Profitability Of Rice Production Research Articles

Precision Nitrogen Management in Spring Rice (Oryza sativa L.) using Decision Support Tools in Chitwan, Nepal

The blanket prescription of nitrogen (N) fertilizer often results in irrational fertilization. To address this issue and align the application of nitrogen fertilizers with the crop-specific demand, it is imperative to save nitrogen resources, maximize the uptake and net income, and subside environmental pollution. In this context, a field experiment was carried out in Kumroj, Chitwan, Nepal during 2022 to assess the growth, yield, and profitability of rice production by comparing different precision nitrogen management practices. The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments included decision support tools for nitrogen management such as the Green Seeker (GS), the Soil plant analysis development Development (SPAD) meter, and the Leaf Color Chart (LCC) combined with basal application of nitrogen at 30 kg ha–1 and the Urea briquette Deep Placement (UDP), the Polymer Coated Urea (PCU), and the Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF, 120 kg N ha–1). The growth, yield, yield attributes, and financial data were taken. Precision nitrogen management techniques significantly enhanced rice growth and yield parameters. GS–guided application required the highest nitrogen demand (155 kg ha–1), while SPAD (80 kg ha–1) and UDP (78 kg ha–1) resulted in lower usage. PCU and UDP enhanced plant height, leaf area index, and above–ground dry matter. Higher grain yield (6.64 t ha–1) was attained with LCC, SPAD (6.44 t ha–1), and UDP (6.41 t ha–1) treatments. GS application exhibited the highest straw yield (11.17 t ha–1), while LCC demonstrated the highest benefit–cost ratio (1.96). This study concluded that SPAD and UDP demonstrated the potential to save nitrogen resources, while LCC and UDP were found profitable.

Impact of Post-Harvest Losses on the Profitability of Rice Production Amongst Smallholder Farmers in Liberia

Crop losses, especially along the post-harvest value chain, have been identified as one of the major causes of food shortages in most developing countries including Liberia. Rice farmers often record a great amount of loss which translates to a waste of resources, a reduction in their income, and ultimately their welfare. This study examined the effects of post-harvest losses on the profitability of rice production among smallholder rice farmers in Liberia. The analytical tools used in the study include descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, and multiple regression models. The gross margin analysis results revealed that the average gross margin with post-harvest loss was 3,512.475 Liberian Dollars, lower than the average gross margin without post-harvest 8,826.114 Liberian Dollars. This implied a 39.79% reduction in the gross margin of rice farmers valued at over 2.8 million Liberian Dollars. The results also found the Value of Post-Harvest Loss, Market Participation Rate, Quantity Harvested, Quantity sold, and Education Level significantly affect the per-capita gross margin of farmers. The study recommends that farmers engaging in rice production be adequately trained on post-harvest crop handling techniques whereas, priority be given to investment in post-harvest processing technologies and the establishment of processing industries especially in the major production areas.

Comparative Profitability and Productivity Analysis of Rice Production in Coastal and Arable Land Areas of Bangladesh

This study aims to compare the productivity and profitability of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh while analyzing the factors influencing productivity and profitability. It seeks to provide insights into the differences in agricultural outcomes between these two types of land, essential for policy formulation and agricultural development. The research employs a stratified random sampling method to gather primary data from six villages in Gopalganj and Khulna districts, targeting 30 farmers from each village. Cobb-Douglas profit and production function analysis is utilized to estimate the impact of various factors such as seed cost, labor cost, fertilizer cost, insecticide cost, ploughing cost, and irrigation cost on profitability. The study reveals significant differences in productivity and profitability between coastal and arable land areas for rice cultivation. It identifies key factors affecting productivity and profitability, emphasizing the importance of policy support for enhancing the quality of inputs to bridge yield gaps and improve rice crop outcomes. One limitation of this research is the focus on specific regions within Bangladesh, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings to other areas. Additionally, the study may not capture all variables influencing productivity and profitability due to data constraints. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to support farmers in improving productivity and profitability. This research contributes to the existing literature by offering empirical evidence on the productivity and profitability dynamics of rice production in coastal and arable land areas in Bangladesh.

Study on financial assessment of rice production causing false smut disease of different varieties at farm level in Kushtia district

The present study was conducted to evaluate the false smut incidence and its effect on yield in different varieties, and to determine the financial cost, return and profitability of rice production during the year 2018–2019 in Kushtia district. The highest average farmers (65%) lost their yield 0.85 t/ha in 5 severity scale of BRRI dhan49, while Dhani Gold as hybrid variety exerted the lowest yield losses of 0.20 t/ha in 7% affected farmers. Spraying of Nativo (75 WG) 0.40 kg/ha increased the yield 34.87% over control, and Amister Top 325 SC was applied in the field that produced lower yield compared to Nativo. Tilt (250 EC) 0.45 l/ha and Folicur 0.90 l/ha also showed significant increase of yield over untreated control plot. The highest gross return of BRRI dhan39 was determined at Tk. 114753/ha with higher price and its fine quality. The lowest gross return and net return were estimated at Tk. 106958/ha and (−) Tk. 1215/ha, respectively, in Shorna cultivar due to higher incidence of false smut disease.

Life Cycle Thinking for the environmental and financial assessment of rice management systems in the Senegal River Valley

Rice is a staple food in Senegal, which however imports more than 70% of the rice consumed annually to meet its domestic demand. Despite governmental efforts to increase rice self-sufficiency, both rice supply and yields remain low. Senegalese farmers face challenges related to irrigation infrastructure and fertiliser access, besides those derived from climate change. This study applies Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) combined with financial Life Cycle Costing (LCC) to evaluate alternative scenarios for rice management in the Senegal River Valley and identify sustainability hotspots and potential improvements. Specifically, rice cultivation in Ross Béthio (Saint Louis, Senegal) is assessed based on the observed agricultural practices during the dry seasons of 2016 and 2017. Two scenarios capturing conventional (CONV) and intensive (INT) practices are compared to two reference scenarios (SAED scenarios) according to the recommendations of the official agricultural advisory service. The INT scenario generates the lowest impacts per kg of paddy rice in seven out of thirteen impact categories, including climate change, freshwater and marine eutrophication, ozone depletion and water scarcity. This is due to the higher yields (7.4 t ha−1) relative to CONV (4.8 t ha−1) and the two reference SAED scenarios (6.0 t ha−1). The two latter scenarios show the lowest values in the remaining categories, although they also generate slightly lower profits than INT (138 € t−1 vs. 149 € t−1) due to increased labour costs for additional fertilisation treatments. The results from both LCA and LCC underline the importance of increasing yields to decrease environmental impacts and production costs of rice when estimated per kg of product. Well-designed fertiliser application doses and timing and increased mechanisation can deliver further environmental benefits. Additional improvements (e.g. in irrigation, crop rotations, straw management) could be considered to promote the long-term sustainability and profitability of rice production in Senegal. LCA in combination with financial LCC is identified as a decision-support tool for evaluating the sustainability of alternative crop management practices. Life Cycle Thinking can still benefit from experiential learning based on information exchange between farmers, researchers and extension agents to contribute to a sustainable agriculture and ultimately to food security in Africa.

Impact of Mechanical Transplanting on Rice Productivity and Profitability- Review

Conventional rice transplanting methods are laboured exhaustive and involves drudgery. On an average only transplanting operation takes one fourth of the total labour requirement of rice production under traditional system. Shifting of agricultural labourer towards urban areas for better remuneration creates labour shortage during peak time of transplanting. Lower plant density compared to desirable level under traditional transplanting method habitually farmers force to apply higher amounts of agro-input to compensate as result cost of cultivation has increased considerably and eventually get lesser grain yield. Under such circumstances, a cheap and labour redeemable way of rice transplanting without compromising grain yield is the need of the time. The mechanical rice transplanting is an alternative and encouraging choice for ensuring timely transplanting and also contributes to higher grain yield. Mechanical transplanting of rice is profitable over traditional methods and easy to operate. In spite of having superiority over the conventional transplanting, acceptance in the field level is stumpy due to high preliminary investment and dearth of awareness in growing mat type nursery. Divulging technical skill, confirming timely accessibility and boosting custom hiring may be some of the practical solutions for increasing the adoption rate of mechanical transplanting among farmers. This review focused on the positive and negative impact of mechanical transplanting on productivity and profitability of rice production.

Growth Performance and Profitability of Rice Production in India: An Assertive Analysis

This study assessed the growth trends and instability in area, production and productivity of rice in major rice growing states during the period 2001-02 to 2018-19. The study revealed that compound growth rate of area under rice was almost constant in the country during last two decades, while it was fluctuating across the states. However, growth rates of production and productivity was found positive and significant. Instability in area under rice was less as compared to production and productivity. Although production of rice has increased due to innovations and adoption of new farm technologies, but a greater instability in production, indicated the influence of irregular monsoon on production during the study period. Many of the States registered negative profitability in rice cultivation and farmers get handful returns only when the farm business income was calculated. To provide better protection to the farmers through restriction on purchasing rice below MSP or government may adopt proper mechanism to stop distress sale of farm produces particularly rice.

Abiotic stresses in rice production: Impacts and management

Rice, a key staple food crop in the world and India, offers food and nutrition security to millions of the global population. Abiotic (water, soil, atmospheric) stresses affect yield and quality of rice. This necessitates stress-resilient rice production technologies sufficiently fortified by novel stress mitigation and adaptation strategies. Recent crop improvement strategy has partially managed to resolve the challenges presented by abiotic stresses such as high temperature, drought, salinity, alkalinity, waterlogging and mineral deficiency. The complication and multiplicity of abiotic stresses necessitate the use of extensive, integrative and multi-disciplinary techniques to achieve resilience. Crop improvement, along with the agronomic interventions, is essential to stabilise the productivity and profitability of rice production. This article gives an overview of the potential impacts of abiotic stress on rice and suggests the adaptation and mitigation strategies.

Development of resource-saving technologies for rice cultivation on rice irrigation systems in the Krasnodar Territory

According to the studies carried out by the US Geological Survey (USGS) under the project GFSAD30, Russia ranks fourth in the world in the number of fertile lands. However, today there are some problems that “slow down” the development of the Russia’s agricultural sector, including the rice-planting complex. One of the main problems of the Russian agro-industrial complex is unsustainable environmental management, which leads to inefficiency and sometimes loss of agricultural production. This is caused by the “rigidity” of the legal framework, the reluctance or inability of the economy to switch to new resourcesaving technologies, as well as the fear of partially or completely losing the crop when switching to new technologies. For the “soft” transition of the economy to new resource-saving technologies, we propose a resource-saving technology for cultivating rice on underground drip irrigation under mulch film on rice irrigation systems, the introduction of which proved its effectiveness, as well as the relevance of our study. The efficiency of proposed resource-saving technology of rice cultivation on drip irrigation is expressed in the increase of profitability of rice production by 26%, reduction of irrigation norm by more than 5 times, labor intensity of rice production by 42% and material costs by 24%. The proposed technology not only reduced the anthropogenic load, but also improved the land reclamation condition, including the situation in the rice irrigation ecosystem. Further development of drip technologies in the rice sector of Russia will allow developing fundamentally new, ecological-reclamative, balanced rice crop rotation with the inclusion of vegetable and cucurbits crops. The proposed technology will provide an opportunity to cultivate rice outside rice irrigation systems on previously rich lands, which will give agro-industrial workers new opportunities and prospects in rice production.

Cost and return analysis of organic and conventional rice production in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand

The objective of this study was to investigate the cost and return structures of rice cultivation in two farming systems, organic and conventional rice production, in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand, in the 2016/2017 crop year. The sample included 108 farmers selected using a purposive sampling method, consisting of 58 organic rice growers and 50 conventional rice growers. Survey questionnaires were used as the main instrument for data collection. Descriptive statistics and cost and return analysis were used for data analysis. The results indicate that the cost of production was higher, and output was lower under organic rice farming. Despite this, organic rice farming was more profitable than conventional farming, which was attributed to the higher prevailing market price for organic rice. This indicates the importance of price differences across market segments within the distribution channel and the profitability of rice production between the two rice farming systems.

Does climate change adaptation lead to increased productivity of rice production? Lessons from Ebonyi State, Nigeria

AbstractClimate change negatively impacts rice productivity in different parts of Africa. As a matter of necessity, farmers must respond to changing the climate by choosing adaptation strategies that increase their productivities. Incidentally, studies that documented the impact of climate change adaptation actions of farmers on rice productivity are few. This study therefore analyzed the impact of climate change adaptation decisions of farmers on the profitability of rice production using cross-sectional data gathered from 240 rice farmers selected from Ebonyi State, an important rice-producing State in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country. Using descriptive statistics, multivariate probit regression, instrumental variable regression and endogenous treatment effect model, the study revealed that the common adaptation actions of rice farmers involved adoption of minimum tillage, bond and drainage, fertilizer, crop diversification, livelihood diversification, improved rice varieties, pesticide, nursery, and adjusting planting and harvesting dates. The study found several significant interactions between the choice of climate change adaptation actions and socio-economic, farm, institutional and location characteristics of rice farmers. The result further revealed that multiple adaptation decisions of farmers significantly increased returns to scale and profit of rice production. The study concludes that adaptation decisions are effective in increasing the profitability and returns to scale of rice production in the area and other regions with similar geographical, meteorological and socio-economic contexts.

Mechanized transplanting with side deep fertilization increases yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice in Eastern China

The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer deep in soil at the same time as mechanical transplanting of rice seedlings is an effective alternative to conventional broadcasting of fertilizer, but its effects on yields and profitability have not been analysed in detail. Here, we analysed the effects of a side deep application of N fertilizer at transplanting on the N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), grain yield, and economic profitability of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars; Yongxian15 (early season) and Yongyou1540 (middle/late season). In the field experiments, two types of N fertilizer (urea (U) and controlled-release urea (CRU)) were surface broadcasted manually (B) or mechanically fertilized at 5.5 ± 0.5 cm soil depth (M) (UB, UM, and CRUM treatments, respectively). The blank control had no N fertilizer (N0). Each N-fertilizer treatment had similar effects on N uptake, grain yield, NUE, and economic profitability in the early, middle, and late seasons. Compared with manually applied fertilizer, mechanically applied fertilizer increased grain yield and NUE in both cultivars. In Yongxian15 and Yongyou1540, the mechanical side deep application of N-fertilizer increased the N recovery efficiency by 62.50–91.57% and 24.38–64.24%, respectively, the N agronomy efficiency by 33.65–63.14% and 22.64–44.70%, respectively; and the grain yield by 6.30–11.64% and 6.23–13.11%, respectively. The CRUM treatments had the highest benefit–cost ratio because of high gross returns and low fertilization costs. The mechanized side deep application of N fertilizer can increase the efficiency and profitability of rice production.

The Decomposition of Productivity and Profitability of Rice Production in Korea

The Decomposition of Productivity and Profitability of Rice Production in Korea

Profitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Abstract Profitability of rice production in different production systems in Ebonyi State, Nigeria was evaluated. Rice is critical for food security in Nigeria, hence, farmers need to make appropriate choices of rice production systems to optimize production and ensure an adequate domestic supply. This study used 2015 survey data from rice farming households. Rice farmers in swamp, lowland and upland rice production systems showed variability in profit. Swamp production systems had the highest return per hectare (29.37%) followed by lowland production systems (20.10%) and upland production systems (13.03%). Poor access to production credit and climate change were constraints to rice production in the area. Rice production using the swamp production system is profitable and would ensure increased production and higher returns to the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should form cooperative groups to enable them to pool resources together to boost their production.

Changes in Rice Farming in the Philippines: Insights from Five Decades of a Household-Level Survey

This book centers around the structural and economic changes in rice farming that have occurred in the Philippines during the past five decades. As a researcher at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) for more than 30 years, I have been a witness to these changes through my involvement and encounters with farmers. This experience has given me a first-hand knowledge of what is actually happening in farmers’ fields and with their family. Five years ago, Samarendu Mohanty, the head of the Social Sciences Division (SSD), gave me the responsibility to establish the social science database that involved the organization and consolidation of numerous farm-level data sets that SSD had accumulated over the years. The book consists of three major parts: (1) the main text that consists of eight chapters that deal with the quantitative data on rice production systems that present the trends and changes in yield, input use, and profitability of rice production over the years; (2) the last chapter consists of six case studies that focus on how the farm household and its family have changed over time; and (3) substantive Appendices that contain not only detailed tables mentioned in the text, but detailed survey data per observation that were processed on a per hectare basis for use by other researchers or anybody who would be interested in doing a more in-depth analysis.

Combination of the natural and anthropogenically-controlled conditions for obtaining various rice yield using drip irrigation systems

The possibility to use drip irrigation systems to cultivate rice with periodic irrigation based on the results of the researches carried out in 2013–2015 is shown. The test was conducted on the crops of aerobic rice of the Volgogradskii variety according to the two-factorial scheme, including three variants of the soil water mode with the constant and differentiated preirrigation threshold and soil moistening layer and three variants of macrofertilizer rates calculated for collecting 5, 6, and 7 t of grain from 1 ha. On average for the years of experiments, the rice yield depending on the studied factor changed from 5.13 to 6.87 t/ha at the irrigation rate 4440–6060 m3/ha. To obtain 5 t/ha, 6 t/ha, and 7 t/ha, the irrigation water consumption totaled 1013—959 m3/t, 860–805 m3/t, and 771–716 m3/t. The profitability of rice production according to such technology achieved 57.3–116.5% depending on the yield.

Determinants and Profitability of Rice production in Cyabayaga Watershed, Eastern Province, Rwanda

The aim of this study was to analyze the determinants of rice production and its financial profitability in the watershed of Cyabayaga, Eastern Province of Rwanda. The study was composed of a stratified sample of 46 rice growers and members of CODERVAM cooperative operating in the same watershed. The Cobb-Douglas production function was adapted and estimated to indicate individual effects of labor, land, and capital on rice production. In addition, a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach was opted to compute the financial profitability of rice growing in the study area. Results from the analysis substantiate that cultivated area (land) and labour had significant (5% significance level) contribution to rice yield. However, capital investment in form of inputs ( seeds and fertilizers) was not statistically significant even at 15 % significance level, indicating lower contribution to production of rice in the study area, all else equal. Some farmers reported insufficient income to invest in rice production thus making the overall contribution of the investment factor insignificant for this case study. Findings from the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) indicated that only one category of farmers, among the three sampled, had positive Net Present Value (NPV). The implication for negative NPVs is that rice growers do not invest appropriately, leading to lower returns. The two analytical approaches led to a similar conclusion that the capital factor represented by investments in seeds and fertilizers does not explain significantly the rice production observed in the Cyabayaga Watershed. It is recommended to support these farmers to have access to inputs and agricultural trainings. These constitute the major area of their investments and constraints for improved and well sustained rice production in the study area.Key words: Financial profitability, Rice production, Cyabayaga Watershed, Rwanda

Profitability of rice production using a drum seeder

Profitability of rice production using a drum seeder

The impact of on-farm water saving irrigation techniques on rice productivity and profitability in Zhanghe Irrigation System, Hubei, China

To optimize the use of limited water resources, surface irrigation systems in parts of China have introduced a new water saving irrigation method for rice termed alternate wetting and drying (AWD). The basic feature of this method is to irrigate so that the soil alternates between periods of standing water and damp or dry soil conditions from 30 days after crop establishment up to harvesting. However, many Chinese rice farmers still practice the continuous irrigation method with late- season drying of the soil. A comparative assessment of these two methods of on-farm water management for rice was conducted at two sites within the Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS) in Hubei province of China for the 1999 and 2000 rice crops. The objective was to evaluate the impact of AWD on crop management practices and the profitability of rice production. In conjunction with irrigation district officials, two sites within ZIS were selected for study, one where AWD was supposed to be widely practiced (Tuanlin, TL) and one where it had not been introduced (Lengshui, LS). It was found that farmers at both sites do not practice a pure form of either AWD or continuous flooding. However, farmers in TL did tend to let the soil dry more frequently than their counterparts in LS. Because most farmers practice neither pure AWD nor pure continuous flooding, an AWD score was developed that measures the frequency with which farmers allow their soil to dry. This AWD score was not significantly correlated with yield after controlling for site and year effects and input use. AWD scores were also not correlated with input use. We conclude that AWD saves water at the farm level without adversely affecting yields or farm profitability.