner and outer membranes of compound capsules in shear flow

Despite its significance in understanding behaviors of biological cells with nucleus or designing functions of complex artificial capsules in applications, the dynamics of elastic capsules enclosing complicated internal structures in flow is still largely unexplored. In this study, by using our own three-dimensional front-tracking finite-difference model, we present a numerical investigation into the dynamics of a compound capsule in a simple shear flow whose inner and outer membranes have the same prolate ellipsoidal shape at the rest state. Particular interest is focused on the unsynchronized motion of the inner and outer membranes. Regarding the dynamical regime, both the inner and outer capsules can undergo either synchronized or unsynchronized dynamical regimes (i.e., swinging or tumbling), which strongly depends on the inner-to-outer capillary number ratio Cain/Caout, the inner-to-outer volume ratio ϕ, and the prolate aspect ratio a/b. Particularly, via establishing a phase diagram based on a/b and ϕ at Cain/Caout = 1, we find that the inner and outer membranes can exist simultaneously in different dynamical regimes, even if they have the same deformability and the same shape. More importantly, if the detailed oscillation behavior is also concerned besides the capsule’s dynamical regime, such as the transient shape and the oscillating period, unsynchronization is always obvious between the inner and outer capsules. Specifically, the inner capsule exhibits a slower oscillation than the outer capsule no matter if they lie in the swinging or tumbling regime.

Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of asymmetric intracorneal ring with variable thickness and width for the management of keratoconus.

To evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes obtained with a new model of asymmetric intracorneal ring segments (ICRS) with variable thickness and base width in keratoconus. Four ophthalmologic centers in Spain. Prospective multicenter longitudinal noncomparative clinical trial. Thirty-one keratoconus eyes of 25 patients (aged 15 to 50 years) that underwent implantation of ICRS of variable thickness and base (AJL-pro+) in 4 Spanish centers were enrolled. Visual, refractive, topographic, aberrometric, and pachymetric changes were evaluated during a 3-month follow-up. Complications were also recorded. Statistically significant changes after surgery were observed in uncorrected distance visual acuity (P = .002) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) (P = .005), as well as in spherical equivalent (P = .006). At 3 months postoperatively, no loss of 2 or more lines of CDVA was observed, whereas 48.4% (15) of eyes gained ≥1 line. Statistically significant changes were observed in the steepest and mean keratometric values (P ≤ .047) and in the magnitude of astigmatism (P < .001) of both anterior and posterior corneal surfaces. Likewise, a change to a less prolate shape of the anterior surface was found (P = .011). Primary coma was also reduced significantly at 1 month postoperatively (P = .001, mean reduction 40.1%). No serious implant-related complications occurred during the follow-up. The implantation of intrastromal asymmetric ring segments of variable thickness and base width in keratoconus corneas induces a significant anterior corneal flattening, leading to refractive changes, a significant reduction of its prolate shape and irregularity, and improvement in patient CDVA.

Pollen morphology and infrageneric classification of selected Callicarpa species (Lamiaceae) from the Philippines and Borneo

Abstract. Danila JS, Alejandro GJD. 2020. Pollen morphology and infrageneric classification of selected Callicarpa species (Lamiaceae) from the Philippines and Borneo. Biodiversitas 21: 5736-5746. We used pollen grains of ten species representing the controversial genera Geunsia Blume and Callicarpa L. from the key centers of Malesia - Philippines, and Borneo including other countries in Asia. Herbarium specimens and collected samples from the field were examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in search of new characters to establish conclusive evidence that might contribute to the study of the relationship between Geunsia and Callicarpa. Based on SEM observations, both the investigated pollen grains of Geunsia and Callicarpa are mostly small to medium, spheroidal or circular, prolate to oblate, isopolar, and tricolpate. Moreover, the exine surface is mostly coarsely reticulated with a thin perforated colpus edge and sunken finely granulated colpus membrane. However, exine ornamentation shows possible separation of Geunsia and Callicarpa due to various morphological results observed. Several types of exine ornamentation were found in species of the section Callicarpa, i.e., C. erioclona, C. arborea, C. macrophylla, and C. candicans which attributes in the projected separation of these species while four species in the section Geunsia are united as a group having coarsely reticulate exine. Surprisingly, C. arborea samples give additional support to the hypothesis that rugulate exine sculpture might be its plesiomorphic character due to evolutionary evidence of other exine types of this species. On the other hand, pollen size and shape class of the sections of Geunsia and Callicarpa were both observed with similar features having an average pollen size equivalent to medium and a prolate shape supporting the concept of previous studies to nest Geunsia within Callicarpa. This reveals that pollen morphology is useful in the study of infrageneric classification within these groups. However, further morphological studies involving larger number of specimens are needed especially in the study of exine to prove its consistency as diagnostic character in the study of phylogenetic relationship.

Evolution of magnetic deformation in neutron star crust

ABSTRACT We examine the magnetic field evolution occurring in a neutron star crust. Beyond the elastic limit, the lattice ions are assumed to act as a plastic flow. The Ohmic dissipation, Hall drift, and bulk fluid velocity driven by the Lorentz force are considered in our numerical simulation. A magnetically induced quadrupole deformation is observed in the crust during the evolution. Generally, the ellipticity decreases as the magnetic energy decreases. In a toroidal-field-dominated model, the sign of the ellipticity changes. Namely, the initial prolate shape tends to become oblate. This occurs because the toroidal component decays rapidly on a smaller time-scale than the poloidal dipole component. We find that the magnetic dipole component does not change significantly on the Hall time-scale of ∼1 Myr for the considered simple initial models. Thus, a more complex initial model is required to study the fast decay of surface dipoles on the above-mentioned time-scale.

Diatom-inspired self-assembly for silica thin sheets of perpendicular nanochannels

HypothesisMultistage silicate self-organization into light-weight, high-strength, hierarchically patterned diatom frustules carries hints for innovative silica-based nanomaterials. With sodium silicate in a biomimetic sol-gel system templated by a tri-surfactant system of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, sodium dodecylsulfate, and poly(oxyethylene-b-oxypropylene-b-oxyethylene) (P123), mesoporous silica nanochannel plates with perpendicular channel orientation are synthesized. The formation process, analogous to that of diatom frustules, is postulated to be directed by an oriented self-assembly of the block copolymer micelles shelled with charged catanionic surfactants upon silication. ExperimentsThe postulated formation process for the oriented silica nanochannel plates was investigated using time-resolved small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS) and freeze fracture replication transmission electron microscopy (FFR-TEM). FindingsWith fine-tuned molar ratios of the anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants, the catanionic combination and the nonionic copolymer form charged, prolate ternary micelles in aqueous solutions, which further develop into prototype monolayered micellar plates. The prolate shape and maximized surfactant adsorption of the complex micelles, revealed from combined SAXS/SANS analysis, are of critical importance in the subsequent micellar self-assembly upon silicate deposition. Time-resolved SAXS and FFR-TEM indicate that the silicate complex micelles coalesce laterally into the prototype micellar nanoplates, which further fuse with one another into large sheets of monolayered silicate micelles of in-plane lamellar packing. Upon silica polymerization, the in-plane lamellar packing of the micelles further transforms to 2D hexagonal packing of vertically oriented silicate channels. The unveiled structural features and their evolution not only elucidate the previously unresolved self-assembly process of through-thickness silica nanochannels but also open a new line of research mimicking free-standing frustules of diatoms.

Convective and Microwave Assisted Drying of Wet Porous Materials with Prolate Spheroidal Shape: A Finite-Volume Approach

Convective heating is a traditional method used for the drying of wet porous materials. Currently, microwave drying has been employed for this purpose, due to its excellent characteristics of uniform moisture removal and heating inside the material, higher drying rate, and low energy demand. This paper focuses on the study of the combined convective and microwave drying of porous solids with prolate spheroidal shape. An advanced mathematical modeling based on the diffusion theory (mass and energy conservation equations) written in prolate spheroidal coordinates was derived and the numerical solution using the finite-volume method is presented. Here, we evaluated the effect of the heat and mass transport coefficients and microwave power intensity on the moisture removal and heating of the solid. Results of the drying and heating kinetics and the moisture and temperature distribution inside the solid are presented and discussed. It was verified that the higher the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients and microwave power intensity, the faster the solid will dry and heat up.

Constraining the orientation of the spin axes of extrasolar minor bodies 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) and 2I/Borisov

Context.The orientation of the spin axis of a comet is defined by the values of its equatorial obliquity and its cometocentric longitude of the Sun at perihelion. These parameters can be computed from the components of the nongravitational force caused by outgassing if the cometary activity is well characterized. The trajectories of known interstellar bodies passing through the Solar System show nongravitational accelerations.Aims.The spin-axis orientation of 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) remains to be determined; for 2I/Borisov, the already released results are mutually exclusive. In both cases, the values of the components of the nongravitational force are relatively well constrained. Here, we investigate – within the framework of the forced precession model of a nonspherical cometary nucleus – the orientation of the spin axes of ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov using public orbit determinations that consider outgassing.Methods.We applied a Monte Carlo simulation using the covariance matrix method together with Monte Carlo random search techniques to compute the distributions of equatorial obliquities and cometocentric longitudes of the Sun at perihelion of ‘Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov from the values of the nongravitational parameters.Results.We find that the equatorial obliquity of ‘Oumuamua could be about 93°, if it has a very prolate (fusiform) shape, or close to 16°, if it is very oblate (disk-like). Different orbit determinations of 2I/Borisov gave obliquity values of 59° and 90°. The distributions of cometocentric longitudes were in general multimodal.Conclusions.Our calculations suggest that the most probable spin-axis direction of ‘Oumuamua in equatorial coordinates is (280°, +46°) if very prolate or (312°, −50°) if very oblate. Our analysis favors a prolate shape. For the orbit determinations of 2I/Borisov used here, we find most probable poles pointing near (275°, +65°) and (231°, +30°), respectively. Although our analysis favors an oblate shape for 2I/Borisov, a prolate one cannot be ruled out.

Flow-induced order\u2013order transitions in amyloid fibril liquid crystalline tactoids

Liquid crystalline droplets, also known as tactoids, forming by nucleation and growth within the phase diagram region where isotropic and nematic phases coexist, challenge our understanding of liquid crystals under confinement due to anisotropic surface boundaries at vanishingly small interfacial tension, resulting in complex, non-spherical shapes. Little is known about their dynamical properties, since they are mostly studied under quiescent, quasi-equilibrium conditions. Here we show that different classes of amyloid based nematic and cholesteric tactoids undergo order–order transitions by flow-induced deformations of their shape. Tactoids align under extensional flow, undergoing extreme deformation into highly elongated prolate shapes, with the cholesteric pitch decreasing as an inverse power-law of the tactoids aspect ratio. Free energy functional theory and experimental measurements are combined to rationalize the critical elongation above which the director-field configuration of tactoids transforms from bipolar and uniaxial cholesteric to homogenous and to debate on the thermodynamic nature of these transitions.

The interactions between multiple arbitrarily orientated inhomogeneities with thermo-porous eigenstrains and its applications in geothermal resources

The thermo-poroelastic model for the fluid migration and heat transport around reservoir may be employed to deal with many geophysical problems including underground resources and bounding rock system, etc. In this paper, interactions between multiple ellipsoidal inhomogeneities with arbitrary orientations and eigenstrains caused by the change of pore fluid pressure, localized heating and cooling are investigated. On the basis of equivalent inclusion method (EIM), an approximate analytical method is presented to evaluate the full displacement, strain and stress fields for arbitrarily distributed inhomogeneities. This method is an effective and straightforward way to study the elastic fields of multiple inhomogeneities, since it avoids increasing the computational complexity. The illustrative benchmark studies are served to demonstrate the accuracy of the present algorithm. Furthermore, applications in geostructures for the elastic distributions of arbitrarily orientated inhomogeneities subjected to the thermo-porous eigenstrains are provided, and the closed-form solutions for the degenerate case of spheroidal inclusions for both the prolate and oblate shapes, spherical and elliptical cylindrical inclusion are presented.

Quadrupole properties of the eight SU(3) algebras in (sdgi) space

With nucleons occupying an oscillator shell $\eta$, there are $2^{\eta/2}$ number of $SU(3)$ algebras; $\eta/2$ is the integer part of $\eta/2$. Analyzing the first non trivial situation with four $SU(3)$ algebras in $(sdg)$ space, demonstrated recently is that they generate quite different quadrupole properties though they all generate the same spectrum. More complex situation is with eight $SU(3)$ algebras in $(sdgi)$ space. In the present work, quadrupole properties generated by these eight algebras are analyzed first using the more analytically tractable interacting boson model. In addition, shell model and the closely related deformed shell model are used with three examples of nucleons in $sdgi$ space. It is found that in general six of the $SU(3)$ algebras generate prolate shape and two oblate shape. Out of all these, one of the $SU(3)$ algebra generates quite small quadrupole moments for the low-lying states.

Electronic shell study of prolate Li n (n = 15–17) clusters: Magnetic superatomic molecules* *Project supported by the PhD Starting Fund of Guangdong Ocean University (Grant No. 120702/R17077) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11704080).

The non-spherical lowest-lying Li n (n = 15–17) isomers were found with high symmetric compact structures, of which the stability was not rationalized in a previous report (J. Chem. Phys. 119 9444 (2003)). Based on the newly proposed super-valence bond model, the three prolate lithium clusters can be viewed as magnetic superatomic molecules, which are composed by sharing valence electron pairs and nuclei between two superatom units, namely, Li10 or Li11, and thus their stability can be given a good understanding. Molecular orbital and chemical bonding analysis clearly reveal that the Li n (n = 15–17) clusters with prolate shapes are magnetic superatomic molecules. Our work may aid in the developments of the cluster-assembled materials or superatom-bonds.

Relationship between Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Eyeball Shape and Optic Nerve Head Morphology

To determine if the 3-dimensional (3D) eyeball shape is associated with the positions of the central retinal vascular trunk (CRVT) and the externally oblique border (EOB) in the optic nerve head (ONH). Prospective, cross-sectional study. Fifty-six subjects (112 eyes) with a diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. The eyeball shape on 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans was classified according to the dimension of the longest diameter: axial dimension (prolate sphere), group 1; horizontal dimension (horizontally oblate sphere), group 2; and vertical dimension (vertically oblate sphere), group 3. The deviation of the CRVT, as a surrogate of lamina cribrosa (LC) shift, was measured from the center of the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) demarcated by OCT imaging, with the horizontal midline as 0° and the superior location as a positive value. The angular location of the longest EOB was also measured. Positions of CRVT and EOB according to the 3D eyeball shape. Among 112 eyes, 54 (48%) had a prolate shape (group 1), 23 (21%) had a horizontally oblate shape (group 2), and 35 (31%) had a vertically oblate shape (group 3). The angular deviation of the CRVT differed among the groups: to the nasal side in group 1, to the temporal side in group 2, and along the vertical meridian in group 3. In cases of asymmetric eyeball shape, the CRVT was deviated toward the undergrown side from the overgrown side, regardless of grouping. The angular location of the longest EOB was in the direction opposite to the CRVT position (P < 0.001). A generalized estimating equation analysis revealed that the temporal location of the CRVT was associated with older age (P= 0.001), nasal location of the longest EOB (P < 0.001), and oblate shape of the eyeball (P < 0.001, group 2; P= 0.007, group 3). The position of the CRVT and EOB were associated with the 3D eyeball shape. Considering that infant ONH morphology is highly uniform, various modes of eyeball expansion during growth can result in diverse directionalities of offset between the LC and the BMO in adults.

Core Deformation Impact of One- and Two-Proton Halo $${}^{{27}}$$S Nucleus

The core deformation of a one- and two-proton halo $${}^{27}$$ S nucleus was investigated based on experimental data. The Hamiltonian of the three-body systems and the root-mean-square (RMS) matter radii were used to calculate the theoretical value. The calculated theoretical value was analyzed using the relationship of the core deformation parameter ( $$\beta_{2}$$ ) with the binding energy of one- and two-proton halos and the RMS matter radii of nucleus $${}^{27}$$ S. The Jacobi method was the primary tool used to describe the motion of the valence proton included in the wave function and was applied to the Hamiltonian of the three-body systems and the RMS matter radius. The calculation was run through MATLAB computational software. The results were shown with the experimental data. The RMS matter radius was large, and the core experienced clear deformation based on the binding energy of one- or two-valence protons ranging from –1.377 to –1.387 MeV. Nucleus $${}^{27}$$ S exhibits one- and two-proton halos owing to the low binding energy of the valence nucleon and exhibits either an oblate or prolate shape based on the theoretical binding energy of one- or two-valence protons, respectively.

Numerical simulation of a falling droplet surrounding by air under electric field using VOF method: A CFD study

This is a numerical study of a falling droplet surrounding by air under the electric field modeled with finite volume method by means of CFD. The VOF method has been employed to model the two-phase flow of the present study. Various capillary numbers are investigated to analyze the effects of electric field intensity on the falling droplet deformation. Also, the effects of electric potential on the heat transfer coefficient have been examined. The obtained results showed that by applying the electric field at a capillary number of 0.2 the droplet tends to retain its primitive shape as time goes by, with a subtle deformation to an oblate form. Intensifying the electric field to a capillary number of 0.8 droplet deformation is almost insignificant with time progressing; however, further enhancement in capillary number to 2 causes the droplet to deform as a prolate shape and higher values of this number intensify the prolate form deformation of the droplet and result in pinch-off phenomenon. Ultimately, it is showed that as the electric potential augments the heat transfer coefficient increases in which for electric potential values higher than 2400 V the heat transfer coefficient enhances significantly.

Dramatic Shape Changes Occur as Cytochrome c Folds.

Extensive experimental studies on the folding of cytochrome c (Cyt c) make this small protein an ideal target for atomic detailed simulations for the purposes of quantitatively characterizing the structural transitions and the associated time scales for folding to the native state from an ensemble of unfolded states. We use previously generated atomically detailed folding trajectories by the stochastic difference equation in length to calculate the time-dependent changes in the small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles. Excellent agreement is obtained between experiments and simulations for the time-dependent SAXS spectra, allowing us to identify the structures of the folding intermediates, which shows that Cyt c reaches the native state by a sequential folding mechanism. Using the ensembles of structures along the folding pathways, we show that compaction and the sphericity of Cyt c change dramatically from the prolate ellipsoid shape in the unfolded state to the spherical native state. Our data, which are in unprecedented quantitative agreement with all aspects of time-resolved SAXS experiments, show that hydrophobic collapse and amide group protection coincide on the 100 microseconds time scale, which is in accordance with ultrafast hydrogen/deuterium exchange studies. Based on these results, we propose that compaction of polypeptide chains, accompanied by dramatic shape changes, is a universal characteristic of globular proteins, regardless of the underlying folding mechanism.

Gigayear-timescale Destruction of High-eccentricity Asteroids by Spin and Why 2006 HY51 Has Been Spared

Abstract Asteroids and other small celestial bodies have markedly prolate shapes, and the perturbative triaxial torques that are applied during pericenter passages in highly eccentric orbits trigger and sustain a state of chaotic rotation. Because the prograde spin rate around the principal axis of inertia is not bounded from above, it can accidentally reach the threshold value corresponding to rotational breakup. Previous investigations of this process were limited to integrations of ∼103 orbits because of the stiff equation of motion. We present here a fast 1D simulation method to compute the evolution of this spin rate over ∼109 orbits. We apply the method to the most eccentric solar system asteroid known, 2006 HY51 (with e = 0.9684), and find that for any reasonably expected shape parameters it can never be accelerated to breakup speed. However, primordial solar system asteroids on more eccentric orbits may have already broken up from this type of rotational fission. The method also represents a promising opportunity to investigate the long-term evolution of extremely eccentric triaxial exo-asteroids (e &gt; 0.99), which are thought to be common in white dwarf planetary systems.

‘Oumuamua’s Rotation with the Mechanical Torque Produced by Interstellar Medium

Abstract The first interstellar object ‘Oumuamua was discovered in 2017. When ‘Oumuamua travels in interstellar space, it keeps colliding with the interstellar medium (ISM). Given a sufficiently long interaction time, its rotation state may change significantly because of the angular momentum transfer with the interstellar medium. Using generated Gaussian random spheres with dimension ratios 6:1:1 and 5:5:1, this paper explores the ISM torque curve and proposes that ISM collision may account for ‘Oumuamua’s tumbling with the simple constant-torque analytical method. The statistic results show that the asymptotic obliquities distribute mostly at 0° and 180° and most cases spin down at the asymptotic obliquity, indicating that the ISM collision effect is similar to the Yarkovsky–O’Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP) effect with zero heat conductivity assumed. Given a long time of deceleration of the spin rate, an initial major-axis rotation may evolve into tumbling motion under ISM torque. Using a constant-torque analytical model, the timescales of evolving into tumbling for the sample of 200 shapes are found to range from several gigayears to tens of gigayears, highly dependent on the chosen shape. The mean value is about 8.5 ± 0.5 Gyr for prolate shapes and 7.3 ± 0.4 Gyr for oblate shapes. Rotation of asteroids in the Oort cloud might also be dominated by the ISM collision effect since the YORP effect is quite weak at such a long distance from the Sun. Although this paper assumes an ideal mirror reflection and a constant relative velocity of ‘Oumuamua, the results still show the importance of the ISM collision effect.

Total Routhian surface calculations to study the abrupt band termination phenomenon in 121,123I

The phenomenon of abrupt band termination in [Formula: see text]I has been revisited in the light of total Routhian surface (TRS) calculations. Both axial ([Formula: see text]) and nonaxial ([Formula: see text]) quadrupole deformation parameters have been estimated for the negative parity states. The calculation has also been extended for [Formula: see text]I and the theoretical result has been compared with the available experimental information. The calculated transition quadrupole moments ([Formula: see text]) are matching nicely upto [Formula: see text] MeV. The noncollective oblate shapes become yrast at higher angular frequency in [Formula: see text]I. At lower spin, all of these nuclei exhibit a collective prolate shape. This sudden change in shape at [Formula: see text] is indicative of the loss of collectivity at [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] MeV.