Path Of Progress Research Articles

The porcelain and stoneware industry on the paths of technical progress

The porcelain and stoneware industry on the paths of technical progress

The Fifteenth S.B.A.C. Display

EACH September the eyes of the aeronautical World turn towards the S.B.A.C. Air Display and Exhibition with interest unequalled by any other event. It is fitting that the Display is now held each year at the airfield of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, one of the world's most prominent aeronautical research centres. This interest becomes increasingly keen too, as the preview day comes closer, because new prototypes of unorthodox designs often appear a short time before the Show to illustrate the results of years of careful planning, development and research of the particular company. These designs often mould the path of progress for smaller countries without the economic resources to forge the way ahead alone. Most British citizens are very proud of their country's place in aviation today, both in the military and civil fields. This is understood by most foreigners because it is clear that Britain has won a place in aeronautical development second to none.

Hudson: Early 19th Century Domestic Architecture

Research Article| May 01 1953 Hudson: Early 19th Century Domestic Architecture Patricia Smith Ingram Patricia Smith Ingram Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1953) 12 (2): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/987539 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Patricia Smith Ingram; Hudson: Early 19th Century Domestic Architecture. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 May 1953; 12 (2): 9–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/987539 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Frontiers of Biochemistry

BECAUSE biochemical tools appear more than ever before to be the means by which those in other disciplines seek to advance knowledge within their chosen field, it behooves us to be cognizant of the trends and recent advances in biochemistry. It is advisable to visualize, as best we can, the present horizons of the field and to ascertain the directions in which the frontiers are being extended and to view these advances in proper perspective. Once we have achieved such a perspective, we will then be in a better position to integrate new ideas and concepts for building working hypothesis of our own, which we may in turn, put to the test of experiment. From time to time there appears fruits of biochemical investigation which can be likened to illuminated landmarks or signposts which mark the path of progress, and sometimes even point the way to future progress. A ...

THE STRUCTURE AND PROGRESSION OP VESICAL TUMOURS INDUCED IN MICE BY 2‐ACETYLAMINOPLUORENE

SYNOPSIS.Nine vesical tumours induced in mice by 2‐acetylaminofluorene were studied histologically and three were transplanted in series. Four tumours were invasive and two of them had disseminated in the peritoneal cavity. Histologically the tumours ranged from squamous‐ or transitional‐celled papillomata to spindle‐ or pleomorphic‐celled tumours without distinctively epithelial characters.For reasons which are discussed, the origin of all the varied tumour cells is traced to the transitional epithelium of the bladder. Different tumours represent different stages in one neoplastic process leading, as a result of irreversible qualitative changes or “progression” in the tumour cells, from localized papilloma to disseminating undifferentiated carcinoma, a sequence observed during serial transplantation of one tumour. Progression does not always reach its end‐point in a primary tumour. It continues in transplanted tumours in normal mice and independently of the inciting carcinogen. Progression is focal in occurrence. Alternative paths of progression lead to different end‐points.

The Humorous Poems of Count A. K. Tolstoy

R USSIAN literature is predominantly serious. It is, as has so often been said, a literature of ideas, a literature frankly intended by its authors to educate the people and to lead them on the path of freedom and progress. Its greatest writers have sought to set forth the problems and struggles of the human soul in its efforts to find the way on which it should go. As a result, the foreign reader has frequently received an impression similar to that of H. G. Wells, when he said of Count Leo Tolstoy and other Russian authors: There is no depth of humor in any of them, no laughter, no creative fun. Far too often such works as Gorky's Lower Depths have been treated as typically Russian in the depravity of the characters, the drabness of the scene, and the almost endless discussion of ideals and realities. Yet these works illustrate but one side of the Russian character. That there are others is well proved by the unending stories of the gaiety and irresponsibility of the old Russian gentry and the lively character of the Russian court. It is proved by the actions of the Russians in many a crisis of their history when their courage and steadiness surprised the world as they have in 1942. Russian literature as a whole does not justify the usual impression that foreigners have of it, and many would be surprised to be told that there is as goodly an amount of amusing and satirical stories as in any other country, and that these are the works of deservedly great authors. The Russian stage can count as many successful comedies as it can tragedies, and we need only think of Griboedov's Woe from Wit, Gogol's Inspector General, and many other works. Even Pushkin, affectionately known in his youth as Cricket, always preserved a lightness and a sense of irony and sarcasm that peeks out in Evgeny Onegin, and delights in poking fun at the over-serious aspects of Russian life and thought. These same qualities are shown by Count Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, a distant relative of Count Leo, and an author who is far too little known outside of Russia. Yet he was typical of that high level of successful delittantism that has been so often found in Russians of education and wealth, and is perhaps more common than among English gentlemen of whom it is often predicated. A read-

HEART STRAIN: A CRITICAL REVIEW; THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPT

Excerpt Many of the obstacles in the path of modern cardiologic progress have been swept aside in the past 50 years, and the cardiologist of today can negotiate the highways and byways of his speci...

PATHS OF PROGRESS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY

Let thine eyes look right on, and let thine eyelids look straight before thee. Ponder the path of thy feet, and let all thy ways be established. Proverbs IV : 25 and 26. The story of medicine from its beginnings to the present state of knowledge is a romance of great incidents, an unfolding plot of surprise and wonderment. From out of this vast subject it is not without profit to choose a single chapter : the paths of progress of modern ophthalmology. It is my purpose to follow in the steps of the pathfinders from their early discoveries in unknown regions, which have led to that splendid and beneficent attainment of knowledge and practice which ophthalmologists are privileged to study, to serve, to extend and to enjoy. I shall begin the journey at the end of the Middle Ages. It is known that the state of medicine then was one of

The Role of Psychology in Race Survival

Two paths for future progress seem possible for the Negro in America: development of the separate culture forced on us by historic events, or absorption into the total flow of American life. Our racial history to date shows that we have made notable but insufficient advances in both directions. We could debate interminably on which direction would be the better were a specific decision necessary. But we can agree on the important point that our success in any direction lies in our ability to make the most of whatever advantages and opportunities happen to be open to us. If we are to develop within a separate culture-a culture parallel and equal to white culture-we must have men of vision to forge ahead in commerce, industry, education, and government to provide the economic and political leverage which makes jobs for our children and guarantees their right to enjoy life and liberty. We will need many leaders of the kind who made Tuskegee Institute, BethuneCookman College, Wilberforce University, the North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Pittsburg Courier and the African Methodist Episcopal Church realities. If, on the other hand, we choose to seek unity in the melting pot of American homogeneity, we must have men, and more men, like the architect in California, the chemist at Tuskegee, the musical director of a West Coast radio network, the industrial chemist of a Chicago firm, the chief cartoonist of Esquire magazine, the radio technician of the Canadian Navigation Company, the chief engineer of an Erie Pennsylvania, radio station, the civil engineer in Des Moines, and so on down the list of men who are working quietly and efficiently at jobs usually reserved for white men. We must produce men who can compete on an independent basis in an indifferent world. Our future may be expected to involve progress on both cultural and individual levels of achievement. Implications of color and consequent prejudice suggest that the separate culture may be a permanent feature of the life of the Negro in America. But the successes of numerous individuals encourage our faith that whenever there is a Negro who can do a job better than the competing white man can do it, he will have a chance, however slight, of getting the job. The important fact for consideration here is that our salvation as a race may lie in the conscious selection of our best individuals for training for leadership. Modern techniques of education, developed by psychologists, enable estimation (with remarkable accuracy) of the potentialities for leadership possessed by the child of seven years; we even can get a fair notion of the pre-school child's abilities and prognose his developmental limitations. The means are now available for the early selection of those children who have the ability to pioneer fields virgin to Negro exploitation and to cultivate areas of production which will fructify in economic security. Until now we have failed, however,

Preparing the path of progress for the gas industry

Preparing the path of progress for the gas industry

ON THE GEOTROPIC ORIENTATION OF HELIX

The snail Helix nemoralis in negatively geotropic creeping orients upward upon an inclined surface until the angle of the path of progression (theta) is related to the tilt of the surface (alpha) as (Delta sin theta) (Delta sin alpha) = - const.; theta is very nearly a rectilinear function of log sin alpha. The precision of orientation (P.E.(theta)) declines in proportion to increasing sin alpha, P.E.(theta)/(theta) in proportion to theta. These facts are comprehensible only in terms of the view that the limitation of orientation is controlled by the sensorial equivalence of impressed tensions in the anterior musculature.

Edmund Dudley: Minister of Henry VII

To the historian of the late fifteenth century interest is centred on the transitional character of the times. Throughout Europe medieval thought and institutions were decaying. The dream of Christendom was fading, and the development of non-moral national states was quickened by the policy of despotic rulers in many countries. Medieval “liberties“ appeared only as bars in the path of progress, and in most countries fell before the new centralized administrations. Economic changes spread more rapidly and defeated that apparent inertia which had afflicted the countryside during the rule of the feudal baron. New conditions meant an age of distress and turbulence, and new opportunities meant the rise of strong, vigorous personalities who were left without authoritative guidance to work out their country's salvation. Of such were Henry VII and his council of the “ablest men that were to be found”. They were typical examples of the age; men brought up with medieval traditions, using medieval forms, yet treating many problems in an independent spirit, cautiously feeling their way to a development that is only clear at the close of the sixteenth century when the modern state had been almost created. Of the importance of this formative period there can be no doubt, but not much can be learnt about the men who guided England at this very critical time, for they have left only scattered and often but fragmentary records behind them. For the sake of the light that theTree of Commonwealththrows on the views that Edmund Dudley must have shared with his colleagues, as well as for its own original and lively expression of opinion on many political and social questions, the work and its author seem to deserve more serious consideration than they have yet received.

THE GEOTROPIC CONDUCT OF YOUNG GUINEA PIGS

Young guinea pigs while progressing on an inclined surface orient upward in a way such that the path of progression is at a mean angle theta to the intersection of the plane with the horizontal. The angle theta increases as the angle alpha of the inclination of the plane increases. The results of this experiment indicate that in principle the formulation of similar behavior in the cases of young rats and mice holds essentially for young guinea pigs, and further supports a general muscle tension theory of the limitation of geotropic orientation. The relation of theta to log sin alpha is sigmoid in character and cos theta is a nearly rectilinear function sin alpha. It is notable however that in this case the functions are in reality compound, being made up of two curves with a break occurring at a slope of alpha = 45 degrees . Observation of a blinded guinea pig in light upon an inclined plane reveals the fact that in the neighborhood of 45 degrees the mode of progression changes. Below this angle the animal walks with the feet on the two sides of the body moving forward alternately, while above alpha = 45 degrees the animal hops in such a way that both front feet and both hind feet move forward together. This change in the mode of progression clearly involves a change in the organization of muscular tensions, and in all probability accounts for the change in the relation of the values of theta to the magnitudes of the slope. The behavior of the mean theta's is closely paralleled by that of their P.E.'s, an automatic check being in this way given upon the significance of the measurements.

Some Cases of Mental Disorder: A Patho-Clinical Study

In recent years research into mental disorders has tended to become more and more the study of the pathology of the living. The advance of biochemistry has contributed in great measure to this practice. Although bacteriological research has, in recent years, been more extensively undertaken in connection with focal infection, it has, in the opinion of most, yielded disappointing results. The study of focal infection by bacteriological methods alone will not, I am afraid, lead us very far. Endeavour should be made to correlate its local and remote effects in disordered hæmopoiesis, disordered metabolism and disordered endocrines in relation to the internal economy of the patient. In mental disease especially this implies a knowledge of the individual's potentialities that have been predestined by heredity, and later moulded by environment—factors which largely determine the psychopathic tendencies of every one of us. The bacteriological researches of Ford-Robertson and McRae (1) strongly suggest that in mental disorders we are confronted by bacteria of a special type, which as chronic infective agents can probably only adapt themselves to a certain group of the general community having a neurotoxic susceptibility. If, then, we are to make further progress in this direction, we must search for and apply new methods of bacteriological technique, study our results, and attempt to correlate cause and effect. In this relation I shall refer to special methods which are an elaboration of my father's work, the value of which time and experience may prove. In spite of the great importance of the biochemical researches of recent years, I think it will be agreed that some of us, especially those who are clinicians, feel disappointed that so far they have not given us as much indication for scientifically applied treatment as we had hoped. May I suggest that the explanation for this is two-fold. Firstly, in forming the basis of any research the present tendency is to take mental disorders in groups, for example, dementia præcox, which has a wide range of symptoms and between which and other groups it is difficult to draw a line of demarcation. It seems to me that our knowledge of the somatic factors underlying mental disorder is as yet so limited that attempts to continue on these lines will lead us only hesitatingly along the path of progress. Are we not still at the stage where our efforts should be concentrated more on the individual as a problem in pathology which, when solved as far as our knowledge permits, can be correlated in the future with his or her psychogenic group? The second point is that in many instances our scientific work tends to run in too narrow channels; thus it must be frequently lacking in the invaluable support of parallel knowledge in other branches of laboratory and clinical experience. The most obvious example is the lack of adequate collaboration between the biochemist and bacteriologist. I know of no two sciences that can be welded together so opportunely. This combination can be taken a stage further: active and intelligent co-operation with the clinician and X-rays and therapeutic specialists should be sought to enable us to appreciate better the intricate problems we have to face. Some of you may, with reasonable grounds, accuse me of theorizing, and I should at this stage like to mention that before I attempted to put these considerations into practice in cases of mental disorder, I had had the opportunity of carrying out exactly similar lines of research on some hundreds of non-mental patients in hospital and private practice. The majority of them were cases obscure in ætiology and symptomatology. This scientific survey proved to me at least the value of comprehensive work on the individual, and how it enabled one to diagnose and treat many cases with some hope of success. During my two years at Wantage House (the new acute hospital attached to St. Andrew's), I have attempted to carry out what this experience has taught me, with the added advantage that the patients have been under my personal care. Further, there has been every facility for dental and general X-ray diagnosis, and, lastly, ample scope for treatment. The success of such a scheme is only possible by organization and the team spirit, and in this I have been singularly fortunate. The cases I am bringing to your notice are 4 out of some 120 which have been subjected to comprehensive overhaul. I will try to emphasize the salient features in each and correlate them with the mental disorder presented. In this way you can judge for yourselves if we have learnt anything that may in the future lead to a clearer conception of what may underlie at least some forms of mental disorder.

Greek Thought and the Origins of the Scientific Spirit

WE have already had occasion to direct attention to the attempt which is being made, in this “History of Civilisation” series, to systematise, and to make more generally available, the vast amount of knowledge achieved by modern research in social studies. Prof. Robin's contribution to the series is entirely worthy of the occasion, and will probably rank as one of the finest. For immense erudition combined with perfect clarity of expression the book can have few equals. As M. Henri Berr, who writes a foreword, truly states, the treatment is marked by “discerning and cautious interpretation of doctrines”, and “rigorous characterisation of systems and schools”. These qualities are especially apparent in the interesting paragraphs which introduce and conclude the several chapters. Most suggestive, for example, is Prof. Robin's comparison between the immense and the living influence of Plato, in whose writings the greatest problems of thought are unravelled and prepared and established in their form for future speculation, and the more external influence of Aristotle, the form of whose writings lends itself so well to literal acceptance as an absolute authority. It was Aristotle whose influence for a long time turned science away from the paths of decisive progress. For the gift of elaboration and presentation is not the same thing as the very spirit of inquiry.

The prevention of dental caries-obstacles in the path of progress

The prevention of dental caries-obstacles in the path of progress

PERCIVAL'S CODE: A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL ETHICS

Praesans imperfectum — perfectum, plusquam perfectum futurum.—Grotius. In tracing the historical development of medical ethics, two main paths of progression are to be noted: The first is concerned with regulations imposed on physicians by outside, and usually civil, authority; and the second with regulations imposed on physicians by physicians themselves. Covering generally the question of fees, and designed to protect at once the interests both of society and of the individual practitioner, the first line of development began with the medical provisions of the celebrated Babylonian Code of Hammurabi (about 2250 B. C.),1and culminated with the lengthy fee statutes enacted by the various European municipal authorities2and the American colonial assemblies3during the seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth centuries. These embodied the principle of thelex talionisas late as the medical portions of the Forum Judicium of the Visigoths (about 650 A. D.),

The Effect of Clear Objectives on the Teaching of Reading

In the primary grades reading is a vital subject. Teachers plan their work with exceeding care; minute matters are considered and given proper place; system is evidenced in every project; ad vice and information are keenly sought; every objective is clearly in mind and every road carefully charted. Pupils on the other hand feel the urge to success; they employ strict attention and endeavor; failure to succeed is serious, and success brings real satisfaction. In the upper grades, however, carelessness reigns; objectives are indistinct; paths of progress are unexplored; study of method is neglected. Imagination, concentration, judgment, and the memory are not stretched, although no other subject offers more opportunity for their development. Thus the question arises, what motives can be supplied that will bring to the upper grades the vigorous mental efforts of the lower grades. First, the abilities in reading that are needed for further school work and for out-of-school activities must be more clearly determined. Second, definite measures of accomplish ment, failure to meet which will bring shame, must be established. Third, more careful attention to method, materials, and to indi vidual needs must be given. The first of these needs is fairly met by the Attainments in Reading chart,1 composed of material submitted by the teachers and compiled for the Rochester schools by Miss E. H. MacLach lan and a committee of teachers directed by Miss Mabel E. Simpson and Mr. J. P. O'Hern. Here we have, if they can be gen erally accepted, concrete, definite suggestions concerning what we should be attempting in the elementary grades. Thorough knowl edge of this chart would indicate general appreciation of the diffi culty involved in the satisfactory teaching of reading. In the light of it upper-grade reading cannot continue to be considered the easiest subject to teach. It challenges effort, preparation, per sistence; and in these it is a brief as well as a decidedly welcome guide. Its use should bring emphasis and variety to the work and

Paths of progress

Paths of progress

In memory of N.I. Pirogov

The significance of individual peoples in the history of human culture is determined by the outcome of scientific inventions and ideological conquests, which they brought to the general progress. The spiritual power of the nation is composed of the efforts of individuals working for the common good by disseminating scientific knowledge and moral ideas. But new ideas are not born every day; they are created by the creativity of outstanding people, national generations, whose spiritual influence does not stop with death, but experiences the personality and bears fruit in the course of centuries and generations. All cultural peoples can proudly read on the pages of their history those immortal names that gave them the right to go in the first ranks along the path of progress. People's heroes are the guarantee of the vitality of the whole nation.