Prohibition Of Trade Research Articles

Prevention of Trafficking in Organs, Tissues, and Cells.

Trafficking in human organs, cells, and tissues has long been a source of concern for health authorities and professionals, and several international ethical guidance documents and national laws have affirmed the prohibition of trade in these substances of human origin (SoHOs). However, despite considerable attention to the issue of organ trafficking, this remains a substantial and widespread problem internationally. In contrast, trafficking in cells, tissues, and medical products derived from SoHOs has received comparatively little attention, and the extent and nature of such trafficking remain largely unknown. Consequently, as part of the 2023 Global Summit on Convergence in Transplantation held in Santander, Spain, an ethics working group was assigned the task of formulating actionable recommendations to support the prevention of trafficking in all SoHOs. In reporting on this work, we review factors that may influence the persistent trafficking of SoHOs, explore the potential difficulties associated with the collection and reporting of data about suspected trafficking activities, and argue that more practical and consistent guidance, training, and regulatory frameworks are needed internationally to support effective reporting, sharing of data, and collaborative responses to suspected trafficking cases. We also discuss the importance of psychosocial evaluation of living donors as a strategy to detect and prevent organ trafficking and strive to advance the implementation of this well-established recommendation by outlining minimum standards for psychosocial evaluation of living donors.

The need for a socioecological harm reduction approach to reduce illegal wildlife trade.

The burgeoning illegal trade in succulents in southern Africa presents a critical conservation and social development challenge. Drawing parallels with the trajectory of the response to rhinoceros poaching, we considered the consequences of conservation law enforcement measures, particularly the militarization of antipoaching efforts. The response to rhinoceros poaching not only resulted in so-called green militarization, but also led to extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses, and the disproportionate targeting of low-level poachers. The nature of wildlife trade prohibition is complex and often contested, and many actors operating in illegal wildlife trades dispute the label of illegal for socioeconomic, cultural, historical, or political reasons. This contestation is crucial when considering Indigenous cultural and medicinal values of succulents, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities questioning the criminalization of traditional plant harvesting practices. As the illegal trade in succulents continues to grow, it is imperative for conservationists to consider a nuanced approach. We call for a socioecological harm reduction approach that emphasizes community engagement, sustainable use, and codesigned interventions. Such an approach could help balance the scales of ecological conservation and human dignity in the face of growing wildlife trade challenges.

Implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 40 of 2022 concerning Prohibition of Trade in Imported Used Clothing in the City of Surakarta

Fulfilling the need for decent clothing, the price and quality differ between used clothes and new clothes, so that business actors provide clothing needs with quality models but at affordable prices, so thrifting businesses emerge where this business sells used clothes. The development of the used clothing trade is clearly visible at the moment, one of the places selling used clothes in Surakarta that is well known to many people is the Tirtonadi Convention Hall. However, there is another side, business actors only prioritize profits, thereby ignoring public health problems. The problem in this research is the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 40 of 2022 concerning Trade in Imported Used Clothing in the City of Surakarta, whether it has been implemented well or not. This type of research is empirical research. Data collection techniques were carried out by interviews at the research location. The results of the research show that the implementation of Minister of Trade Regulation Number 40 of 2022 concerning Trade in Imported Used Clothing in the City of Surakarta has not run optimally due to lack of supervision and law enforcement, lack of education and outreach, economic dependence, availability and quality of local products, inadequate bureaucratic structure. efficient.

Relevance of guarantees of origin for Europe's renewable energy targets

To accelerate the transition towards an energy system based on renewable energy sources (RES), governments set targets for RES shares in their energy mixes. Renewable energy also plays a major role in decarbonization strategies of private organizations. Electricity from RES is claimed via the acquisition of market-based Energy Attribute Certificates, such as Guarantees of Origin (GOs). GOs can be traded within the European residual mix area. Interest in GOs is lower in countries with high RES shares, leading to a trade imbalance. In 2020, Iceland and Norway had a GO trade deficit that corresponded to 74.2 % and 62.4 %, respectively, of their gross final electricity production from RES. This study evaluates the non-dependence of Europe's RES targets and the GO system by including GO trade in the RES share calculations. Overall, 11 countries do not reach their 2020 RES targets for the electricity sector due to the inclusion of GO trade. Their total GO trade deficit amounts to 212 TWh, equivalent to 31 % of all issued GOs from RES. Limiting international GO trade to ensure that each country still achieves its RES-E targets is one option to harmonize governmental and corporate RES and decarbonization targets. Other options include the complete prohibition of international GO trade and a GO trade limitation to actual physical electricity transmission. Further aligning physical and virtual electricity consumption could strengthen the energy transition contribution of energy attribute certificate systems, such as the GO system.

Civil War Legacies, The Prohibition of The Drug Trade, and Armed Politics in Latin America

Civil War Legacies, The Prohibition of The Drug Trade, and Armed Politics in Latin America

The Sultans of Zanzibar and the Abolition of Slavery in East Africa

AbstractIn 1890, Sultan Ali of Zanzibar declared in writing that “we wish by every means to stop the slave trade.” Statements like these, in addition to the actual passing of anti-slavery legislation, call into question the generally accepted scholarly understanding that the sultans of Zanzibar only agreed to pass and enforce anti-slavery legislation because they were under duress from European, mainly British, powers, who negotiated favorable political and economic benefits in return for (gradual) abolition. A close analysis of the sources tells a more complicated story of both collaboration and conflict between the Zanzibari sultans, their subjects, and the British agents. Moreover, each sultan had distinctive political and religious beliefs, as well as individual personal experiences and outlooks. This paper explores the anti-slavery legislation passed under three sultans of Zanzibar: Barghash bin Said (1870–1888) who prohibited the transport of slaves by sea in 1873, Ali bin Said (1890–1893) who passed the Slave Trade Prohibition Decree of 1890, and Hamoud bin Mohammed (1896–1902) who passed the Abolition Decree of 1897. By analyzing draft treaties and correspondence before and after the passing of legislation, this paper argues that the sultans and their advisors were not devoid of ideological interest in ending slavery; and that British agents and explorers in the region were too hastily hailed as abolitionists.

Ending slavery in imperial peripheries: Ottoman abolitionist policy in Trablusgarp and Benghazi provinces (1857–1911)

When Istanbul prohibited the trade of enslaved Africans in 1857, the Ottoman local authorities expanded efforts to curb human trafficking throughout the imperial realm. These endeavours also included Libya, which lies at the frontiers of the Greater Sahara, a major slave-raiding zone in the nineteenth century. The historiography devoted to modern Libya maintains that the Porte took action to curb slavery only in response to British pressure. In this article, I seek to situate the prohibition of human trade in Libya within the larger scope of the end of slavery in the imperial realm. I argue that the Ottomans conducted an abolitionist policy in Libya that was embedded in the reforms undertaken in these peripheral provinces, namely, to foster the Porte’s sovereignty at its imperial frontier. I further argue that the enslaved population gained agency in the manumission process and in their integration into Ottoman society after their liberation. This bottom-up approach to the end of human bondage reveals the entanglement of old and new patterns of manumission in the era of abolition as well as the social integration of these emancipated slaves into Ottoman society during the Reform period.

Children, Agricultural Labor, and Engagement à Temps in the 1820s Senegal River Valley

I examine the preference for children under engagement à temps (indenture) in Senegal, especially the Senegal River Valley, in the 1820s. In the late 1810s and early 1820s, Senegal’s administrators wished to build cotton and indigo plantations in the Senegal River Valley to replace profits lost after the turbulence of the Age of Revolutions, especially the loss of colonial Haiti, which had been France’s most profitable colony. However, France’s 1817 prohibition of the slave trade signaled to administrators that they would have to obtain non-enslaved workers for the plantations they wished to build. Thus, they created rachat (redemption) and engagement à temps. Under this system, Senegal’s administrators, colonists, and habitants bought captives on African slave markets, “redeemed” the captive from slavery, then forced a fourteen-year engagement à temps contract on the individual with the promise of eventual “freedom” from servitude. Senegal’s administrators, especially Governor Jacques François Roger, prioritized obtaining children, whom they defined as anyone under the age of sixteen, for this practice because they saw children as a docile labor force which would more easily take root in the colony, especially in its nascent plantation sector. By acquiring children, Roger hoped to create highly coercible workers committed to agriculture who would not abandon the plantations after the expiration of their contracts. Using correspondence among Senegal’s administrators, I trace the reasoning behind the preference for people under the age of sixteen, in addition to the two primary mechanisms used to acquire children. The first mechanism was rachat. An examination of rachats registered at Bakel in 1825, located in the notarial archives of St Louis at the Archives nationales du Sénégal, reveals that 59.5 per cent of rachats involved people under the age of sixteen. Second, the September 28, 1822 decree that regulated engagement à temps in the colony stated that any child born to a mother working as an engagée à temps had to work for the mother’s engagiste until the age of twenty-one, the age of majority in French legislation, in exchange for the care they had received in childhood. While this group of children did not experience rachat, the law enabled administrators to take advantage of their physical labor in addition to the reproductive labor of their mothers. I argue that the abolition of the slave trade forced French administrators, colonists, and habitants in 1820s Senegal to envision new ways to build a stable laboring population for the plantation economy they hoped to build along the Senegal River; because of free labor shortages in the region, rachat and engagement à temps appeared to be a solution. Children, seen as malleable and more coercible than adults, came to be seen as a key component of this workforce because administrators and colonists hoped they would grow up to be adults loyal to the French colonial economy. I also argue that historiographical methodologies pioneered by scholars of gender and reproduction under Atlantic slavery provide a useful way of grappling with the perspectives of people forced into engagement à temps. Overall, a focus on the importance of children to engagement à temps allows us to probe the continuities that tie together slavery and the slave trade, on the one hand, and on the other, the forced labor practices proliferated alongside abolition.

Law Enforcement Against Imported Used Clothing Trade Prohibition at Hartono Trade Center

The imported used clothing trade was found in Sukoharjo and has penetrated into modern markets such as the Hartono Trade Center (HTC). The import and trading activities of used clothing are prohibited by law because Imported used clothes have the potential to carry diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine law enforcement by the Department of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises and Trade in Sukoharjo Regency regarding the trading of imported used clothing in HTC and factors that affect the effectiveness of law enforcement. The research method used is empirical law with a sociological juridical approach while the data analysis technique is in the form of qualitative descriptive. The results obtained are law enforcement on the trade of imported used clothing carried out by the Office of Cooperatives, Small and Medium Enterprises and Trade of Sukoharjo Regency is not running optimally because monitoring and providing outreach activities related to imported used clothing and its dangers have never been carried out. Factor that affect the effectiveness of law enforcement on imported used clothing are internal factors, namely limited human resources and external factors, namely the legal awareness of traders and consumers who are still lacking in complying with laws and regulations.

Weed wide web: characterising illegal online trade of invasive plants in Australia

Invasive plants seriously impact our environmental, agricultural and forestry assets, and the ornamental plant trade is a major introduction pathway. The variety and extent of the ornamental plant trade is growing in reach and is increasingly facilitated by the internet (i.e., through e-commerce). A lack of surveillance and regulation of e-commerce has resulted in invasive species being widely traded on these platforms. Here, we investigated the extent of illegal trade in invasive plant species in Australia by collecting advertisements found on a popular public e-commerce website. Across a 12-month period we collected a total of 235,162 plant advertisements. From 10,000 of these advertisements (4.25% of total advertisements) we found 155 plant taxa advertised online that were prohibited to trade in at least one Australian State or Territory (12.5% of Australia’s total prohibited plant taxa). We detected 1,415 instances of invasive plants advertised, of which 411 breached local jurisdictional (i.e., State or Territory) laws. Opuntia cacti and invasive aquatic plants were traded in the greatest quantities. A variety of uses for plants prohibited to trade were reported by the sellers, with aquatic uses being the most popular (i.e., water filtering and habitat for aquatic animals). We used generalised linear mixed-effects models to test the effect of prohibiting the sale of invasive plants on the quantity and price of online advertisements. Despite Australia’s strict internal biosecurity regulations, we found that trade prohibitions had no influence on the quantity and price of trade in illegal invasive plants. Given this, and the extent of illegal invasive plants traded, we believe increased monitoring and regulation of online plant trade is warranted. We demonstrate that targeted searches using string matching is an effective tool for detecting e-commerce trade of invasive species. However, to obtain the most optimal outcomes, regulations should be coupled with increased cooperation from e-commerce platforms and public awareness campaigns. Future weed risk assessments should consider online trade as a key factor in the long-distance dispersal and propagule pressure of a plant. Jurisdictions would also benefit from greater alignment on plant trade prohibitions and revision of associated compliance policies.

The Role of Forest Police in Eradicating Bird Hunting in Alas Purwo National Park

This article aims to answer problems related to animal hunting in the Alas Purwo National Park conservation area. An indisputable fact about the richness of biodiversity and ecosystems, but with the rise of poaching can threaten the loss of life of endemic animal species. This research is descriptive qualitative, aiming to provide a systematic and clear picture of the problem of animal hunting. Data collection methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. The source of the data came from key informants, consisting of communities around buffer villages, forestry police, perpetrators of animal thieves, Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Natural and Biological Resources and Their Ecosystems. Data analysis using interactive models, including data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that the Government's efforts to protect endemic animals are considered less than optimal, even though regulations have been made regarding the prohibition of hunting and trading protected animals. So, it takes the role of the forestry police to act as the spearhead through preemptive, preventive, and repressive security operations. Forest police are at the forefront of combating unlawful acts.

Chained to History: Slavery and U.S. Foreign Relations to 1865 by Steven J. Brady

Reviewed by: Chained to History: Slavery and U.S. Foreign Relations to 1865 by Steven J. Brady Ann L. Tucker Chained to History: Slavery and U.S. Foreign Relations to 1865. By Steven J. Brady. (Ithaca, N.Y., and London: Cornell University Press, 2022. Pp. viii, 232. $39.95, ISBN 978-1-5017-6105-8.) Slavery constituted one of the most critical issues in U.S. domestic politics from the founding through emancipation. In Chained to History: Slavery and U.S. Foreign Relations to 1865, Steven J. Brady follows in the footsteps of historians such as Matthew Karp by positioning slavery as a critical issue shaping U.S. foreign policy as well. Using the records and words of leading American statesmen, Brady argues that slavery influenced American foreign policy goals, actions, successes, and failures from the American Revolution through the Civil War, continually complicating and challenging efforts to advance U.S. interests at home and abroad. Chained to Slavery traces the influence of slavery on American foreign policy through a series of critical events in U.S. history. Brady reveals the key role slavery played in these well-known incidents and highlights the influence of foreign policy considerations on well-known American actions related to slavery. Slavery complicated efforts to resolve ongoing conflict with Britain during the early republic and shaped American reactions to the Haitian Revolution. International disagreements over slavery limited efforts to police the Atlantic slave trade and helped thwart American attempts to promote Black colonization in Africa. Slavery drove American expansionism, despite the risks of harming U.S. relations with European powers, and hindered the [End Page 360] Abraham Lincoln administration’s diplomatic efforts during the Civil War. Throughout these events, slavery and international relations were inextricably intertwined, shaping American actions and historical outcomes. As Brady reveals, a major reason why slavery was so woven into every element of U.S. diplomacy was that leaders frequently equated the promotion and protection of slavery with national interests and even national security. Yet despite this prioritization of slavery, American statesmen continually struggled to define domestic and international legal precedents and obligations regarding the institution, and therefore the obligations of domestic and international parties toward each other. This dynamic shaped decades-long debates with Britain over compensation for the owners of self-emancipated enslaved people and over the British enforcement of the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade. Further complicating matters, the connection between slavery and foreign policy was not always straightforward, and other concerns often intervened. For example, a desire to promote commerce led the United States to continue trade with Haiti, a nation founded in part by a slave revolt, and the ideas of American unilateralism continually clashed with the defense of slavery’s tendency to draw its proponents into the larger international world. In this analysis, Brady shows how influential American leaders, and their foreign counterparts, were repeatedly snared, thwarted, and redirected by the issue of slavery as they debated and negotiated America’s place in the world. One theme that emerges throughout the book was the particular challenge that the United States’ generally proslavery foreign policy posed to its relationship with abolitionist Great Britain. This tension began with long-lasting conflict over compensation for the owners of enslaved persons who had self-emancipated across British lines during the American Revolution, and it continued with American refusals to acquiesce to British visions for an alliance against the Atlantic slave trade. Throughout the nineteenth century the United States and Great Britain repeatedly found themselves at odds over the issue of slavery. This dynamic was intensified even by seemingly unrelated events, such as the U.S. annexation of Texas (which Britain opposed because it advanced slavery), as well as ongoing fears about British abolitionist influence in Spanish Cuba, and the expansion of British power generally. Brady’s emphasis on the role slavery played in shaping the United States’ relationship with Britain is one of the strengths of the work. The relationship between slavery and foreign relations that Brady depicts was multidirectional, with varied results for American leaders and their goals. Nonetheless, with clear use of evidence and strong organization, Brady compellingly demonstrates that slavery and international relations were inextricably...

Effect of insider trading prohibitions: Regulation on security market returns in Kenya

This paper provides an analysis of legal insider trading on the Nairobi Securities Exchange(NSE) by using data published by security market. An event study methodology was used todetermine the unit of analysis. The causal research design was used on the event to find outwhether there was any significant difference between pre and post regulation by observing thebehaviour of abnormal returns and stock returns volatility. The sample comprised of 39companies out a population of 55 companies that traded continuously from 1998 to 2010. Themarket model was used to determine alpha and beta to calculate abnormal returns. The GARCHmodel was used to find the significant difference between the pre and post regulation throughstock market volatility. The study results indicate that the regulation analysed had evidence ofabnormal returns that accumulated slowly over the event period of the regulation. The analysis ofregulation on insider trading shows high level of abnormal returns ranging from 0 to 8. Theregulation results indicate reduced volatility during the post regulation as indicated by theGARCH model. Statistical analysis gives an F statistic of 242.5 while the critical F statistic is3.85. The results indicate that investors viewed the regulation as good news to the market. Therewas anticipation among the investors during pre-regulation as reflected by stock volatility duringthe pre-regulation period. The study concludes that regulation of the capital market brings aboutefficiency through reduced volatility and reduced abnormal returns after regulation is enacted bythe government.

The Making of a Periphery: How Island Southeast Asia Became a Mass Exporter of Labor

The Making of a Periphery: How Island Southeast Asia Became a Mass Exporter of Labor

ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR OF FOREIGN MARKET BUSINESS FOR COMMODITY OF CASHEWS at PT GDK JAWABARAT

The purpose of this research is to examine 1. What factors attract foreign buyers to import cashew nuts from Indonesia?.2. What are the obstacles faced by foreign buyers in the process of importing cashew nuts from Indonesia?.3. What are the stages of the process carried out by buyers to import cashews from Indonesia?.4. What is the solution to these obstacles? This research was made using a qualitative descriptive analysis type of research regarding the marketing process of the cashew nut export sales business. (2) Currency differences. (3) Obstacles in the Form of Regulations. (4) International trade barriers are seen from economic institutions, namely: The influence of economic organizations, Anti-dumping regulations that increase import duty rates, Embargoes related to the prohibition of trade between countries. What is the solution to these obstacles? (1). Solution for difficult payments, by L/C. (2) The solution when the currency, using the USA currency or by agreement, is exchanged to the value of the destination country. (3) The solution to obstacles in the form of regulation, is to instinctively follow market trends. (4) Solutions to barriers to economic institutions, exporters take advantage of facilities from countries that are members of economic organizations, export at competitive prices, and resolve trade embargo issues between countries.

Animal Welfare in China

Animal Welfare in China

“Espantosa mortandade”: desembarques, demografias e enfermidades africanas

Abstract This article contributes to a better understanding of the conditions which Africans endured immediately after landing in Brazil, taking the study beyond what happened in the slave ships. It highlights the importance of Eastern Africans in the southeast of Brazil, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, something that must be considered in order to do a deeper analysis of identity reinventions, diseases, and healing practices. The background of the suffering of those people can be found in the debates and political negotiations surrounding the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade and the independence of Brazil.

"Appalling mortality": disembarkation, demographics, and African diseases.

This article contributes to a better understanding of the conditions which Africans endured immediately after landing in Brazil, taking the study beyond what happened in the slave ships. It highlights the importance of Eastern Africans in the southeast of Brazil, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, something that must be considered in order to do a deeper analysis of identity reinventions, diseases, and healing practices. The background of the suffering of those people can be found in the debates and political negotiations surrounding the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade and the independence of Brazil.

Congress and Insider Trading: Breaking the Law and Making the Law

This descriptive case study concerns the insider trading prosecution against former U.S. Representative Chris Collins, which resulted in his guilty plea in 2018, incarceration, and then release in December 2020, after receiving a pardon by outgoing president Donald Trump. It uses that case’s unique facts as a launching point and thematic device for summarizing illegal insider trading law, while emphasizing the difficulty in recognizing that insider trading law requires first that the wrongful trader have—and violate— a fiduciary duty. This is done by noting the influence federal case law has had on determining what insider trading is. The case study then continues the congressional line of analysis by focusing on the 2012 STOCK Act, which prohibits Congress from profiting off their access to inside information, as well as the Insider Trading Prohibition Act, current legislation that might become America’s first, criminal insider trading statute.

Assessing Sustainability Aspects of Mud Crab (Scylla sp.) Fishery and Its Link to Social-Ecological Traps in the Bangladesh Sundarbans

Small-scale fisheries are affected by both local and external pressures, despite the contribution to poverty alleviation, employment, and food and nutritional security. Diverse social and ecological pressures make small-scale fishing communities trapped in persistent cycles of a particular fisheries resource dependence. Consequently, the overall sustainability of that particular species, especially biological, economic and social aspects, becomes vulnerable. This study investigates the biological, economic, and social aspects of a commercially important fish species, i.e., mud crab (Scylla sp.) and explores its link to social-ecological traps. The findings show how the social-ecological traps are forming based on mud crab resource utilization, poverty, overcapitalization and seasonality of crab availability, coupled with weak institutions and governance. Apart from ongoing environmental risks (e.g., extreme climate events), negative feedback comes from poor enforcement of rules and regulations, illegal and destructive fishing, inadequate income, social conflicts, and declining stock. In response to crises, fishers are increasingly dependent on middlemen, leading to the unfair price of their products compared to the market. To escape from the social-ecological traps, strong local institutions, alternative income opportunities, compliance of fishing laws (e.g., gear selectivity, harvest, and trade prohibition of undersize crabs), strong collaboration between management authority and local stakeholders are important toward ensuring the sustainability of the mud crab fishery in the Bangladesh Sundarbans.