Profitability Of Rice Farming Research Articles

Analysis of Commercial Agriculture Credit Scheme on Profitability of Rice Farming in Kano State, Nigeria: Strategy for Industrial Growth

Commercial agriculture credit scheme (CACS) is one of the Federal Government programs to encourage commercial agriculture. Commercial rice farming is one of those agricultural activities that the Federal Government is promoting. In Nigeria rice farming is characterized by low productivity and low yield leading to rice shortage. The shortage in production creates the demand and supply gap. This study investigated how the CACS has promoted commercial rice farming in Kano State. Primary data was sourced from 394 beneficiary farmers of CACS through survey method. These rice farmers were sampled from three agricultural zones in Kano; Zone I (Rano), Zone II (Danbatta) and Zone III (Gaya). The study employed the gross margin analysis, techniques of analysis. The Gross Margin Analysis revealed before CACS that total revenue generated from sales ₦26,359,950.00 and the total variable cost was ₦410,282.36. After CACS was ₦122,893,500.00 and the total variable cost was ₦8,001,970.73. The average rate of returns on investment (Return per Naira Invested) was ₦63.24 before CACS and ₦14.35 per planting period. Government should have a standard policy measure to promote domestic rice product to make it marketable and more profitable. For instance, the policy of branding and packaging by engaging farmers directly. The profitability analysis reveals that if more increased loan is giving to farmers to access the loan, there will be increase in profitability of rice farming and this can lead to growth of the rice industry. Keywords: Commercial Agricultural Credit Scheme, Production, Farming, Profitability, Gross margin, Industrial Growth

ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL ENGINEERING IN ONE OF THE WET CLIMATE DRY LAND AGROECOSYSTEM VEGETABLE PLANTING

This study is the first to apply a relationship approach between farmer groups and other supporting institutions to develop a farming system and rice crop institutions in a region. The study aims to solve the problems faced by rice farmers in Rawa Medang village, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, by facilitating the adoption of sustainable rice farming system technology through institutional cooperation. The methodology used in this study applies the Participatory Research Appraisal (PRA) method, to explore the problems faced by rice farmers. Alternative interventions include the formation of several farmer groups or Gapoktan, named Joint Enterprises, a short discussion about the rice farming system, looking at the urgent needs of farmer groups, and connecting them with supporting institutions. Based on the PRA results, the problems prioritized are (1) Rice stem disease by Blas, (2) The presence of snail pests, (3) Seedlings, (4) Capital, (5) Subsidized fertilizer, (6) Meetings between groups, and (7) Technical guidance for rice plants. The novelty of this study is that it introduces a new framework of institutional engineering analysis supporting rice farming technology, based on the FSA (Farming System Analysis) concept. The study also provides empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the relationship approach in improving the productivity and profitability of rice farming in the region. The study contributes to the literature on agricultural development and innovation by highlighting the role of institutional cooperation in enhancing the adoption of sustainable rice farming system technology.

Mengoptimalkan Hasil Panen Padi Menggunakan Metode Goal Programming Dengan Pengaplikasian Nutrisi PGPR

Papungan’s one of the villages in Blitar Regency where most of the population are farmers and mostly cultivate rice crops. The effort was made by farmers to meet the needs of the community, but still in limited quantities. From the results of interviews with farmers in Papungan village, they complained a lot because the rice crop was still relatively low, due to the scarcity and high price of fertilizers. By making PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteri) organic nutrients, it is a consortium of bacteria that actively colonize plant roots which play an important role in increasing plant growth, crop yields and land fertility. This study aims to optimize the profitability of rice farming in Pappungan Village. The results of the profit optimization calculation using the Goal Programming method. This study uses primary and secondary dta, and the purpose of this study aims to solve the problem of limited resources optimally with the Goal Programming method. Based on the results of the discussion of calculations using the goal programming method, the conclusion of the optimization of rice crops and applied using LINGO software, obtained optimal results, namely Z = 424.7647 with three goals achieved, among others, the production yield reached 27,640 Kg and the selling price of rice crop production reached Rp 18,000 / Kg with production costs required for rice crop production for per hectare of Rp 61,980,000. For the results of the goal achieved (goal) optimization of crop patterns, Papungan Village farmers are recommended to plant type B rice.

PEMBERDAYAAN SDM PETANI DAN AKSELERASI TEKNOLOGI INOVATIF MEWUJUDKAN KECUKUPAN DAN PERTAHANAN PANGAN BERDAYASAING PASCA PANDEMI COVID19

Food is the most basic needs of human life. The quality and adequacy are an important role in determining the quality, the level of intelligence of human resources. The increase rice production program, in sufficient quantities and at reasonable prices remains the top priority objectives and national agricultural development. With qualitative description methods, this paper aims to review and present various levels of technology application, the level of technical efficiency, and profitability of rice farming in the various agro-ecosystems. Agriculture as nationally and regionally, still important role and occupy a strategic place and remains a major priority development policy program is contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, providing the necessary strategy and information technology as needed, the existence of adequate operational policies, support the functioning of the various institutions (research, extension, marketing), as well as government policy support a more focused and aligned to accelerate the achievement of specific technological innovation. acceleration of the application of technological innovation, improvement of national rice products and productivity, can be pursued through: increasing productivity/optimizing the potential of agricultural resources; increasing planted area and land management; support for production facilities and capital; guarantee of grain prices, selling prices and marketing of grain and rice that provide production incentives; decrease in rice consumption; improvement of management, technical, data and information; and increasing the role and capacity of related institutions. Adequate operational policy tools are needed, the functioning of various supporting institutions (research, counseling, marketing), as well as government policy support that is more focused and impartial to accelerate the achievement of location-specific technological innovations. It is necessary to evaluate agricultural development policies from the aspect of food institutions, so that strategies and efforts to accurately formulate policies in support of increasing national rice production in the future.

The Agronomic Performance of Rice Seeds Coated with N-Enriched Organomineral Fertilizer

Seed coating with silicate rock-basis organomineral fertilizer (OMF) was proposed as an appropriate method to improve the productivity and profitability of rice farming. This research aimed to evaluate the growth and yield components of rice grown from coated seeds with N-enriched OMF. The coated seeds of two rice varieties, i.e., Trisakti (T) and Nutri Zinc (NZ) were tested in separate experimental sets. A randomized block design was applied for each experiment with the treatment consisting of non-coated seed (NCS), coated seeds containing 4.5% N (CS-1), 7.8% N (CS-2), and 9.0% N (CS-3) in 3 blocks. The coating material of OMF was a mixture of 90% basaltic rock and 10% rock phosphate, enriched with N accordingly to the treatment; and the weight ratio of seed to OMF was about 1:16. The coated seeds were planted directly to the ground (without sowing and transplanting steps), and only NCS was fertilized with NPK (15:15:15) equivalent to 300 kg. ha-1. Results reveal that there was no significant difference in growth components (number of tillers and the weight of top-biomass) and quality of rice grains (weight of 1,000 grains) for the plants of coated and non-coated seeds. Enriching OMF with N up to 9% consistently improved the total yield of rice. Therefore, seed coating with OMF containing about 9% N was an appropriate method to optimize rice yield.

Assessing Opportunities to Increase Yield and Profit in Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems in Indonesia

In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha−1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha−1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha−1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha−1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha−1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha−1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.

Analysis of the competitiveness of rice farming and its implications on Input-Output price policy scenario of rice in Jambi Province - Indonesia

The research objectives are: 1). to analyze the levels of private and social profitability of rice farming, 2). to analyze comparative advantage and competitive advantage rice farming, 3).to analyze the impact of input = output price policy on the competitiveness of rice farming. The study was conducted in rice production centers in the province of Jambi, named Kerinci, Sarolangun, Bungo and Tanjung Jabung Barat determined purposively. The sample size was 314 farmers with methods of Simple Random Sampling. Methods of data analysis used the Policy Analysis Matrix approach (PAM). The results showed that rice farming has high competitiveness. The increase in production input prices does not affect the declining competitiveness. The increase in the price of rice paddy resulted in more and more advantages.

Analysis of rice profitability and marketing in Jakarta

Jakarta as a metropolitan area has rice fields spread across three urban areas. The rice marketing was usually conducted directly over harvest time, either to collectors who come to the harvest location or sell them to Subang or Indramayu. The aim of the study was to examine rice profitability and marketing in Jakarta. The study was carried out in three regions of Jakarta, namely North, West and East of Jakarta, through survey method. The respondents were 46 farmers with direct interview techniques. The profitability of rice farming was analyzed by using cost and revenue analysis, while rice marketing was analyzed by using qualitative descriptive. The results showed that rice farming in Jakarta was still profitable with the R/C ratio greater than one. The marketing chain of rice in Jakarta was generally very short. The farmers mostly sold the rice directly to large traders (Jakarta-Outside Trader; 85%), only a small proportion (15%) sold to regional collectors. As much as 90% of the grain was sold to the traders and 10% was used as seed or consumption. The selling price of rice was determined by traders based on quality of grain. The non-hulled rice price ranged Rp 4200-4500 per kg.

Development and evaluation of mini tractor operated ridge plastering machine

Mechanization of bund or ridge forming is an important process in the preparation of the rice field before transplanting. Presently, the untilled soil near the bunds and corners of the field are prepared manually which is consuming more time and energy. The traditional manual bund/ ridge forming work is characterized by low efficiency, low strength, high cost and directly affects the profitability of rice farming. More over manually made bunds not properly aligned and compacted not last for long and causing rodent problem. Tractor drawn (35-45 hp) ridge plastering machines are commercially available to make or plaster the existing bunds by utilizing the tractor full P.T.O power which is not required for the purpose of making mere bunds . The same bunds also can be done by 18-25 hp range small tractors. Now a days mini tractors also being manufactured in India to address the mechanization problems of small and marginal farmers. In this context, a mini tractor operated ridge plastering machine was developed at FIM, Scheme, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana and evaluated in sandy loam soil with a moisture content of 31%. The machine can be operated with 18-25 hp range mini tractors. This attachment weighs about 390 kg with overall dimensions of 1,620mm length, 1,660mm width and 1,130mm height. The blades on the periphery of the disc pulverises the soil, the leveller levels the soil, and the rotating disc trims the bund and plasters it with pulverised soil. The roller attached to the rotating disc compresses the soil. During the field study, it was observed that, the field capacity of the machine was 833 m per hour with an average speed of 1.0 km//h. Overall dimensions of bund was 178 mm height and 288 mm width respectively. The angle between ground and the side wall of the bund is 1200. The fuel consumption of the machine was 3.42 l/h. The cost of operation of the machine was Rs. 700-800/ h. The cost saving was Rs.2000-2500/h over conventional method. This machine is suitable for both dry and wet conditions.

Energy efficiency, productivity and profitability of rice farming using Sesbania as green manure-cum-cover crop

Two field experiments were conducted at the Research Farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Water Management, Mendhasal, Odisha with wet season rice. The objective of the first experiment was to compare the effect of inorganic fertilizers (IF) with the integrated nutrient management (INM) using in situ green manure Sesbania and complimentary dose of IF on rice yield, energy use, economics and residual soil fertility. In the second experiment, the IF was compared with the organic nutrient management (ONM) using in situ green manure Sesbania and vermicompost. The results of the first experiment revealed that grain and straw yields of rice were similar with the INM and IF. However, the INM helped in reducing energy input (24%), improving energy efficiency (35%) and net return (20%). Soil organic C, available N and P contents increased significantly by 14%, 8% and 53%, respectively, for the INM at the end of 3 years. The results of the second experiment revealed that the ONM registered rice grain yield reduction by 8% but increased net return (8%) due to a higher premium of INR 1750 (US $ 26.21) t−1 paddy grain. The ONM treatment reduced energy input (39%) and enhanced energy efficiency (57%) as compared to the IF. Soil organic C, available N and P contents increased by 23%, 39% and 12%, respectively, for the ONM at the end of 3 years. Thus, the practice of ONM or INM using Sesbania green manure-cum-cover crop saved energy and fertilizer, and maintained soil fertility.

Implikasi Kebijakan Harga Eceran Tertinggi Beras Terhadap Profitabilitas Usaha Tani Padi, Harga, Kualitas, serta Serapan Beras

<p>In order to maintain the stability of rice price the government establishes rice ceiling price (RCP) policy based on rice quality and distribution areas. This policy was issued through the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 57/2017 in effect since 1 September 2017. This study aims to examine the impact of RCP policy on profitability of rice farming, rice prices in traditional and modern markets, shift in rice quality, and paddy and rice procurement by Perum Bulog. This study was conducted in three rice producing provinces, namely West Java, East Java and South Sulawesi. After implementation of RCP policy, profitability of rice farming increased, market prices for medium quality rose approaching the medium RCP, and premium rice price tended to decline but still stable close to RCP. Most rice sold in the markets shifted from medium to premium quality. Government rice procurement conducted by Bulog decreased significantly. Besides profit margins, lack of binding of broken grain criteria for medium and premium rice qualities and absence of certification regarding the differentiation of both qualities may affect rice quality shifting. It is suggested that RCP policy should implemented with clear and firm regulation on rice quality criteria.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Beras merupakan makanan pokok bagi sebagian besar penduduk Indonesia. Dalam upaya menjaga stabilitas harga beras, pemerintah menetapkan patokan harga eceran tertinggi (HET) berdasarkan jenis beras dan wilayah edarnya. Kebijakan ini ditetapkan melalui Permendag No. 57 tahun 2017 yang berlaku sejak 1 September 2017. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji implikasi kebijakan penerapan HET beras tersebut terhadap profitabilitas usahatani padi, harga beras di pasar tradisional dan modern, pergeseran kualitas beras yang diperdagangkan, dan penyerapan gabah-beras petani oleh Perum Bulog Kajian dilaksanakan di tiga provinsi sentra beras, yaitu Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa profitabilitas usahatani padi meningkat setelah penetapan HET beras; harga beras medium cenderung naik mendekati batas HET medium, sedangkan harga beras premium cenderung menurun namun masih stabil tinggi mendekati batas HET premium; kualitas beras yang diperdagangkan sebagian bermigrasi dari beras medium ke premium; dan pengadaan gabah pemerintah oleh Bulog serapan gabah-beras petani oleh Bulog mengalami penurunan. Selain margin keuntungan, longgarnya kriteria butir patah beras medium dan premium serta belum adanya sertifikasi mengenai pembedaan kualitas medium dan premium ditengarai menjadi faktor migrasi kualitas beras yang diperdagangkan. Disarankan penetapan HET perlu disertai dengan pengaturan yang lebih tegas mengenai kriteria kualitas beras medium dan premium. Selain itu, pemerintah untuk mengawasi kepatuhan pedagang, perlu dilakukan akreditasi terhadap beras premium kemasan yang beredar di pasar.</p>

Factors determining the profitability of rice farming in Bangladesh

This study was conducted to analyze the profitability of rice farming in Bangladesh. In doing so, it utilized the multistage sampling technique to collect the cross-sectional data from seven rice producing districts in Bangladesh during 2016. A total of 140 samples were directly interviewed using a structured questionnaire for achieving the purpose. Apart from the descriptive analysis of the socioeconomic variables of the selected respondents, the benefit-cost and functional profitability analysis of rice were also performed. The log-linear form of Cobb-Douglas production function was chosen to determine the effects of various inputs on the profitability of rice. The finding of cost-benefit analysis reveals that rice farming is a profitable activity in Bangladesh as the estimated cost of production was lower than the return in the selected study areas. However, the profitability differs among different farmers’ group and large farmers are more profitable in rice cultivation than small and medium farmers. In addition, the functional analysis identifies three inputs such as the cost of power tiller, fertilizer and hired labor as the significant determinants of profitability for all farmers in the study regions. Moreover, these factors also differ across the farmer's groups except the cost of fertilizer. Therefore, it is recommended in this study that the concerned authority of the government should ensure adequate and timely fertilizer use at a subsidized price which would be affordable by the farmers. Besides, a fair pricing policy should be set so that fluctuation in the price level can be controlled. Effective extension service may also help the farmers using a better combination of input that will generate higher productivity and return, thereby, will contribute to being food secure and self-sufficient in rice cultivation. J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(1): 86–91, March 2019

Rice field conversion and urban agglomeration in Indonesia: between power and options

Indonesia’s urban areas are expanding. Moreover, in the making, much-involved rice field conversion. While the government is committed to achieving self-sufficiency, the conversion poses a definite threat. This paper questions the continued rice field conversion in urban fringes despite government interventions and aims to explain its underlying drivers using the political ecology approach. The study conducted in 3 rice producing regencies. Rice field conversion data obtained by analyzing land use dynamics data from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistic. The understanding of political settings and power distribution are achieved through a literature study. The result showed an evident conversion to urban uses in Bantul and Karawang Regency, but not visible in Deli Serdang. The political setting, law enforcement, high-cost farming, taxation, and sale system are held responsible for the low profitability of rice farming that leads to rice field conversion. The continued conversion despite government intervention indicated that the government is not the strongest actor in the scene.

Rice productivity improvement in Cambodia through the application of technical recommendation in a farmer field school

ABSTRACTInnovation in rice (Oryza sativa) productivity improvement is a major goal for rice research. However, many studies have tended to analyse the various factors that affect productivity separately, while farmers invest their scare resources in farm inputs that impact on multiple factors in the real farm. This study assessed the effectiveness of integrated pest management practised during farmer field school (FFS) training in Cambodia on the production efficiencies, yields and profitability of rice farming. In total, 270 FFSs on rice cultivated in the early wet, wet and dry seasons were randomly selected from three provinces in 3 years to analyse the production practices and productivity using six cost-related factors: seed, planting methods, field management, fertilizer use, pesticide application and harvesting. It was found that yields and profits were significantly higher with the technically recommended practices (TRs) than with traditional farmer practices (FPs). However, the reverse was true for production costs due to the overuse of seed and pesticides in FP, neither of which are correlated with yield increase for both FP and TR. Thus, the FFS approach is a knowledge-intensive field management tool that enables the rational use of farm inputs and that is expected to be highly effective for sustainable rice production improvement.

Seedling broadcasting as a potential method to reduce apple snail damage to rice

Exotic apple snails (Pomacea spp.) are a major threat to the productivity and profitability of rice farming globally. Cultural methods that are applicable to traditional rice transplanting are often successful in reducing snail damage to rice. However, high labor and irrigation costs associated with transplanting highlight the need to develop modern rice crop establishment methods to replace traditional, labor-intensive methods. This study examined four broad categories of rice crop establishment for their vulnerability to apple snail damage. Seedlings from dapog nurseries and wet-direct seeding were highly vulnerable to damage and produced no grain in snail-infested ponds in the Philippines. Rice transplanted from dry bed nurseries at 21 days after sowing (DAS) had high mortality (85%) and consequently low yields. In contrast, seedling broadcasting (21 DAS) significantly reduced rice vulnerability (22% seedling mortality) to snail damage compared to all other methods and resulted in the highest grain yields per plot in our experiments. We attribute lower vulnerability to snail damage and successful stand development to reduced transplanting shock at the time of seedling broadcasting and to the generally good condition of seedlings even after 21 days in polyvinyl chloride trays. We suggest that seedling broadcasting be considered as a crop establishment method with potential to sustainably manage apple snails in irrigated rice.

Farm size and profitability of rice farming under rising input costs

As small farmers produce 90% of the total rice in the world, it is important to maintain adequate incentives for small rice farmers to ensure an adequate global rice supply. Rising input prices and agricultural wage rates, however, have been reducing overall profitability, consequently generating disincentives to rice farmers. Using household income and expenditure survey data for 2000 and 2010, this paper econometrically demonstrates that the loss in profitability is generally larger for small farms than for large farms, as small farms use more labor and other inputs than large farm households to earn higher rice income and profit. This paper econometrically demonstrates that, while per acre overall rice farming profitability (profit/total revenue) in Bangladesh declined more in 2010 than in 2000, the rate of reduction for small rice farm households is higher than for large farm households. It is found that, for both small and large farm households, the costs of wages, chemical fertilizer, irrigation, and tilling increased more significantly in 2010 than in 2000; however, the rate of increase for small farm households was higher than for large farm households. Consequently, the total cost of rice farming per acre for small farm households increased more sharply in 2010 than for large farm households. As a result, the profitability of rice farming per acre for small farm households declined more than for large farm households in 2010. Policies are drawn up based on the findings.

English

Further development through the application of technological innovations may result to rice export in North Sulawesi. It is necessary to do a study on the competitiveness level of this commodity, especially if there is a local policy to export rice. The aims of this research are: (1) to analyze the profitability of rice farming in Bolaang Mongondow District; (2) to analyze the comparative and competitive advantages of rice farming in Bolaang Mongondow District; (3) to analyze the impact of government policy on competitiveness of rice farming in Bolaang Mongondow District. Primary data were collected from 100 rice farmers. Data obtained was analyzed using policy analysis matrix (PAM). The results revealed that private and social profitability of rice farming are IDR 3,870,106 and IDR 3,493,646, respectively. Private cost ratio of rice farming was 0.69. Domestic resources cost ratio of rice farming was 0.68. The output transfer and nominal protection coefficient output indicated that the total value of input was 7% higher than the social price. The transfer input, nominal protection coefficient on input and transfer factor indicated that there is a protective policy to input tradable and non tradable producers. The results of effective protection coefficient, net transfer, profitability coefficient and subsidy ratio to producers of rice were 1.16, IDR 376,460.51, 1.11 and 0.03. Conclusively, rice commodities in Bolaang Mongondow have comparative and competitive advantages. In addition, the government policies of rice were protecting and beneficial to farmers in Bolaang Mongondow District of North Sulawesi Province.   Key words: Comparative and competitive advantages, rice farming, policy analysis matrix (PAM).