Prognostic Factors For Visual Outcome Research Articles

Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcomes in Open Globe Injury.

Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcomes in Open Globe Injury.

Visual outcomes and prognostic factors of early pars plana vitrectomy for open globe injury.

To identify the clinical features and outcomes of early vitrectomy in patients with open globe injury (OGI) and the prognostic factors for visual outcome. This retrospective observational case series included 390 eyes in 389 patients diagnosed with OGI receiving vitrectomy within four days after injury. Preoperative parameters included the injury types, wound locations, consequent tissue damages, initial visual acuity (VA), and ocular trauma score. Postoperative outcome measures included surgical procedures, retinal (re)attachment, complications, and final VA. The logistic analysis evaluated the prognostic factors for visual outcome. Intraocular foreign bodies (59.2%) and penetrating injuries (28.7%) were the most common injury types. Among the 165 eyes with retinal detachment (RD), 121 (73.3%) had retinal reattachment during early primary vitrectomy, and 32 (19.4%) were repaired during a second or subsequent surgery. Thirteen eyes (3.3%) were enucleated. The final VA improved from the initial level in 207 eyes (55.2%), remained unchanged in 123 (32.8%), and decreased in 45 (12.0%). Multivariable regression revealed that the injury zone, initial VA, RD, and endophthalmitis were associated with poor visual outcomes (P < 0.05). Higher zone injury, low initial VA, RD, and endophthalmitis are predictors of poor visual outcome in eyes undergoing early vitrectomy for OGI.

Prognostic factors for visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal laceration at a tertiary eye care center in South India.

To determine the factors affecting the visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal lacerations at a tertiary eye care center in South India. A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with limbal tears between 2011 and 2021 was conducted. Demographic information such as age, gender, cause of injury, and size of the laceration was recorded. Comprehensive ocular examination was performed, including gentle B scan evaluation whenever not contraindicated for detailed posterior segment evaluation. Only those cases with a minimum follow-up of one year were included. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), cornea clarity, and integrity of the wound at last follow-up were noted. Out of the 20 patients, 15 (75%) were males and 5 (25%) were females. The mean age was 42.6 ± 22.4 years. All 20 patients had a penetrating injury, with four (20%) injured by a stick, two (10%) by an iron rod, three (15%) due to road traffic accident (RTA), three (15%) by glass, and eight (40%) with other nonspecific objects [two (10%) with needle, two (10%) with elastic rope, two (10%) with bangle, and two (10%) with metal]. The average time between the injury and the surgery was 48 hours (2 days). Four (20%) patients underwent a second surgery within a week of repair. After limbal tear repair, at final follow-up at 3 years, 7 (35%) had VA worse than 20/800, 3 (15%) had VA between 20/100 and 20/800, and 10 (50%) achieved VA better than 20/80. Preoperative visual acuity (VA), mode of injury, and size of wound affect the final visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal laceration. Preoperative VA and mode of injury were statistically significant even in the multivariate analysis.

Predictive factors and visual outcomes after immediate pars plana vitrectomy for posteriorly dislocated lens fragments during complicated phacoemulsification surgery.

To investigate the prognostic factors for visual outcome in patients undergoing immediate pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for posteriorly dislocated lens fragments during phacoemulsification surgery. This was a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study of 37 eyes of 37 patients undergoing immediate PPV for posteriorly dislocated lens fragments from 2015 to 2021. The primary outcome measure was changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). Additionally, we analyzed the predictive factors for poor visual outcomes (BCVA <20/40) and perioperative complications. The mean (±standard deviation [SD]) age of the patients was 66.57 (±10.86) years, with an almost identical gender profile (M: F = 18/19 [48.64%:51.36%]). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) log of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) BCVA improved significantly from the baseline (1 [0.6-1.48], ~20/200) to the final visit (0.3 [0.2-0.6], ~20/40) (P < 0.0001) after a mean (±SD) follow-up of 6.35 (±6.32) months. The final BCVA was 20/40 or better in 59.5% of the eyes. Poor final BCVA (<20/40) was associated with small preoperative pupillary size (P = 0.02), presence of preoperative ocular pathology (P = 0.02) including uveitis, glaucoma, and clinically significant macular edema (CSME), intraoperative displacement of >50% of lens matter into the vitreous (P < 0.001), use of iris-claw lens (P < 0.001), and postoperative cystoid macular edema (CME; P = 0.007). The postoperative complications included CME (13.51%), retinal detachment (10.81%), chronic uveitis (8.11%), glaucoma (8.11%), iritis (2.7%), posterior chamber IOL (PCIOL) dislocation (2.7%), and vitreous hemorrhage (2.7%). For retained lens fragments in complicated phacoemulsification surgery, immediate PPV is a viable approach with the potential for a good visual outcome. The important predictors for poor visual outcomes include a small preoperative pupil size, preexisting ocular pathology, displacement of significant volume of lens matter (>50%), use of an iris-claw lens, and CME.

The Predictive Value of Computed Tomography Findings for Poor Visual Outcome in Traumatic Eye Injury.

Background The prognosis of visual outcome is important for patients and healthcare providers and guides proper decision-making in traumatic eye injury. In this study, we have evaluated the predictive value of computed tomography (CT) scan findings for poor visual outcomes in patients with traumatic eye injuries. Methods In a retrospective survey, documents of 200 patients with traumatic eye injury who underwent a diagnostic orbital CT scan were reviewed. Disorganized or collapsed globe, intraocular foreign body or gas, increased or decreased anterior chamber size, hemorrhage in the anterior or posterior chamber, crystalline or intraocular lens dislocation, posterior sclera thickening, globe borders haziness, orbital fracture, orbital hemorrhage, and foreign body, optic canal, and optic nerve injuries are the diagnostic clues for eye injury in CT scan. The predictive value of CT scan findings for poor visual outcome was calculated by sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, predictive values, hazard ratios, and binary logistic regression model. Results The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive predictive values showed to be high. However, there was a low negative predictive value of CT findings for the prediction of poor vision. Among the investigated factors, disorganized/collapsed globe (HR 47.72, CI 6.13–371.62), increased/decreased anterior chamber size (HR 5.04, CI 2.57–9.88), hemorrhage in anterior/posterior chamber (HR 3.58, CI 1.900–6.774/3.62, CI 1.90–6.89), globe borders haziness (HR 3.06, CI 1.33–7.01), orbital foreign body (HR 3.66, CI 1.11–12.05), and optic canal/nerve injury (HR 21.62, CI 4.73–98.78) reached the statistical significance for increasing the hazard ratio for poor visual outcome in patients with a traumatic eye injury. Logistic regression analysis showed only evidence for disorganized/collapsed globe and optic canal/nerve injury in orbital CT scan as independent predictive factors for poor visual outcome. Conclusion CT scan findings can be used as prognostic factors for visual outcomes in patients with a traumatic eye injury.

Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcomes in Closed Idiopathic Macular Holes after Vitrectomy: Outcomes at 4 Years in a Monocentric Study.

Purpose To identify predictive factors of visual outcomes in the eyes after successful macular hole (MH) surgery. Methods It is a retrospective monocentric study of the eyes that underwent successful vitrectomy for full-thickness MH in an academic, tertiary care center (CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Québec, Canada) between 2014 and 2018. We included a single eye per patient and excluded the eyes with ocular comorbidities. Clinical and anatomical features of patients were collected, including demographics, MH duration, baseline MH size, baseline visual acuity (VA), and final VA. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to determine predictive factors of VA ≥70 ETDRS letters (Snellen equivalent: 20/40) and VA gain ≥15 ETDRS letters at final follow-up. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to determine the performance of each model and identify the Youden index maximizing performance at a given threshold. Results A total of 460 eyes were included in this study; 274/460 eyes (60%) achieved final VA ≥70 ETDRS letters and 304/460 eyes (66%) had a VA gain ≥15 ETDRS letters at 24 months follow-up. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the main predictive factors for final VA ≥70 ETDRS letters (model AUC = 0.716) were baseline VA (OR = 1.064; p < 0.001), MH duration (OR = 0.950; p=0.005), and age (OR = 0.954; p=0.004). Predictors of VA gain ≥15 ETDRS letters at final follow-up (model AUC = 0.615) were baseline VA (OR = 0.878; p < 0.001), MH duration (OR = 0.940; p < 0.001), and MH size (OR = 0.998; p=0.036). Thresholds for the final VA ≥70 ETDRS letters model and the VA gain ≥15 ETDRS letters model were VA ≥55.5 ETDRS letters (Snellen equivalent: 6/30) and MH size of 237 μm, respectively. Conclusion The eyes with shorter MH duration, smaller MH size, and higher preoperative VA achieved better visual outcomes after successful MH surgery.

Fluorescein angiographic findings and Behcet's disease ocular attack score 24 (BOS24) as prognostic factors for visual outcome in patients with ocular Behcet's disease

PurposeTo determine the application of fluorescein angiographic (FA) findings and Behcet’s disease ocular attack score 24 (BOS24) scoring system in predicting poor visual outcome in patients with ocular Behcet’s disease.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsWe included 73 eyes of 38 patients with ocular Behcet’s disease who underwent FA and reviewed FA images, anterior chamber cells, vitreous opacity, retinal and optic disc lesions, which are parameters in BOS24. The correlation between FA findings, BOS24, and visual acuity was assessed.ResultsOptic disc hyperfluoresence (74%), diffuse posterior pole leakage (52%) and diffuse peripheral leakage (52%) were the three most common findings. Common complications were peripheral capillary nonperfusion (29%), arterial narrowing (22%), and macular ischemia (19%). BOS24 scores of ≥ 6 (p < 0.0001), arterial narrowing (p < 0.0001), and severe posterior pole leakage (p = 0.004) were significantly associated with poor visual outcome. Combining significant FA findings: arterial narrowing and severe posterior pole leakage, to BOS24 ≥ 6 results in an increased relative risk of developing poor visual acuity from 7.30 to 10.43 and 1.89 to 2.02 respectively.ConclusionFluorescein angiography is an important investigation for predicting poor visual outcome. BOS24 may be a useful alternative when fluorescein angiographic is unavailable.

Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors for visual outcome in 669 patients with intraocular foreign bodies.

To describe the clinical characteristics and analyze prognostic factors that influence visual outcome in 669 patients with intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs). Medical records of 669 patients with IOFBs from West China Hospital were reviewed. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values were recorded using standard Snellen acuity chart and were converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) scale for statistical analysis. The visual outcome was defined by the final BCVA (excellent visual outcome: final BCVA of 20/40 or better; poor visual outcome: final BCVA less than 20/200). Statistical analysis of collected data was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. A 2-tailed P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant throughout the study. The average age ranged from 1 to 79 years old (mean age, 34.8±12.7 SD) and the majority of patients were men (626, 93.6%). The major cause of ocular injury was hammering (383, 57.2%). Almost all the patients (97.8%) underwent surgeries (97.8%) and the average time interval between injury and surgery was 26.4±322.3d (0-7300), while 327 patients received surgeries within 24h (48.9%) and 590 patients received surgeries within seven days (88.2%) after IOFBs injury. The poor BCVA was associated with older age (P=0.013), larger IOFBs size (P<0.001), presence of complications (P<0.001) and worse presenting BCVA (P<0.001). On the contrary, younger age (P=0.005), smaller IOFBs size (P<0.001), absence of complications (P<0.001) and better presenting BCVA (P<0.001) were considered to relate to excellent BCVA. Multiple prognostic factors may influence the final visual outcome, including age, size of IOFBs, complications and presenting BCVA. Meanwhile, further education and promotion on eye protection should be taken for the improvement on self-protection and self-health awareness.

Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis: Clinico-Microbiological Profile, Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Prognostic Factors at a Tertiary Eye Care Centre in Eastern India

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyse clinico-microbiological profile, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and visual prognostic factors in post-traumatic endophthalmitis (PTE). Methods: Retrospective clinico-microbiological data analysis for five years (2014–18). Prognostic factors for visual outcomes were analysed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Four hundred and eighteen patients with clinically diagnosed PTE were analysed. Culture positivity was found in 46.7% samples (44.5% vitreous, 83.3% non-vitreous). Pathogens isolated were Gram positive cocci (GPC, 49.3%, good susceptibility to vancomycin/cefazolin), Gram negative bacilli (GNB, 28.1%, <90% susceptibility to all antibiotics and 25.8% multidrug resistance), Gram positive bacilli (13.1%) and fungi (9.5%). Poor visual prognosis was associated with culture positivity, fungal or polymicrobial PTE, poor view of fundus and presence of membranes on ultrasound scans. Conclusion: GPC and GNB are the predominant pathogens in PTE, with GNB most commonly multidrug resistant. Culture positivity, polymicrobial and fungal PTE, poor view of fundus and vitreous membranes are markers of poor visual outcome.

Delayed Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy for Patients During the COVID-19 Lockdown: An Ethical Endeavor.

PurposeTo assess the impact of Jordanian’s Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) lockdown on visual acuity and macular thickness in patients with macular edema receiving intravitreal injections, and to assess the ethical endeavor of lockdown among serious sight threatening conditions.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective observational study included patients planned for intravitreal injections who did not complete the planned course before the lockdown (ie, before 20th of March 2020). Data included demographics, indication for the intravitreal injection, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), and central macular thickness on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) before and after the lockdown.ResultsOne-hundred and sixty-six eyes of 125 patients were studied, 68 (54.4%) patients were males, and the mean (± standard deviation, SD) age was 64.79 (±9.41) years. Mean (±SD) duration of delay in the planned injection was 60.97 (±24.35) days. The change in visual acuity was statistically significant for patients with diabetic macular edema (p= 0.045 improvement), patients with central retinal vein thrombosis (CRVO) (p= 0.05 deterioration), and patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (p= 0.005 deterioration). Of interest, delay of more than 2 months and the previous need for 3 or more injections were significant poor prognostic factors for visual outcome for patients with diabetic macular edema (p=0.027 and 0.045).ConclusionThe impact of delay in the scheduled intravitreal injections resulted in variable outcomes depending on the indication. Triaging the urgency of patients should be based on the indication to support the equity principle of bioethics, where those in need are prioritized against others, depending on potential adverse outcome.

Open-globe injuries in Palestine: epidemiology and factors associated with profound visual loss at St. John Eye Hospital, Jerusalem Riyad Banayot St. John Eye Hospital, Jerusalem, Palestine

Background: The purpose was to describe the epidemiology of open-globe injury (OGI) in Palestine and identify the prognostic factors associated with profound visual loss. Material and methods: The current study is a retrospective review of hospital files for 83 consecutive patients with OGI who presented to St. John Eye Hospital, Jerusalem, within 5 years, between 2009 and 2013. Demographic details included age, gender, wound characteristics, and visual acuity (VA). The Ocular Trauma Classification Group was used for wound location, classification, and scoring for each case. Results: We identified 83 OGI that presented to St. John eye hospital. The study group included 62 males and 21 females. The mean age was 16.66 years ± 3.216. The most frequent injuries were playground injuries (59%), followed by workplace injuries (26.5%). Penetrating injuries represented 45.8% of injuries, and rupture globes occurred in 39.8% of cases. The most frequent objects causing injury were metal (31.3%) and stone (20.5%). Kinetic impact projectiles were a statistically significant poor prognostic factor for the visual outcome. Variables that were statistically significant poor prognostic factors for visual outcome included: retinal detachment, macular scar, vitreous hemorrhage. Conclusion: This study showed that the act of demonstration, street injuries, kinetic impact projectiles, zone III injuries, globe disruption, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and a poor VA at the first visit are poor prognostic factors for OGI. Recognition of these prognostic factors will help the ophthalmologist evaluate the injury and its prognosis.

Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcomes Following the First Episode of NMOSD-Related Optic Neuritis in Affected Eyes.

ObjectiveWe aim to identify prognostic factors for visual outcomes following a first episode of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder-related optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON) in affected eyes.Materials and MethodsThis was a single-center, retrospective study. The study included 50 individuals who were diagnosed with NMOSD-ON (63 affected eyes) in a tertiary institution over a 12-year period. Data regarding any second, or higher, episodes of NMOSD-ON in each eye were not taken into consideration. Medical records of included individuals were reviewed. Demographic data, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics, and treatment outcomes were collected. Main outcome measures of the study were prognostic factors for good visual outcome (best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥ 20/200) following an initial episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes.ResultsSixty-three affected eyes of 50 individuals (3 men and 47 women) were included. BCVA at nadir that was better than counting fingers (CF) (odds ratio 10.43, 95% confidence interval 1.04, 104.45, p = 0.046) and time from NMOSD-ON onset to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP), less than 21 days (odds ratio 10.73, 95% confidence interval 1.91, 60.01, p = 0.007), were significantly associated with good visual outcomes.ConclusionBCVA at nadir that was better than CF and treatment with IVMP within 21 days of symptom onset were important prognostic factors of good visual outcomes following a first episode of NMOSD-ON in affected eyes.

Chiasmapexy for secondary empty sella syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.

Secondary empty sella syndrome (SESS) following pituitary surgery remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The aim of this study was to specify the diagnostic criteria, surgical indications and results of chiasmapexy in the SESS. Three cases from two experienced neurosurgical centers were collected and the available literature was reviewed. The 3 patients were operated for a giant non-functioning pituitary adenoma, a cystic macroprolactinoma, and an arachnoid cyst respectively. Postoperative visual outcome was initially improved, and then worsened progressively. At the time of SESS diagnosis, visual field defect was severe in all cases with optic nerve (ON) atrophy in 2 cases. Patients were operated via an endoscopic endonasal extradural approach. One patient was re-operated because of early fat reabsorption. Visual outcome improved in 1 case and stabilized in 2 cases. Statistical analyses performed on 24 cases from the literature review highlighted that patient age and severity of the preoperative visual defect were respectively significant and nearly significant prognostic factors for visual outcome, unlike the surgical technique. T2-weighted or CISS/FIESTA sequence MRI is mandatory to visualize adhesions, ON kinking and neurovascular conflict. TS approach is the most commonly used approach. The literature review could not conclude on the need for an intra or extradural approach suggesting case by case adapted strategy. Intrasellar packing with non-absorbable material such as bone should be considered. Severity of the visual loss clearly decreases the visual outcome suggesting early chiasmapexy. In case of severe and long standing symptoms before surgery, benefits and surgical risks should be carefully balanced.

Prognostic Factor Analysis of Visual Outcome after Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is a surgical approach mainly chosen for complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair with highly variable functional results. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of preoperative factors and postoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular findings on the functional outcome of patients undergoing primary PPV for RRD. A retrospective analysis was performed on 88 eyes of 88 patients with complex RRD managed by PPV. A swept source OCT was used to obtain images at the postoperative visit at least 6 months after PPV. Hierarchical linear regression model was used to evaluate the influence of preoperative factors related to patient, ocular clinical and postoperative OCT macular findings on functional outcomes of PPV for RRD. Duration of symptoms (p = 0.031) and discontinuity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT (p = 0.024) showed statistically significant negative correlation, while preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA; p < 0.001) showed statistically significant positive correlation to postoperative BCVA. Preoperative BCVA and duration of symptoms can be used as prognostic factors for visual outcome in patients undergoing PPV for RRD. Discontinuity of the EZ was the only postoperative OCT variable related to worse postoperative visual outcome.

Impact of the possible prognostic factors for visual outcomes of traumatic cataract surgery.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the possible prognostic factors for postsurgical success on visual acuity (VA) in traumatic cataract patients. The files of 92 patients (19 women[20.6%]-73 men[79.4%], 44 right-48 left total 92 eyes) who underwent surgery for traumatic cataracts between 2004 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed for preoperative and final corrected distance VA(CDVA), laterality of trauma, time of admission to a hospital after trauma(TAH), type of injury, location of the injury (zone 1 [corneal], zone 2 [corneal and scleral], zone 3 [scleral]), additional ocular injury, simultaneous or secondary surgery, surgical cataract techniques, and complications. Of the 92 patients enrolled in the study, the mean CDVA was improved from preoperative 1.95 ± 0.49 logMAR to postoperative 0.73 ± 0.72 logMAR.(p < 0.001) In 36.7% of cases, the final CDVA was ≥ 20/40; it was ≥ 20/60 in 58.7%, ≥ 20/200 in 73.9%, and ≥ 20/400 in 94.5%. The strongest correlation was found between postoperative CDVA and preoperative CDVA (Pearson's R = 0.969, p = 0.0001). No correlation was found between CDVA and age, sex, and laterality. The regression analysis showed a significant relationship between the increase in CDVA and TAH, trauma type and location, and surgical timing and techniques. The worst CDVA prognosis was found for patients with a zone 3 injury; patients with a zone 1 injury had the best prognosis. The prognosis is better for a closed globe injury than an open globe injury (p = 0.019). Early TAH was related to a better prognosis than later admissions. No difference was observed between simultaneous and secondary surgeries (p = 0.413) and surgical techniques (p = 0.12). Postoperative CDVA is better in traumatic cataract patients with a better preoperative VA. Early hospital admission after trauma, closed globe, and zone 1 injuries are better prognostic factors than late hospital admission time, open globe, and zone 3 injuries.

Incidence and Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcome in Patients Having Cataract Surgery with Traumatic Cataract Visiting Tertiary Care Centre, Jharkhand

Incidence and Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcome in Patients Having Cataract Surgery with Traumatic Cataract Visiting Tertiary Care Centre, Jharkhand

Clinical Features of Ocular Syphilis: a Retrospective Clinical Study in an Italian Referral Centre

ABSTRACTPurpose: To describe the clinical characteristics and visual prognosis of ocular involvement in syphilis.Design: A retrospective cohort study.Methods: We studied the charts of 24 patients who visited our Ophthalmological Centre in Rome, Italy. All patients with serological evidence of syphilitic infection were included.Results: Ocular involvement was the first manifestation of syphilitic disease in 96% and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositivity was found in 29% of the cases. The most frequent ocular manifestation was posterior uveitis. Vitreous involvement was frequent. Patients with papillitis at onset showed better visual outcome with antisyphilitic treatment. Posterior uveitis at onset and HIV seropositivity were negative prognostic factors for visual outcome. HIV-positive patients showed more severe and frequent bilateral course of ocular involvement in syphilis.Conclusions: The ophthalmologist should suspect syphilis in patien ts with uveitis or optic neuropathy associated with high-risk sexual behaviour and/or HIV, or in patients with posterior placoid chorioretinitis, necrotising retinitis, or interstitial keratitis.

Clinical Features and Surgical Outcomes of Posterior Segment Intraocular Foreign Bodies in Children in East China.

Purpose To report the long-term follow-up results of posterior segment intraocular foreign body (IOFB) removal in children and to determine the prognostic factors for visual outcome. Methods Design: retrospective, noncomparative, interventional case series; a single tertiary care center study. Participants or samples: eleven eyes (11 patients) under 16 years of age with posterior segment IOFB injuries from May 2014 to November 2017. Main outcome measures: clinical features of injury, visual acuity, and complications. Results The mean age was 6.8 years, and the mean follow-up was 20.2 months. The main IOFB sources were accidental penetration of the eye by materials in the playground (6 cases) or by pencil lead at school (4 cases). The mean IOFB size was 3.8 (range 1–6) mm. At the last visit, the visual acuities were 20/40 or better in 40.0% of patients and better than 20/200 in 70.0%. Poor visual outcome was correlated with intraoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (P=0.0083). Postoperative complications included elevated transient intraocular pressure, retinal redetachment, and secondary glaucoma. Conclusions The clinical features of pediatric posterior segment IOFBs suggest insufficient awareness of such injuries both on the playground and at school. Visual outcomes from surgical treatment were relatively favorable in this series.

Clinical Features and Prognostic Factors in Presumed Ocular Tuberculosis

ABSTRACTPurpose: To characterize the clinical features in patients with presumed ocular tuberculosis (TB) and determine prognostic factors of visual outcomes and complications in this disease.Material and methods: Retrospective case series of 35 patients (29 females, 6 males) with presumed ocular TB from referral centers in Chile and Spain between 2002 and 2012. Medical records were reviewed, and data regarding clinical features, complications, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), duration of disease, extraocular manifestations, and therapy were retrieved. Prognostic factors for low vision (BCVA 20/50 or less), legal blindness (BCVA 20/200 or less), and complications (cataract, glaucoma, and macular lesion) were evaluated. To calculate correlations, we used Spearman’s rank correlation test. To determine clinical predictors, we used the binary logistic regression test.Results: Anterior and non-granulomatous uveitis was the most common types of inflammation. Only 2 (5.7%) patients had respiratory symptoms, and 6 (17.1%) patients had an abnormal chest X-ray at diagnosis. All patients received combined antitubercular therapy with a mean duration of 6.9 ± 2.3 months. A longer duration of symptoms at diagnosis was associated with both low vision and legal blindness. Older patients had a higher risk of legal blindness. A longer duration of symptoms as well as anterior inflammation demonstrated an increased risk for cataract formation. The duration of the symptoms and baseline BCVA had a positive correlation with the final BCVA. Prognostic factors of macular lesions were not found.Conclusions: The diagnosis of ocular TB can be difficult due to the lack of extraocular manifestations and the broad spectrum of ocular features. A longer duration of symptoms at diagnosis was associated with poorer visual outcomes and cataracts. Therefore, efforts should be made to avoid a delay in the diagnosis of ocular TB and to identify prognostic factors for visual outcomes and complications.

Analysis of SD‐OCT prognostic factors in macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion

PurposeTo identify quantitative and qualitative spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) prognostic factors for visual outcome in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion.MethodsFourty one patients (41eyes) with retinal vein occlusion were retrospectively analyzed with SD‐OCT before and after resolution of macular edema. We evaluated the influence of these patterns on visual acuity: central macular thickness, total macular volume (TMV), continuity of the junction between photoreceptor inner and outer segments (IS/OS), of the external limiting membrane (ELM) and of the internal limiting membrane (ILM), and the number of hyperreflective foci.ResultsThe logMAR VA was significantly better in eyes with continuous IS/OS line, ELM and ILM (p &lt; 0.001) and in eyes with a lower number of hyperreflective foci (p = 0.032). Visual acuity was also statistically better in patients with a thinner central retinal thickness (p = 0.046) and a less total macular volume (p = 0.023) in patients with BRVO.ConclusionsSD‐OCT seems to be helpful in predicting visual outcomes in macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion and shows that outer layers integrity was closely associated with visual prognosis.