Progressive Resistance Training Intervention Research Articles

Progressive Resistance Training or Neuromuscular Exercise for Hip Osteoarthritis : A Multicenter Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

Exercise is recommended as first-line treatment for patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA). However, randomized controlled trials providing evidence for the optimal exercise type are lacking. To investigate whether progressive resistance training (PRT) is superior to neuromuscular exercise (NEMEX) for improving functional performance in patients with hip OA. Multicenter, cluster-randomized, controlled, parallel-group, assessor-blinded, superiority trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04714047). Hospitals and physiotherapy clinics. 160 participants with clinically diagnosed hip OA were enrolled from 18 January 2021 to 28 April 2023 and randomly assigned to PRT (n = 82) or NEMEX (n = 78). Twelve weeks of PRT or NEMEX with 2 supervised 60-minute group sessions each week. The PRT intervention consisted of 5 high-intensity resistance training exercises targeting muscles at the hip and knee joints. The NEMEX intervention included 10 exercises and emphasized sensorimotor control and functional stability. The primary outcome was change in the 30-second chair stand test (30s-CST). Key secondary outcomes were changes in scores on the pain and hip-related quality of life (QoL) subscales of the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS). The mean changes from baseline to 12-week follow-up in the 30s-CST were 1.5 (95% CI, 0.9 to 2.1) chair stands with PRT and 1.5 (CI, 0.9 to 2.1) chair stands with NEMEX (difference, 0.0 [CI, -0.8 to 0.8] chair stands). For the HOOS pain subscale, mean changes were 8.6 (CI, 5.3 to 11.8) points with PRT and 9.3 (CI, 5.9 to 12.6) points with NEMEX (difference, -0.7 [CI, -5.3 to 4.0] points). For the HOOS QoL subscale, mean changes were 8.0 (CI, 4.3 to 11.7) points with PRT and 5.7 (CI, 1.9 to 9.5) points with NEMEX (difference, 2.3 [CI, -3.0 to 7.6] points). Participants and physiotherapists were not blinded. In patients with hip OA, PRT is not superior to NEMEX for improving functional performance, hip pain, or hip-related QoL. Independent Research Fund Denmark.

149 Power-agers: the effect of Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) on sarcopenia status of community dwelling older adults

Abstract Background The primary aim of this study is to establish whether the sarcopenia status of community-dwelling older adults could be improved using Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) in a gym-based, physiotherapy-led intervention for 7 weeks. Methods This is a non-randomised study, all participants completed the intervention. 24 participants attended the programme, n = 2 lost to follow up. Participants attended twice weekly for 7 weeks; 2 assessment sessions and 12 exercise sessions. The assessment consisted of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, Timed Up and Go (TUAG), five time Sit-to-Stand (5 x STS), 10 metre walk test, grip strength and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Each group had 5–7 participants complete 6 exercises in circuit; (1) weighted sit-to-stand, (2) modified deadlift, (3) farmer walks, (4) overhead press, (5) cable row, and (6) cable chest press. Results Data were analysed using SPSS. Pre-intervention 87.5% (n = 21) were identified as ‘probable sarcopenic’; post-intervention this decreased to 77.3% (n = 17). Sarcopenia status was not found to be significantly associated with the intervention by Chi-squared tests. No participants were classified as ‘confirmed sarcopenia’, as all were above the cut off scores for muscle mass. There was a statistically significant change in the SPPB and TUAG scores (p < 0.0041), with large effect sizes; Eta squared = 0.481 (SPPB), and 0.341 (TUAG). Improvements in 5xSTS and right grip strength had alpha values of less than p < 0.05, with large effect sizes, however they did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion The improvements in physical performance measures (SPPB & TUAG) are encouraging and may indicate that PRT can play a role in the long-term management of sarcopenia and promotion of independence in older adults. However, due to the lack of a control, it is difficult to ascribe the changes to the intervention itself. Further research with suitable controls and follow-up is needed to gain insights into which PRT interventions are the most effective in managing sarcopenia in older community dwellers.

Effects of Resistance Training on Pain Control and Physical Function in Older Adults With Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis.

Low back pain (LBP) has a high prevalence in older adults and is associated with elevated health care costs. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) interventions on physical function (PF) and pain control in community-dwelling older adults with chronic LBP. A meta-analysis applying the quality effect method was performed by calculating the effect sizes (ESs) using the Cohen d with a 95% CI. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the participant and intervention characteristics. The statistical significance of differences between subgroups was calculated using a Z -test. Study bias was estimated using the version 2 of the Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and quality of evidence (Qi) index. Small study effect/publication bias was estimated using the Doi plot and Luis Furuya-Kanamori (LFK) index. The systematic search was conducted in major databases for clinical trials published between January 1, 1990, and January 9, 2021. The inclusion criteria were articles that (1) were peer-reviewed; (2) had participants' mean age of more than 60 years; (3) studied PRT interventions; (4) had participants with LBP; (5) measured LBP or PF outcomes; (6) measured PF in terms of functionality; (7) were randomized controlled trials; (8) and non-randomized controlled trials. The exclusion criteria were (1) articles not written in English, (2) nonexperimental studies, and (3) repeated publications. Twenty-one studies were included (n = 1661). Clear improvements were found in PF (ES = 0.32 [95% CI, 0.05-0.58]; I2 = 75.1%; P < .001), but results on LBP decrease were inconclusive (ES = 0.24 [95% CI, -0.05 to 1.10]; I2 = 75.7%; P < .001). The overall evidence of this aggregated data meta-analysis of clinical trials is level C+. Main limitations are the use of aggregated data and the large heterogeneity between studies. The Qi of this meta-analysis is level I (C+). We concluded that PRT interventions are useful for PF improvement in older adults with generalized LBP, LBP not arising from lumbar spinal stenosis, and having body mass index less than 27. In older adults with LBP not arising from lumbar spine stenosis, PRT interventions also decrease LBP. Interventions should have a frequency of at least 3 sessions per week. In addition, at a lower level of evidence IV (C+), we recommend that interventions with a duration of more than 12 weeks should be considered, whenever possible.

Progressive machine-based resistance training for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia in the oldest old: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The muscle disease sarcopenia, which is characterised by a loss of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance, restricts mobility and independence in an ageing society. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to analyse the effects that long-term progressive resistance training interventions performed on weight machines have on sarcopenia (European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People) and how the interventions are composed. In total, 779 articles published between 2000 and 2020 were scanned (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL) and 14 randomised controlled trials were included within the review. Populations, interventions, control groups and outcomes were analysed. Subsequent meta-analysis (10 studies, 902 participants) revealed that the time needed in a chair-stand-test, as an indicator for leg strength, was predominantly reduced, whereas grip strength remained unchanged after the interventions. Data concerning the effects of machine-based progressive resistance training on muscle quantity were insufficient for meta-analysis. Physical performance measured by undergoing the Timed-Up-and-Go-test, gait speed test, Short Physical Performance Battery and 6min-walk-test improved significantly as well. The quality of evidence (GRADE) in the analysed studies was low or moderate. In summary, machine-based progressive resistance training has the potential to reverse sarcopenia in the oldest old, as reflected by enhanced muscle strength and physical performance. The systematic review revealed promising initial results for muscle quantity.

INERTIA: A pilot study of the impact of progressive resistance training on blood pressure control in older adults with sarcopenia

Sarcopenia, and high blood pressure are highly prevalent, preventable conditions that pose significant burden for older adults and on the healthcare system. Current prevention and treatment of high blood pressure in sarcopenia, by non-pharmacological approaches remain limited and are far from optimal. Clinical trials and mechanistic studies provide encouraging evidence of a plausible therapeutic effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on blood pressure in younger, and pre-hypertensive and hypertensive older adults. The impact of PRT on blood pressure has not been empirically tested in older adults with sarcopenia. This pilot study aims to provide effect size confidence intervals, clinical trial and intervention feasibility data, and procedural materials for a full-scale randomized controlled trial that will determine the efficacy of PRT intervention as a therapeutic strategy for blood pressure control in older adults with sarcopenia. Participants (N = 90) will be randomized to receive exercise educational materials or the PRT intervention consisting of 24 supervised exercise sessions over 12-weeks. Follow-up assessments will occur at 12-weeks and one-year later. The primary outcome is systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, analyzed separately. Microvascular mechanisms linking muscle (perfusion, strength, function) to changes in blood pressure will be explored at baseline and 12-weeks. This study will provide new evidence for the therapeutic effect of PRT as a non-pharmacological strategy for improving blood pressure. Insights gained may also inform of the potential role of muscle strength as a novel target for blood pressure control, and future exercise prescription guidelines related to muscle strengthening in high-risk older adults.

Exercise leads to metabolic changes associated with improved strength and fatigue in people with MS.

ObjectiveThe goal of this exploratory study was to evaluate the effects of an exercise intervention – progressive resistance training (PRT) on the metabolome of people with MS (pwMS) and to link these to changes in clinical outcomes.Methods14 pwMS with EDSS <4.0 and 13 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls completed a 12‐week in‐person PRT exercise intervention. Outcome measures included: plasma metabolomics analysis, cardiovascular fitness tests, EDSS, timed 25‐foot walk (T25FW), six‐minute walk test (6MWT), hip strength, and modified fatigue impact scale (MFIS). We identified changes in the metabolome with PRT intervention in both groups using individual metabolite abundance and weighted correlation network defined metabolite module eigenvalues and then examined correlations in changes in metabolite modules with changes in various clinical outcomes.ResultsIn both groups PRT intervention improved hip strength, distance walked in 6WMT, speed of walking, while fatigue (MFIS) was improved in pwMS. Fatty acid, phospholipid, and sex steroid metabolism were significantly altered by PRT in pwMS but not in controls. Changes in fatigue (MFIS score) were strongly inversely correlated and hip strength was moderately correlated with change in sex steroid metabolite module in pwMS. A similar relationship was noted between change in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate abundance (sex steroid metabolite) and fatigue in pwMS. We also noted an inverse correlation between changes in fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular fitness in pwMS.InterpretationPRT‐induced metabolic changes may underlie improved clinical parameters in pwMS and may warrant investigation as potential therapeutic targets in future studies.

Progressive Resistance Training for Improving Health-Related Outcomes in People at Risk of Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Osteoporosis clinical practice guidelines recommend exercise to prevent fractures, but the efficacy of exercise depends on the exercise types, population studied, or outcomes of interest. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) on health-related outcomes in people at risk of fracture. Multiple databases were searched in October 2019. Eligible articles were randomized controlled trials of PRT interventions in men and women ≥50years with low bone mineral density (BMD) or fracture history. Descriptive information and mean difference (MD) and SD were directly extracted for included trials. A total of 53 studies were included. The effects of PRT on the total number of falls (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.91 - 1.21; 7 studies) and on the risk of falling (risk ratio [RR] = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.00 - 1.51; 5 studies) are uncertain. PRT improved performance on the Timed "Up and Go" test (MD=-0.89seconds; 95% CI=-1.01 to -0.78; 13 studies) and health-related quality of life (standardized MD=0.32; 95% CI=0.22-0.42; 20 studies). PRT may increase femoral neck (MD=0.02g/cm2; 95% CI=0.01-0.03; 521 participants, 5 studies) but not lumbar spine BMD (MD=0.02g/cm2; 95% CI=-0.01-0.05; 4 studies), whereas the effects on total hip BMD are uncertain (MD=0.00g/cm2; 95% CI=0.00-0.01; 435 participants, 4 studies). PRT reduced pain (standardized MD =-0.26; 95% CI=-0.37 to -0.16; 17 studies). Sensitivity analyses, including PRT-only studies, confirmed these findings. Individuals at risk of fractures should be encouraged to perform PRT, as it may improve femoral neck BMD, health-related quality of life, and physical functioning. PRT also reduced pain; however, whether PRT increases or decreases the risk of falls, the number of people experiencing a fall, or the risk of fall-related injuries is uncertain. Individuals at risk of fractures should be encouraged to perform PRT, as it may have positive effects on femoral neck BMD, health-related quality of life, physical functioning, and pain, and adverse events are rare. Exercise is recommended for people at risk of osteoporotic fractures. Our study showed that progressive resistance training improves physical functioning, quality of life, and reduces pain. The effects of progressive resistance training on the risk of falling are unclear. Adverse events are rare, and often minor (eg, soreness, pain, musculoskeletal injury). Considering the benefits and safety, people at risk of fractures should engage in progressive resistance training interventions.

Effects of a Six-Week Progressive Resistance Training Program on Functional Fitness among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Research has indicated that older adult participation in resistance training provides foundational strength for performance of activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a six-week progressive resistance training intervention on functional fitness among community-dwelling older adults. From 2010–2015, twelve sessions of a six-week resistance training intervention included 95 community-dwelling older adult participants (37 male, 58 female; Mage=73.5+7.2). Resistance training interventions included bi-weekly, 1-hour sessions targeting all muscle groups. Assessments included arm curl, chair stand, back scratch, chair sit-n-reach, 2-minute step test, and 8 foot-up-and-go. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was performed to evaluate group differences between baseline and post-intervention. Significant differences between pre- and post-assessments were found for upper- and lower-body strength (z=6.81, p&lt; .001; z=6.46, p&lt; .001, respectively); upper- and lower-body flexibility (z=3.81, p&lt; .001; z=4.85, p&lt; .001, respectively), aerobic endurance (z=6.04, p&lt; .001), and dynamic balance and agility (z=5.52, p&lt; .001). The resistance training intervention resulted in significant improvements in functional fitness among community-dwelling older adult participants. Abbreviations: 1-RM, 1 Repetition Maximum

Using Causal Agency Theory To Promote Functional And Independent Performance In Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Research suggests adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) have significantly lower levels of physical activity (PA) and fitness compared to the general population. This can affect their physical functioning and increase risk for obesity. Carefully structured exercise has improved functional performance in adults with ID. Limited exercise interventions for adults with ID emphasize self-determined behaviors, which can facilitate PA and ultimately quality of life among adults with ID. Causal Agency Theory (CAT) explains how people become self-determined; that is how they develop the actions and beliefs necessary to engage in self-caused, autonomous action in response to basic psychological needs and autonomous motivation as well as contextual and environmental challenges. PURPOSE: To examine the effects of a 10-week guided progressive resistance training (PRT) program on functional and independent performance in adults with ID. METHODS: Using a block randomization, 11 participants (25±6yrs) were allocated to a guided group (GG) and 11 (23±8yrs) to a non-guided group (NGG). GG received a PRT intervention in a community-based fitness center that included 3-week familiarization to promote correct and independent performance of exercises and technology-enhanced strategies to promote CAT skills (e.g., goal setting, choice-making). NGG only received the PRT intervention with instruction typically provided by a certified personal trainer. RESULTS: Paired t tests showed that after the 10-week PRT program, only the GG significantly improved (p < .05) correct and independent performance of 4 PRT exercises and scores on Six-Minute Walk Test (SMWT) and Plank Test compared to the NGG. Both groups significantly improved (p < .05) Chest Press 1RM and Leg Press 1RM. After controlling for preintervention differences, ANCOVA found practically and/or statistically significant differences between GG and NGG for postintervention Chest Press 1RM, F(1, 20) = 3.00, p = .100, ηp2 = .14; Leg Press 1RM, F(1, 20) = 7.25, p = .015, ηp2 = .29; SMWT, F(1, 20) = 10.85, p = .000, ηp2 = .38; and Plank Test, F(1, 20) = 3.49 p = .078, ηp2 = .16. CONCLUSION: The guided PRT intervention with its familiarization training and technology-enhanced CAT strategies has the potential to promote functional and independent performance in adults with ID.

Resistance Training And High-intensity Interval Training Improve Cardiometabolic Health In Older Adults: A Meta-analysis

PURPOSE: Older adults have an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Progressive resistance training (PRT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) individually improve cardiometabolic health (CMH) in older adults. However, whether a combination of the two prescriptions provides greater benefit is yet to be explored. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials investigating the effect of PRT, HIIT and combination PRT+HIIT (COMB) on CMH in older adults with moderate cardiometabolic risk. METHODS: Nine databases were searched from inception until September 2019. We included studies comparing PRT, HIIT or COMB vs usual care that reported ≥2 modifiable CMH risk factors. Standardized mean (SMD) and mean differences (MD) were calculated using a random-effects inverse variance model. Heterogeneity and risk of bias were assessed according to Cochrane guidelines. RESULTS: We analysed 451 participants from ten studies (7 PRT, n=149, 2 HIIT, n=25, 1 COMB, n=60), 40.6% male with a mean age of 67.7±1.8 years. Training ranged from 2-4 times per week for 22±16 weeks. Compared to usual care, exercise significantly improved body mass index (BMI) (MD -0.36 [-0.50,-0.22], p≤0.0001), body fat % (BF%) (SMD -0.60 [-1.13, -0.06], p=0.03), peak aerobic capacity (SMD 0.40 [0.13, 0.68], p=0.004), triglycerides (SMD -0.22 [-0.45, 0.00] p=0.05) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD -0.30 [-0.54, -0.05], p=0.02). PRT alone significantly improved BMI (MD -0.37 [-0.53, -0.21], p=0.00001), BF% (SMD -0.91 [-1.70, -0.13], p=0.02) and lean body mass (SMD 0.96 [0.05, 1.87], p=0.04). COMB improved triglycerides (SMD -0.44 [-0.79, -0.08], p=0.02) and FBG (SMD -0.41 [-0.76, -0.05], p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Exercise improves CMH in older adults, with PRT interventions eliciting significant improvements in body composition. COMB exercise was the only modality to improve triglycerides and blood glucose. Further research is warranted on COMB, HIIT and PRT training, focusing on volume and intensity to investigate differences in effect. More thorough CMH outcome and exercise prescriptive element reporting is warranted in order to identify optimal exercise prescription for improving CMH in older adults.

Effect of progressive resistance training on persistent pain after axillary dissection in breast cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

Persistent pain is a known challenge among breast cancer survivors. In secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial, we examined the effect of progressive resistance training on persistent pain in the post-operative year in women treated for breast cancer with axillary lymph node dissection. We randomized 158 women after BC surgery with Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND) (1:1) to usual care or a 1-year, supervised and self-administered, progressive resistance training intervention initiated 3weeks after surgery. A questionnaire at baseline, 20weeks and 12months assessed the intensity and frequency of pain, neuropathic pain and influence of pain on aspects of daily life. We analysed the effect using linear mixed models and multinomial logistic regression models for repeated measures. A high percentage of participants experienced baseline pain (85% and 83% in the control and intervention groups respectively) and by the 12month assessment these numbers were more than halved. A high proportion of participants also experienced neuropathic pain (88% and 89% in control and intervention group respectively), a finding that was stable throughout the study period. The effect on intensity of pain indicators favoured the exercise group, although most estimates did not reach statistical significance, with differences being small. For women who had BC surgery with ALND, our progressive resistance training intervention conferred no benefit over usual care in reducing pain. Importantly, it did not increase the risk of pain both in the short and long term rehabilitative phase.

Effect of progressive resistance training on health-related quality of life in the first year after breast cancer surgery – results from a randomized controlled trial

Aims: To examine the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on health related quality of life and a predefined symptom cluster of pain–sleep–fatigue.Methods: This study was a planned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial examining the effect of PRT on prevention of arm lymphedema in a population of women between 18 and 75 years undergoing breast cancer surgery with axillary lymph node dissection. Participants were allocated by computer randomization to usual care control or a PRT intervention in a 1:1 ratio. The intervention, initiated in the third post-operative week, consisted of three times PRT per week, supervised in groups in the first 20 weeks, and self-administered in the following 30 weeks. Questionnaire assessments were made at baseline, 20 weeks and 12 months, with the European Organization for Research and Treatment in Cancer Core questionnaire (EORTC QLQ C30) and the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-(FACIT) fatigue questionnaire. The symptom cluster of pain–sleep–fatigue was measured with a constructed score adding EORTC C30 subscales of insomnia, pain, and fatigue. Data were treated as repeated measurements and analyzed with mixed models.Results: Among 158 recruited participants, we found a clinically relevant increased emotional functioning with nine points at both follow-ups (p = .02), and 16 and 11 points at 20 weeks and 12 months respectively (p = .04) in social functioning. Furthermore, in the subgroup of women with the symptom cluster pain–sleep–fatigue present at baseline, a significant effect was found for global health status (p = .01) and social functioning (p = .02).Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report clinically relevant effects of PRT on social and emotional functioning in the first postoperative year after breast cancer surgery. Furthermore, a subgroup of women with the pain–sleep–fatigue symptom cluster had particular benefit from PRT on global health status and social functioning.

Effect of intradialytic resistance training on pulse wave velocity and associated cardiovascular disease biomarkers in end stage renal disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving maintenance haemodialysis treatment. This study investigated the effect of a 12-week intradialytic progressive resistance training (PRT) intervention on pulse wave velocity (PWV) and associated haemodynamic, anthropometric, and hematologic outcomes in patients with ESRD. Twenty-two patients with ESRD (59% men, 71.3 ± 11.0 years) were recruited. Supervised PRT (three sets of 11 exercises) was prescribed three times per week during routine dialysis. The primary outcome was brachial-ankle PWV via applanation tonometry. Secondary outcomes included augmentation index, brachial and aortic blood pressures, endothelial progenitor cells, C-reactive protein, blood lipids and anthropometrics. The intradialytic PRT regimen resulted in no significant change in PWV between control and intervention periods [mean difference = 0 (95% CI = -0.1 to 0.1); P = 0.58]. Similarly, no significant change was noted in any secondary outcome measures between the control and intervention periods. Post-hoc analyses limited to high adherers (≥75% attendance; n = 11) did not differ from the primary analysis, indicating no dose-response effect of our intervention. Our 12-week PRT intervention did not change PWV or any secondary outcomes. Future studies should determine if higher dosages of intradialytic PRT (i.e. longer duration and/or higher intensity) can be applied as a method to improve arterial stiffness to potentially reduce cardiovascular disease and associated mortality this cohort.

Effect of maternal weight during pregnancy on offspring muscle strength response to resistance training in late adulthood

PurposeMaternal obesity can unfavorably influence offspring body composition, muscle strength, and possibly muscle’s adaptability to training, but the human studies are scarce. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of maternal obesity on offspring muscle strength responses to resistance training intervention in elderly frail women. Materials/methodsRecruited participants were elderly frail women offspring of lean/normal weight mothers (n = 19, mean body mass index (BMI): 22.8 kg/m2, range: 19.9–24.5) or overweight/obese mothers (n = 16, mean BMI: 29.7 kg/m2, range: 28.2–34.2). Information on maternal BMI immediately prior to delivery was collected from the birth registers. All women participated in a 4-month supervised progressive resistance training intervention three times a week for 60 min. Predicted 1-RM of abdominal crunch, hip abduction, leg curl, leg press, seated row, and total strength were measured at baseline and after each month of training. ResultsAccording to rANOVA, strength increased significantly in both groups (p for time <0.001), but no significant between the group difference were detected (p for time x group interaction > 0.072). On average, muscle strength of the women offspring of overweight/obese mothers tended to be lower than in women offspring of lean/normal weight mothers, but the only significant difference was found in leg curl (p = 0.006). No significant differences between the groups were found in relative strength changes from baseline to 4-months. ConclusionsMuscle strength response to supervised resistance training is not modulated by maternal adiposity in late pregnancy in elderly frail female offspring.

Outcomes of Chair Based Exercise with Progressive Resistance Training on Physical Performances among Older Adults: A Preliminary Study

Enhancement of physical function had been shown in older adults who actively participate in physical activities, particularly in the form of aerobic training with addition of progressive resistance training (PRT). However, it is quite challenging and risky for most older adults to exercise in standing position without any support. Chair Based Exercise (CBE) is an alternative mode of exercise for older adult to facilitate exercise participation and increase safety. Its effect when combined with resistance training is unknown to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of CBE with PRT on physical performances among older adults. A total of 18 older adults (13 females (72%) and 5 males (28%)), aged 60 to 83 years with mean age (SD) 72.67 (6.17) years completed the study. All subjects performed CBE with PRT intervention twice weekly for 8 weeks, with individually-tailored exercise progressions . Pre and post measurements of physical performance were performed using Six MinutesWalk Test (6MWT), Five Times Sit to Stand (FTSTS) and Hand Grip Strength (HGS). Significant improvement in 6MWT (p &lt; .001), HGS (Right hand (p = .043), HGS Left hand (p &lt; .001), FTSTS (p &lt; .001) was shown after the eight-week intervention. Adding PRT into seated exercises results in further improvement in physical performance of older adults. CBE-PRT may be recommended as an exercise routine for older adults living in the community. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2018-22

Outcomes of Chair Based Exercise with Progressive Resistance Training on Physical Performances among Older Adults: A Preliminary Study

Enhancement of physical function had been shown in older adults who actively participate in physical activities, particularly in the form of aerobic training with addition of progressive resistance training (PRT). However, it is quite challenging and risky for most older adults to exercise in standing position without any support. Chair Based Exercise (CBE) is an alternative mode of exercise for older adult to facilitate exercise participation and increase safety. Its effect when combined with resistance training is unknown to date. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of CBE with PRT on physical performances among older adults. A total of 18 older adults (13 females (72%) and 5 males (28%)), aged 60 to 83 years with mean age (SD) 72.67 (6.17) years completed the study. All subjects performed CBE with PRT intervention twice weekly for 8 weeks, with individually-tailored exercise progressions . Pre and post measurements of physical performance were performed using Six MinutesWalk Test (6MWT), Five Times Sit to Stand (FTSTS) and Hand Grip Strength (HGS). Significant improvement in 6MWT (p < .001), HGS (Right hand (p = .043), HGS Left hand (p < .001), FTSTS (p < .001) was shown after the eight-week intervention. Adding PRT into seated exercises results in further improvement in physical performance of older adults. CBE-PRT may be recommended as an exercise routine for older adults living in the community. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2018-22

Twelve weeks\u2019 progressive resistance training combined with protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes increases upper leg lean tissue mass, muscle strength and extended gait speed in healthy older women

The age-related decline in functional capability is preceded by a reduction in muscle quality. The purpose of this study was to assess the combined effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) and protein supplementation beyond habitual intakes on upper leg lean tissue mass (LTM), muscle quality and functional capability in healthy 50–70 years women. In a single-blinded, randomized, controlled design, 57 healthy older women (age 61.1 ± 5.1 years, 1.61 ± 0.65 m, 65.3 ± 15.3 kg) consumed 0.33 g/kg body mass of a milk-based protein matrix (PRO) for 12 weeks. Of the 57 women, 29 also engaged in a PRT intervention (PRO + PRT). In comparison to the PRO group (n = 28), those in the PRO + PRT group had an increase in upper leg LTM [0.04 (95% CI −0.07 to 0.01) kg vs. 0.13 (95% CI 0.08–0.18) kg, P = 0.027], as measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; an increase in knee extensor (KE) torque [−1.6 (95% CI −7.3 to 4.4 N m) vs. 10.2 (95% CI 4.3–15.8 N m), P = 0.007], as measured from a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (Con-Trex MJ; CMV AG); and an increase in extended gait speed [-0.01 (95% CI −0.52–0.04) m s−1 vs. 0.10 (95% CI 0.05–0.22) m s−1, P = 0.001] as measured from a maximal 900 m effort. There was no difference between groups in the time taken to complete 5 chair rises or the number of chair rises performed in 30 s (P > 0.05). PRT in healthy older women ingesting a dietary protein supplement is an effective strategy to improve upper leg LTM, KE torque and extended gait speed in healthy older women.

Description of load progression and pain response during progressive resistance training early after total hip arthroplasty: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial

Objective: To describe a progressive resistance training intervention implemented shortly after total hip arthroplasty, including a detailed description of load progression, pain response and adverse events to the training. Design: Secondary analyses of data from the intervention group in a randomized controlled trial. Subjects: This study reports data from the intervention group (n = 37). Interventions: The protocol described supervised progressive resistance training of the operated leg two days/week in addition to home-based exercise five days/week and for 10 weeks. The relative load progressed from 12 repetition maximum to 8 repetition maximum during 10 weeks for the exercises: knee extension, hip abduction, -flexion and -extension. Main measures: Training load in kilograms (kg) for each exercise, hip pain during, before and after exercise using the Visual Analog Scale and adverse events during the initial four weeks of training. Results: The majority of patients experienced only moderate hip pain during exercise (range in median across exercises and sessions: 5–35 mm Visual Analog Scale) and mild pain at rest (median: 1–18 mm Visual Analog Scale), both of which decreased over time (p < 0.001), despite a substantial increase in absolute training load (67%–166 % across exercises, p < 0.001). Out of 152 training sessions, short term pain response (an increase >20 mm Visual Analog Scale) occurred in 13 patients in 24 training sessions. Conclusion: Progressive resistance training as described in the present study can be implemented shortly following total hip arthroplasty with substantial load progression and no overall exacerbation of postoperative pain. Some patients may experience a short term pain response. Trial Registration (primary trial): NCT01214954

Progressive resistance training before and after total hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review

Objective: To investigate the effect of progressive resistance training (PRT) on muscle strength and functional capacity before and/or after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The effects of THA and TKA upon quality of life and the rate of adverse events were also investigated. Data sources: Literature from nine databases. Review methods: Studies were included if 1) the effect of a PRT intervention was compared with no intervention or another type of intervention; 2) the outcomes included muscle strength and/or functional capacity; 3) all participants were scheduled for or had just undergone THA or TKA; 4) they were randomized, controlled trials (RCT); and 5) only full-length papers in English were studied. Data on patient characteristics, training regime, controls, and outcome measures were extracted. Results: Four RCT studies on PRT and THA including 136 patients and three RCT studies on PRT and TKA including 284 patients were identified and rated according to the PEDro scale. The general methodological quality of the studies was low. No adverse events were reported in any of the studies. Weak evidence of a beneficial effect of PRT before and/or after THA on muscle strength and functional capacity was found. No effect of PRT before TKA on muscle strength and functional capacity was found. The results of postoperative PRT were too heterogeneous to allow conclusions. Conclusion: PRT is safe and feasible before and/or after THA. PRT is safe, but the methodological quality of existing evidence permits no conclusion on the effectiveness of PRT before and/or after TKA.

Resistance training improves single leg stance performance in older adults

Age-associated losses in muscle mass, or sarcopenia, are marked by accompanying decrements in strength and muscle quality, impairing balance and increasing the risk for falls. Although progressive resistance training has been widely accepted as an appropriate modality for the treatment of sarcopenia, it has yet to offer consistent results in terms of improved balance. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects on static balance performance following a 6-week full-body progressive resistance training program in untrained older adults. Evaluation of magnitude-based inferences indicated the progressive resistance training intervention to be likely beneficial for improving static balance performance. These results were likely related to the strengthening of all major muscle groups by the incorporation of both free weights and resistance machines in the exercise regimen. Our findings support the use of progressive resistance training for untrained older adults to improve balance.