Projective Drawing Test Research Articles

Проективные рисуночные тесты в оценке эмоциональной привязанности женщин, больных шизофренией, к членам своей семьи

Introduction. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of emotional attachment in women with schizophrenia to a close environment. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of emotional attachment to a close environment in women with schizophrenia. Theoretical analysis. Currently, there is no clear point of view on the nature of emotional attachment in patients with schizophrenia. Some authors speak for the flattening (and even the absence) of emotional attachment to family members and close associates, while others testify in favor of maintaining attachment even with a long course of the disease. The relevance of this study is related to the resolution of a controversial point regarding the emotional attitude and attachment of schizophrenia patients to their close environment, which may allow us to expand the understanding of the socio-psychological factors that determine the course of the disease and allow us to develop new ways of building psychotherapeutic and corrective work with patients. Empirical analysis. In this study, the features of emotional attachment in women with paranoid schizophrenia to family members were analyzed using projective drawing tests: “Rings: me, mother and father” and the “Mother and child” test. Conclusion. As a result, data were obtained indicating the detection of emotional attachment of schizophrenic patients to one of the family members, where a schizophrenic patient experiences global distrust of the outside world and has a disturbed relationship with the primary attachment figure (mother).

A Case Study of an Octogenarian identified with Dementia by Diagnostic Application of Projective Drawing Tests

Dementia is a serious form of cognitive impairment that is currently untreatable and can decline rapidly over time. Beginning with mild cognitive impairment, such as memory loss, poor judgment, difficulty in task performance, misplacement of things, disorientation, language problems and loss of initiative, the severity of cognitive loss becomes gradually more apparent. In fact, dementia impacts five key cognitive functions: attention, executive function, memory, language, and processing speed. In this case study of a female Singaporean octogenarian was suspected to suffer from dementia. The authors administered three projective drawing tests – i.e., the Human-Figure Drawing Test for Cognitive Impairment (HFD-CI), the Human-Figure Drawing Test for Dementia Screening (HFDT-DS), and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) – and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in their dementia identification procedure to make an immediate referral to a geriatric psychiatrist for the client’s mental health follow-up.

Drawing Test Form for Depression: The Development of Drawing Tests for Predicting Depression Among Breast Cancer Patients.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to develop a drawing test form and it’s scoring system for measuring depressive symptoms of breast cancer patients. MethodsWe enrolled 95 breast cancer patients in this study which was conducted from September 2016 to May 2018. First, we observed items of the Diagnostic Drawing Series (DDS) which were significantly different between patients with and without depression, and also we reviewed previous studies on the drawing style of Korean women with depression. Second, we developed the Drawing Test Form for Depression (DTF-D) by composition of those drawing styles observed significant items in previous literatures and formative elements of DDS which was significantly different between depressed and non-depressed group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to define the appropriate score of the DTF-D in accordance with the depression measured with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score >9. ResultsWe developed the DTF-D by compositing 8 items including Harmony, Tilt, Symbol, Space utilization, Surrounded, Description, Pen pressure, and Quality of line. The ROC analysis revealed the optimal cut-off score of 7 points of DTF-D in accordance with the clinical depression (PHQ-9 score >9) with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve showed good discrimination (0.82), sensitivity (0.85), and specificity (0.64). ConclusionThe DTF-D is expected to serve as an evaluative projective drawing test from for identifying depression in breast cancer patients.

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ГОТОВНОСТИ К МАТЕРИНСТВУ И ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ ПО ЕЕ ФОРМИРОВАНИЮ

Statement of the problem. The article presents an analysis and discussion of the results of diagnostic assessment among pregnant women, allowing us to draw conclusions on indicators of psychological preparedness for motherhood. The purpose the article is to outline the necessary areas of work with women on the way to the formation of the maternal sphere in ontogenesis. Materials and Methods. The research methodology consists of the concept of the formation of the “maternal need-motivation sphere” by G.G. Filippova, the theory of E.V. Matveeva about psychological readiness for motherhood, as well as the analysis and synthesis of studies on motherhood, psychological readiness for motherhood, questions of perinatal psychology, theory of psychological readiness for activity. The study involved 156 married pregnant women aged 25 to 35 with higher or secondary specialized education, with a pregnancy period of no less than 24 weeks. The following psychodiagnostic methods were applied: the projective drawing test “I and my child” by G.G. Filippova, the modified Dembo-Rubinstein scale by G.G. Filippova, test of the relationship of pregnant I.V. Dobryakov’s test on relationships for pregnant women, and the authors’ questionnaire for pregnant women. Research results. The diagnostic results indicate that 79,3 % of women examined are conditionally ready for motherhood, 15 % are not ready, and only 5,7 % of respondents can be considered psychologically ready for motherhood. The last group of women is characterized by unconditional acceptance of a child, themselves as a mother, and the situation of motherhood in general. The correlation and factor analysis of the obtained data made it possible to distinguish four groups of the most informative indicators of psychological readiness for motherhood in pregnant women: the peculiarities of the current situation of the woman, the mother-and-child system, family relations and the social and domestic situation. There are also widely presented factors that make it difficult to form a psychological readiness for motherhood: unfavorable experience of relationships with their own parents, difficulties in establishing emotional contact, lack of knowledge and experience in caring for children. There is a need to work with these aspects before pregnancy. Conclusions are drawn on the importance of comprehensive psychological and pedagogical support of a woman on the way to the formation of the maternal sphere of her personality in relation to genesis, which contributes to the development of psychological preparedness for motherhood.

Model of medical and psychological support for adolescents with depressive behavior

IntroductionTraditional methods of preventing the deviant behavior in adolescents are aimed at clinical variants of certain forms of deviant behavior.ObjectivesThe study included 160 teenagers with depression.MethodsStudy design included: Depression Test, Projective Drawing Tests, Pathoharacterological Diagnostic; Package of AUDIT tests for the diagnosis of dependent behavior.ResultsSymptoms of depressive behavior disorder in adolescents depending on age and gender were identified: in girls aged 12-14 – autoaggression, food disorders and suicidal behavior; in boys aged 12-14 – gaming, internet addiction; in boys aged 15-18 – gambling, drug addiction and smoking. Anxiety of younger teenagers turns into a chronic anxiety-dreary depression, with frequent attacks behavioral disorders.ConclusionsThe use of technology makes it possible to identify informative imprinting of stereotypical behavior and the locus of the therapeutic window, provide medical and psychological support for adolescents with depressive disorders and the quality of social functioning, provide primary and secondary prevention of depression progression and the formation of dependent behavior.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Visual Narratives of Disability in Projective Drawing Test

Visual Narratives of Disability in Projective Drawing Test

РОЛЬ КЛИНИКО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЯ В ВЫЯВЛЕНИИ СКЛОННОСТИ К ДЕВИАНТНОМУ ПОВЕДЕНИЮ У АВИАЦИОННЫХ СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ

One of the major concerns of the aviation health safety management is enhancement of the flight personnel medical certification system. The investigation was focused on individual typology of civil pilots prone to alcoholism. Subjects were 112 pilots suspected in alcohol abuse and 189 normal pilots as controls. The standard protocol of investigations was complemented by the clinical psychological tests including MMPI, Szondi test, H. Eysenck intelligence test, and projective drawing tests. It was proven that ethanol degrades pilot's personality. The initial stage of this process can be diagnosed using the clinical psychological tests listed above. The authors propose a testing algorithm for inclusion in the crew medical certification procedure.

Research Trend of Projective Drawing Tests in Korea by Using Domestic Journals

Research Trend of Projective Drawing Tests in Korea by Using Domestic Journals

초등학생들의 정서행동문제 평가를 위한 투사적 그림검사에서 나타나는 성별효과의 오류

This study utilized projective drawing tests to identify whether the gender difference on a projective drawing test reflects actual differences of their psychological conditions between boys and girls. Despite their lack of objective scoring criteria, drawing tests have revealed that boys are more problematic both emotionally and behaviorally than girls. In this study, gender differences were examined via the Emotional-Behavioral Drawing Test. Six evaluators score the psychological conditions of 172 elementary school children. Positive automatic thought and emotional reactivity were measured as covariates. Results indicated there were statistically significant gender differences in drawing scores, but there were no significant effects of covariates. Given these results, it is plausible that no significant differences in psychological conditions existed between genders, even though boys may draw more psychologically problematic drawings than girls. It is suggested to apply gender criterion to score all types of drawing tests because boys and girls are different in drawings and expressing emotions.

The Effect of Confirmation Bias Following Previous Information for Evaluating Emotional-behavioral Problems Using a Projective Drawing Test

The Effect of Confirmation Bias Following Previous Information for Evaluating Emotional-behavioral Problems Using a Projective Drawing Test

Research Trend of Projective Drawing Tests in Korea

Research Trend of Projective Drawing Tests in Korea

Self-mutilation as expressed in self-figure drawings in adolescent sexual abuse survivors

Given the detrimental long-term physical and emotional effects of self-mutilation (SM) coupled with the tendency not to disclose suffering and the shortcomings of current diagnostic techniques, early detection of the phenomena utilizing an external tool such as a projective drawing test (not a medical examination) might provide an opportunity to identify and consequently assist self-mutilators.This study aimed to determine if and to what extent indicators of self-mutilating behaviors are expressed in self-figure drawings of female adolescents who were sexually abused. Researchers used a version of (draw yourself) Machover's Draw A Person (DAP) Test, because it is an easy to administer and non-intrusive screening tool, hypothesizing that it will improve the detection of SM. This will facilitate practitioners’ future location of adolescent females at risk for SM as well as assist in prioritizing accessibility to treatment.A convenience sample of 92 adolescent girls was recruited for this study. Participants completed the DAP test in addition to a previously validated self-report questionnaire, the Traumatic Events Questionnaire (TEQ).Findings include positive correlations between psychometric assessments and two indicators of self-mutilation in the DAP test (body line and sexual signs). The study also provides validation of four indicators of sexual abuse previously documented in research: face line, eyes, hands/arms, and genitals.

A Psychological Study on Children’s Picture Using the Projective Drawing Test

A Psychological Study on Children’s Picture Using the Projective Drawing Test

Mental Representations of the New Organ and Posttransplant Patients' Anxiety as Related to Kidney Function

Transplant patients' representations of their illness, body, and emotional state significantly influence their recovery. In this study, our primary aim was to examine the possible connections between emotional factors, body and illness representations, and renal function after 58 kidney transplantations. To measure mental representations of transplanted kidneys, we developed a projective drawing test. Other assessment instruments were the Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger's State and Trait Anxiety Scale, and an in-house questionnaire. We also measured conventional kidney function markers, such as serum creatinine and urea levels. Analysis of our results revealed that patients with higher anxiety levels drew significantly larger kidneys in their projective drawing tests, and displayed significantly higher 10-day creatinine and urea level leading us to consider interrelations of an organ's intrapsychic integration and kidney function. If the graft is not integrated mentally in the body image, the representations of the “foreign body” can be associated with such psycho-neuro-immunologic processes of anxiety, which eventually may lead to adverse physiological effects on kidney function.

Psychological factors of successful kidney transplantations. The effects of anxiety and intrapsychic integration of the organ on recovery

Transplant patients' attitudes and representations related to their illness, their body, and the healing process have a significant impact on their recovery. The study involved 51 patients from the Department of Surgery, University of Szeged, Hungary. The primary aim was to examine the possible connections between emotional and mood factors, illness and body representations, and the successful onset of renal functions after surgery. Patients were tested with a combination of 4 instruments: Spielberger's anxiety scale and Beck depression scale, self and organ drawings, and a questionnaire designed by the authors. Our data suggest that high distress correlates with kidney disfunction after transplantation. Patients with higher anxiety drew the kidney larger in their projective drawing test. It was a remarkable result that post-transplant blood test on Day 10 showed significantly lower creatinine and urea levels in those patients who had drawn the kidney smaller in their projective drawing test. This might indicate that the organ's normal intrapsychic integration and the related kidney functions are disturbed. The results of this study provide useful information about the psychological background, which has received relatively little attention so far. It can also give important clues for further research on clinical health psychology in supporting the healing process.

얼굴자극검사의 평가를 위한 컴퓨터 알고리즘

2003년 Betts는 효율적인 투사검사 기법의 일환으로 FSA(얼굴자극검사: Face Stimulus Assessment)를 개발하였다. 이 논문에서는 Betts가 제안한 FSA 척도들을 색칠의 정확도, 색상의 적합도, 형상의 인식도, 묘사의 정밀도, 공간의 활용도의 다섯 가지로 분류하고 이를 객관적으로 평가하는 컴퓨터 알고리즘을 개발한다. 본 알고리즘은 눈, 입 술, 머리카락 등의 FSA 평가에 주요한 요인의 영역을 설정하고, 대표색 및 색의 비율을 통해 각 척도들의 등급을 산출한다. 그리고 이차 가중 Kappa 값을 통해 미술치료 전문가의 평가와 컴퓨터 알고리즘의 평가 간의 일관성을 보이고, 이를 통해 본 알고리즘의 적합성을 검증한다. 이 논문은 FSA를 평가함에 있어 미술치료사의 주관이나 경험 또는 직관에 따른 불확실성을 극복하고 객관성과 일관성을 제공하여 그림을 통한 투사검사의 신뢰성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The Face Stimulus Assessment is an efficient projective drawing test developed by Betts. This paper categorizes scales which Betts suggested into the following five groups: accuracy of painting, color fit, perception of shape, precision of drawing, and space usage. In this paper, a computer algorithm which objectively evaluates these five scales is suggested. The proposed algorithm defines the areas of the lip, eyes, hair, etc. which take on significant roles in the evaluation of the FSA and based on these factors, it calculates the grade of each scale through the main color and color ratio. The consistency of evaluations between the computer algorithm and the art therapist is measured by the Quadratic Weighted Kappa. By providing objectivity and consistency, the computer algorithm is expected to solve the problem of uncertainty found in art therapists' evaluations of projective drawing tests caused by their subjective judgment, experience, and intuition.

Projective Drawings for Assessing Stress among Subjects with Medical Symptoms Compatible with Sick Building Syndrome, and Validation of a Modified Version of the Stress Load Index from the Drawing Personality Profile: A Pilot Study

It was hypothesized that subjects with medical symptoms would show more signs of stress in projective drawings. A Stress Load Index, including five signs of stress in drawings, was evaluated. A questionnaire with an instruction to draw "a person in the rain" was sent to a cohort of 195 subjects, and the drawings were analysed blindly for eight stress items. Men had a higher index than women (p < .05) and drew clouds more often (p < .05). Drawing of clouds was associated with headache (adjOR = 4.28; 95% CI 1.75; 11.68). Drawing of puddles was associated with ocular symptoms (adjOR = 3.22; 95% CI 1.38, 7.50), facial dermal symptoms (adjOR= 2.94; 95% CI 1.28, 6.81), and tiredness (adjOR = 2.44; 95% CI 1.05, 5.67). Drawing of long rain strokes was associated with nasal symptoms (adjOR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.05, 2.06) and headache (adjOR = 3.20; 95% CI 1.28, 8.05). Age and stress load were predictors of sick building syndrome symptoms (p < .05). In conclusion, a nonverbal projective drawing test detected sex differences which represent directions opposite to those with verbal methods. These need empirical assessment.

Psychiatric problems in living-related transplantation (III): pretransplant psychological assessment in living-related transplantation

ECAUSE of rapid advances in surgical techniques and in the management of infection and rejection, the number of organ transplants has been increasing. Adult-toadult living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) has been necessary in Japan because organ donation from cadaveric donors is rare, even though the Diet (legislature) approved the procedure in 1998. In the United States, cadaveric organs have provided a source for liver transplantation, but the number of donations from brain-dead donors is insufficient to meet demand. Although they are infrequently verbalized in Japanese culture, psychological conflicts are evident among donors. In our previous studies, we reported abnormal findings in a projective drawing test administered to the recipients and donors immediately prior to living-related kidney transplantation (LRKT). 1‐3 These abnormalities were associated with clinical expressions of anxiety. There is, as yet, no predictive data (of which we are aware) on the relationship between preoperative projective testing and the incidence of psychiatric symptoms after living-related transplantation. In the present study we performed pretransplant psychological assessment in living-related transplantation.

Deaf Children's Knowledge of Internal Human Anatomy

The purpose of this study was to investigate deaf children's knowledge of internal human anatomy. A static group comparison design was used to gather data from 80 deaf children and 190 hearing children who attended either a local public school for the deaf and the blind, or the regular public schools. Children were assigned to three groups according to age: 5–7 years, 8–11 years, and 12–15 years. Differences in deaf and hearing children's scores on the Draw-A-Person Test of general abilities were not statistically significant. Children's knowledge of internal body parts was assessed using a projective drawing test. Results indicated that (a) deaf children in successively older age groups knew more internal body parts than the younger subjects, and (b) deaf children in all three age groups knew significantly less about internal body parts than subjects in their normally hearing cohort.

Le CHaD projective drawing test

Le CHaD projective drawing test