Programming Language Standards Research Articles

Catch-23: The New C Standard Sets the World on Fire

A new major revision of the C programming language standard is nearly upon us. C23 introduces pleasant conveniences, retains venerable traps for the unwary, and innovates a gratuitous catastrophe. A few steps forward, much sideways shuffling, and a drunken backward stumble into the fireplace come together in the official dance of C standardization, the Whiskey Tango Foxtrot.

Assessing the impact of software quality models in healthcare software systems

ABSTRACT Health and medical care are safety-critical environments. The development of a safe and reliable healthcare software system is one of the most important processes which may affect the accuracy of clinical decision making and have an impact on determining diagnoses of and treatment for diseases. The aim of this study is to assess if software quality models, such as McCall, can have an impact on healthcare software quality for the purpose of reducing software failures. We have identified the main criticalities of healthcare software systems based on existing literature, software quality models and programming language standards; we have related these criticalities to software characteristics; we have analysed the relationship between the main criticalities of healthcare software systems and their software characteristics. The following criticalities - the risk of changing hard-coded software and the importance of developing maintainable software – must be addressed at the start of the software development process.

A Heuristic Tool for Measuring Software Quality Using Program Language Standards

Background: Quality is a critical aspect of any software system. Indeed, it is a key factor for the competitiveness, longevity, and effectiveness of software products. Code review facilitates the discovery of programming errors and defects, and using programming language standards is such a technique. Aim: In this study, we developed a code review technique for achieving maximum software quality by using programming language standards. Method: A Java Code Quality Reviewer tool (JCQR) was proposed as a practical technique. It is an automated Java code reviewer that uses SUN and other customized Java standards. Results: The JCQR tool produces new quality-measurement information that indicates applied, satisfied, and violated rules in a piece of code. It also suggests whether code quality should be improved. Accordingly, it can aid junior developers and students in establishing a successful programming attitude. Limitation: JCQR uses customized SUN-based Java programming language standards. Therefore, it fails to cover certain features of Java.

RETRACTED: Development characteristics of economic regions based on opencl design and dynamic image sampling

The study provides an analysis of key concepts explored in the development of literature in economic areas. Start by explaining the reason for a regional economic approach to growth in the world economy's growing international context. Therefore, Open is very difficult to discuss, arguing for the favorable conditions for the development of rules, regulations and promotions related to economic and regional characteristics and there is an environment-specific mix of social relations that facilitates the dissemination and exploitation of knowledge in the study based on which is often translated. This proposed Dynamic Scatter Diffraction (DSD) system introduces an image recognition system based on Open acceleration, mainly used on the economic region's high-speed conveyor belt. Open is a programming language standard that enables programmers to express application to any kernel setting its calculation. Open Compiler has been given the open freedom to parallelize the execution of kernel events at all levels. After feature identification, products have an automatic design. In this way, some evidence is provided about the origin of spatial fluctuations as the dynamic image is linked to the translated processes of data development processes and innovative activities. This greatly enhances the speed of preprocessing (image grayscale) image, combined with acceleration in economic areas, without accelerating the acquisition of the LBP (layout) feature of the target image, and accelerates the recognition of the Economic Region feature, which is characterized in conjunction with the Open standard in the design, design and dynamic image model-based identification process.

Detection of Obfuscated Javascript Code Based on Abstract Syntax Trees Coloring

The paper deals with a problem of the obfuscated JavaScript code detection and classification based on Abstract Syntax Trees (AST) coloring. Colors of the AST vertexes and edges are assigned with regard to the types of the AST vertexes specified by the program lexical and syntax structure and the programming language standard. Research involved a few stages. First of the all, a non-obfuscated JavaScript programs dataset was collected by the public repositories evaluation. Secondly, obfuscated samples were created using eight open-source obfuscators. Classifier models were built using an algorithm of gradient boosting on the decision trees (GBDT). We built two types of the classifiers. The first one is the model that classifies the program according to the type of the obfuscator used, i.e. based on what obfuscator created the sample. The second one tries to detect samples obfuscated by the obfuscator whose samples are not observed during training. The quality of the obtained models is on par with the known published results. The feature engineering method proposed in the paper does not require a preliminary analysis of the obfuscators and obfuscating transformations. In the final part of the paper we analyze a quality of models estimated, discussing the certain statistical properties of the obfuscated and non-obfuscated samples obtained and corresponding colored ASTs. Analysis of generated samples of obfuscated programs has shown that the method proposed in the paper has some limitations. In particular, it is difficult to recognize minifiers or other obfuscating programs, which change the lexical structure to a greater extent and the syntax to a lesser extent. To improve the quality of detection of this kind of obscuring transformations, one can built combined classifiers using both the method based on the AST coloring and the additional information about lexemes and punctuation, for example, entropy of identifiers and strings, proportion of characters in upper and lower case, usage frequency of certain characters etc.

Software portability based on retargetable runtime environment

Subject of Research. The paper presents research of approaches to portable software development at the level of binary and source code. We study such factors affecting portability as compatibility of target platforms at the level of software and binary application interfaces, standardization of programming languages, software architecture, the functionality of software target platforms and software tools. Modern approaches for software portability based on virtual runtimes for Java and the .NET platform are considered. Method. A method is proposed for software portability based on two- stage compilation and an architecture description language application for translator configuration. The method gives the possibility to solve the software portability problem at the level of program execution environment. We also present a new approach to self-tuning runtime implementation with such configuration parameters as architecture-dependent metadata — descriptions of target platforms. To generate a binary image of the runtime environment for a target platform, its source code is not required. Image generation is performed based on metadata that is part of an existing image used as a builder utility. Main Results. Implementation requirements for the program execution environment and its architecture at the level of functional components are determined. The novel approach for the runtime implementation is proposed which ensures portability without recompilation from the source code of both user applications and the runtime environment. A script for the runtime environment application has been developed to generate its binary image aimed at a target platform. Practical Relevance. Binary portability of the program execution environment allows reducing labor costs for cross-platform applications.

Towards a new framework of program quality measurement based on programming language standards

All languages, natural and programming, have rules and styles in how to write. These rules and styles mainly aim to make sure that anyone, who understand a language, can understand what the sentence say. In other words, the aim of rules and styles in a language is to deliver an information to reader, and the reader must get the right information. The literature review shows a lack of studies focusing on the code writing standards measurement processes. In this paper, we proposed a framework that can be applied on any programming language, using any standard of that language.

Update of ISO/IEC Technical Reports on the Use of the Ada Programming Language in High Integrity Systems

The Ada programming language has been designed for use in high integrity, safety critical, and secure software systems. Several International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) technical reports have been developed to provide guidance on the appropriate use of Ada to achieve the largest benefit in the verification and security of high integrity systems. While the Ada programming language has been evolving over time, these technical reports were written utilizing the Ada 2005 version of the programming language standard. In this brief paper, we pose that the International Real-Time Ada Workshop membership assume the responsibility for updating the technical reports to be in alignment with the current Ada programming language standard, known as Ada 2012.

예외 처리를 위한 형식 의미론

프로그래밍언어에 대한 형식 의미를 적절하게 표현하면 설계와 표준화, 최적화 및 번역 과정에 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 기존의 자바에 대한 형식 의미 연구는 번역을 위해 정확하고 실제적인 의미 구조를 표현하는데 미흡한 점이 있다. 자바 번역 과정의 효율성을 향상시키기 위해 정적이고 동적인 의미 구조를 정확하게 표현하는 의미 표현법에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 작용식(Action Equations)을 사용해 명세한 연구를 확장하여 자바 언어에 대한 형식 의미를 명세하는 개선된 작용식(Action Equations)을 제시한다. 객체를 다루는 기능은 물론 예외를 처리하는 형식 의미론을 보다 실제적이고 정확하게 명세하게 된다. 판독성(Readability), 모듈성(Modularity), 확장성(Extensibility), 융통성(Flexibility)의 네 영역에서 명세된 작용식을 기존의 의미 표현법과 비교하여 본 작용식의 우수성을 확인하고자 한다. To specify a formal semantics is to do a significant part for design, standardization and translation of programming languages. The existing studies of a formal semantics for Java have a weak point to describe a clear and practical semantics for an efficient translation. It is necessary to do research for a formal semantics to specify a static and dynamic semantics clearly in order to do an efficient translation. This paper presents the improved Action Equation that specifies a formal semantics for Java to extend the research using Action Equation. The Action Equation is a practical and accurate specification that describes object-oriented programming features and handles exceptions. The specified Action Equation is compared to other descriptions, in terms of readability, modularity, extensibility, and flexibility and then we verified that Action Equation is superior to other formal semantics.

A survey of semantic description frameworks for programming languages

Formal semantic description is significant for design, reasoning and standardization of programming languages, and it plays an important part in the optimization of the compiler. However, compared to the amount of effort that has been made to the research of various semantic frameworks over more than forty years, their actual applications are definitely frustrating. This survey reviews the history of developments on semantic description frame-works for programming languages. It also illustrates features and actual applications of the main frameworks (including operational, deno-tational, axiomatic and hybrid semantics). In some practical aspects, such as comprehensibility, extensibility and applicability, the qualitative comparisons of these frameworks are given distinctly. It suggests that a more popular formal semantic description should behave more elegantly in readability, modularity, abstractness, comparability, reasonability, applicability and tool-support.

Formal definition of programming language standards

This short note emphasizes the long standing use of formal techniques for the definition of programming languages.

On the need for predictable floating-point arithmetic in the programming languages Fortran 90 and C/C++

During the past decade the IEEE 754 standard for binary floating-point arithmetic has been very successful. Many of today's hardware platforms conform to this standard and compilers should make floating-point functionality available to programmers through high-level programming languages. They should also implement certain features of the IEEE 754 standard in software, such as the input and output conversions to and from the internal binary representation of numbers. In this report, a number of Fortran 90 and C/C++ compilers for workstations as well as personal computers will be screened with respect to their IEEE conformance. It will be shown that most of these compilers do not conform to the IEEE standard and that shortcomings are essentially due to their respective programming language standards which lack attention for the need of predictable floating-point arithmetic.

Software Quality Issues when choosing a Programming Language

For high quality software, an important part of the project is the choice of the programming language and compiler to be used. This paper examines some of the issues affecting software quality that should be considered when making this choice, including the extent to which the programming language encourages the writing of good quality programs; the degree to which the precise effect of the programs written in the language have been formally defined; and the degree of confidence that can be placed in the compiler implementation. As an important part of this, the paper will include reference to the role of formal definitions of programming languages, programming language standards and compiler validation techniques.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 3: APL

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the developments in standardization of the programming language APL which have taken place in the period 1983–1993, including the development to date of Extended APL.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 4: Cobol

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the developments in standardization of the programming language Cobol which have taken place in the period 1983–1993.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 1: The scene and the issues

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the organizational developments which have taken place at international level in the period 1983–1993, and discusses the principal general issues which have faced the committees during that period.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 7: PL/I

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the developments in standardization of the Programming Language PL/I which have taken place since 1983.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 2: Pascal

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the developments in standardization of the programming language Pascal which have taken place in the period 1983–1993.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 5: Fortran

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards describes the developments in standardization of the programming language Fortran which have taken place in the period 1983–1993.

The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 8: Basic

This paper, one of a simultaneously published set on ten years of activity in programming language standards, describes the developments in standardization of the programming language Basic which have taken place in the period 1983–1993.