Profit Calculation Research Articles

ANALISIS NILAI TAMBAH DAN OPTIMASI KEUNTUNGAN PRODUKSI OLAHAN KERANG KAMPAK (STUDI KASUS PADA UMKM BUNDA SURABAYA)

This research was conducted at UMKM Bunda Surabaya, Surabaya City, with a focus on value-added analysis and profit optimization of processed shellfish production. The research method used was a case study with non-probability sampling, and data collection through interviews, questionnaires, observation, and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and quantitatively, including the calculation of production costs, revenues, and profits. The Hayami method was used to calculate added value, while the simplex method was used for production profit optimization. The results showed that Bunda Surabaya MSMEs earned profits from the production of shredded clams, clam sticks, and clam chili sauce, with a fairly high added value. The highest profit was obtained from the clam sauce product amounting to Rp. 775,201 per one production process. The added value of shredded clams is Rp. 94,726 per kg of raw material with a value-added ratio of 63.15%. This research is expected to provide benefits for the shellfish processing industry and improve the welfare of the fishing community.

FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY OF FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY: LESSONS FROM TOFU INDUSTRY IN TRUNAN VILLAGE, MAGELANG

This study aims to examine the financial analysis of the Food Processing Industry in Tofu Center of Trunan Village in an effort to maintain the calculation of operational costs, profit and loss, and investment in minimizing investment losses. In particular, this study aims to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP), and Profitability Index (PI) in the Processed Food Industry in the Tofu Center of Trunan Village. The urgency of this research is to maintain the sustainability of the tofu industry in Trunan Village, which is one of the leading MSME centers in Magelang City and in an effort to maintain food security. Based on the results of the analysis it was found that financially the MSME management in the Tofu Center Food Processing Industry in Trunan Village did not fulfill the feasibility aspect. Net Present Value (Rp 2,147,030,794), Internal Rate of Return shows 2%, Payback Period 2 Years 8 months, and Profitability Index 4.10. Keywords: Feasibility Study, NPV, IRR, PP, PI

The modern methodological conceptions and the development of anglo-american economics in the 20th century

Purpose: The aim of this article is to reconstruct the basic methodological assumptions that are relevant to contemporary conceptions of the science of economics developing in English and American literature during the 20th century. Methodology/approach: The paper aims to outline the logical structure of scientific theories in economics, which determines the objectivity of this science. Theoretical testing of hypotheses is performed by referring to more general and higher theoretical knowledge. Findings: The prevalence of utilitarian attitudes described in the article, which limit economic cognition to cost and profit calculations and economic processes to activities around profit maximisation, promotes the instrumentalisation of the norms and principles of this science, and indirectly indicates the absence of other autonomous values besides profit. Practical implications: Making the starting point in this article expressed in the work of British and American classics writing in the twentieth century demonstrates that they were moderate and flexible thinkers, as the structure of their theories reflects the changes that occurred in the leading methodological currents of the time. Originality/value: In every epoch of the development of the science of economics, there are concepts that consciously need to be guarded against variability (e.g. the concept of truth) and to strive to ensure that methodological concepts form as coherent a scientific belief system as possible.

Adaptive robust optimization framework for market-based wind power investment

Wind is distinguished by its eco-friendliness and sustainability, making it one of the most rapidly expanding forms of renewable energy sources (RESs). Hence, it is necessary to determine the most profitable plan for wind farm installation. This paper constructs a novel scheme for market-based wind power investment (WPI) problems using adaptive robust optimization (ARO). A tri-level robust WPI (RWPI) model is established, the first level of which is to minimize the investment cost plus the worst-case loss. In the second level, the worst-case loss (also known as the maximum regret) is identified by maximizing the minimum value of minus profit over the uncertainty sets. The third level maximizes the wind farm profit. Since the profit calculation requires the determination of the locational marginal price (LMP), the third level constitutes bi-level programming, with the upper level being the profit maximization and the lower level being the market clearing process. First, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions are applied to convert the bi-level model to a single-level model, resulting in an ARO with binary variables at the third level. Afterward, the nested column-and-constraint generation (NCCG) strategy is employed to solve the ARO with mixed-integer recourse. A case study is used to verify the scalability and practical applicability of the proposed model.

Assessment of the Profitability of a Photovoltaic Installation Cooperating with Energy Storage Using an Example of a Medium-Sized Production Company

This work aims to comprehensively analyze the cooperation of an electricity storage facility with an operating photovoltaic installation in a manufacturing company regarding the efficiency and effectiveness of the device and the economic profitability of the investment. This work aims to check the benefits that can be brought by expanding the PV system with an electricity storage facility. Based on the real energy balance and the characteristics of electricity distribution in the company, profitability calculations were carried out reflecting the expected savings generated by using individual solutions. These methods allowed the authors to calculate the market value of the investment with the assumed boundary criteria and to determine the economic effectiveness of the investment. Additionally, the practical process of selecting an electricity storage facility was presented and key moments in the company’s energy report were analyzed, in which the use of a battery could bring results. Calculations showed that supplementing the described PV installation with an energy storage facility will increase the current level of self-consumption of PV energy by over 14%. The benefits translate into the final effect of energy storage operation, which brings additional annual savings for the company of approximately EUR 23,000 in the case of a weaker device and roughly EUR 40,000 in the case of a more powerful energy storage device. The proposed research could improve the planning of new industrial plants for photovoltaic installations, as well as the redesign of existing ones.

Analisis Perubahan Rasio Keuangan dalam Menilai Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk Tahun 2022 dan 2023

Financial reports are a form of company description. With this financial report you can see how the company's financial performance is. Financial performance is defined as something that is really needed by the company, both internally and externally. This research uses a quantitative type of research. This research focuses on looking at the company's financial performance through activity ratios, solvency, liquidity and profitability. The research focuses on PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk in 2022 and 2023. The data collection method used is through literature study from journals, scientific articles and other sources. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis from the results of ratio calculations. The results of this research show that calculations of liquidity ratios, activity ratios and profitability obtain results that can be said to be still bad for PT companies. Astra Agro Lestari Tbk, while the solvency ratio results obtained good results at PT. Astra Agro Lestari Tbk.

A novel profit-driven framework for model evaluation in credit scoring

Credit scoring is a prominent problem in machine learning (ML). ML classifiers used to assess creditworthiness need to be evaluated using appropriate metrics. Common metrics fall into two categories: cost-sensitive and traditional cost-insensitive. Traditional cost-insensitive metrics like accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) have several drawbacks. They can be difficult for managers to understand, potentially misleading in certain scenarios, and often overlook the business realities of credit scoring. Conversely, existing cost-sensitive metrics are imperfect, leading many studies to rely on classic AUC metrics. In this study, we introduce the expected profit ratio (EPR), a novel framework for evaluating classifiers in credit scoring. EPR does not require a base scenario and accurately calculates the profit. Its flexibility makes it suitable for all types of credit-scoring problems, and its simplicity aids in comprehension and explanation. By enabling accurate profit calculation, EPR helps managers, executives, and administrators make informed decisions and investments. This metric lays the foundation for more sophisticated and precise model evaluation and comparison in credit scoring. Additionally, it can be used as a performance measure, alongside fairness and other criteria needed to achieve trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI).

Evaluating Murābahah Contract Practices in BPRS Financing Agreement No. 8854/MBA/11/2010 and Associated Challenges in Islamic Banking

This research aims to analyze the application of the murābahah contract in BPRS financing agreement number 8854/MBA/11/2010 related to the payment period and problems that may arise in BPRS financing practices in Islamic banking. The research method uses a literature study that uses an empirical normative approach, which focuses on the application of normative law to certain legal situations that occur in society. the results showed that the application of the murābahah contract in the BPRS financing agreement Number 8854 / MBA / 11/2010 in the context of the payment period. In the application of the murābahah financing contract, the profit is not more than one-third or one-fifth and the repayment period is not more than three years because if it is more, it will cause ribā because the calculation uses a profit calculation instead of profit sharing as based on the calculation. second Problems that can occur in murābahah financing. In the practice of murābahah financing, there are various problems that can occur, including non-transparent margins, risks of ownership and storage, problems with the quality of goods, risk of bad financing, uncertainty of market prices, high involvement of third parties and the difficulty of renegotiating and if viewed from various aspects such as sharia aspects, legal aspects, and operational aspects, it is very likely that there will be a failure in the contract.

Analisis Keuntungan Rumah Makan Muslim Ummi Hidayah Di Kawasan Boulevard Tondano Kabupaten Mianahasa

This study aims to analyze the business profits of Ummi Hidayah Restaurant in the Tondano Boulevard Area, Minahasa Regency. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data, data collection techniques used using descriptive analysis, namely analyzing, describing, and interviews. Data analysis used is using the calculation of costs, revenues and profits. Based on the results of the study, it is obtained that the amount of profit of the ummi hidayah Muslim restaurant business in the Tondano boulevard area can be categorized as a profitable business with a service profit and total revenue of Rp17,860,046 per month.

Analysis of money management skills as a character building of responsibility and creativity in elementary school students

Financial management skills are very important in life, so these skills must be trained from an early age so that when they grow up they become wise people who use money responsibly. This study aims to describe the results of the analysis of the ability of elementary school students to manage their money creatively and responsibly. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collection by survey by giving instruments in the form of questionnaires 12 questions for individuals and 1 question for groups. The research sample as the source is 80 public and private elementary school students in Malang city. Data analysis techniques using Miles and Huberman with data collection steps, data reduction, data presentation and data verification. Based on the results of the survey of the ability to manage finances in the aspect of utilizing pocket money for saving and entrepreneurship individually with group financial management obtained, it shows that there is not too much difference. In individual results, the majority of students have set aside pocket money to save and do small businesses but have not yet appeared well managed, in group results there is already a detailed planning of financial management for business but the calculation of capital and profit is not appropriate. Financial management skills in elementary school students still need more serious handling in order to increase more creative and responsible.

Goldfish Breeding Business Development in Kampung Wouma, Wamena Kota District

The potential for natural resources in the Wamena City District area is very abundant. One of the businesses being developed by the community there is goldfish farming which has been started since 2015. The aim of this study for analyze how the carp business is developing in Wouma village, Wamena city district. Method​ Qualitative is used to explain the development of the carp farming business including the condition of the breeder, the problems faced by the breeder including business capital, labor, production, price and other factors that must be considered for development. business​ fish​ m a s. Meanwhile, the analysis method quantitative used for count level farmer's net income with profit calculation. The amount of goldfish breeder capital varies, depending on the condition of the breeder. The average capital used to start a goldfish farming business ranges between Rp. 8,500,000 to Rp. 10,000,000. Of the 10 respondents studied, the number of workers needed to develop goldfish was 34 people. Generally, these breeders are heads of families with junior high school and senior high school education. Good price conditions will provide benefits for goldfish production and have a positive influence on breeders to increase their production, because prices directly affect income levels. Until 2021, the price of carp will reach Rp. 35,000 per kg, in 2022 the price of goldfish will reach IDR. 38,000 per kg and in 2023 the price of goldfish will reach IDR. 40,000 per kg. Furthermore, the goldfish production produced by breeders has increased from year to year. Carp production will range from 1,040 kg to 1,760 kg until 2023. Research shows goldfish sales don't meet consumer demand, with respondent 5 earning the least and respondent 3 earning the most.

Shifting analysis of grain carriers using System Dynamics Simulation

PT PFS is a subsidiary of PT BJ specially serving of port services. PT PFS need to shift FSO Ardjuna Sakti from jetty 1.6-1.7 to the new jetty (jetty 4.5-4.6) because PT PFS has some problems and activity plans. The problems are teh increased of commercial demand, the development jetty 3 of port CDG, the Berth Occupation Ratio (BOR) which already exceeds 65%, the expansion plan of PT BJ and the need for flexibility on the jetty 1.5-1.8. Therefore, it is necessary to do the analysis of shifting the FSO Ardjuna Sakti. The method use in this study is comparing the financial analysis using manual calculation and system dynamics simulation. The financial analysis uses in this study are Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, Net Present Value (NPV) and comparing revenue and profit between FSO Ardjuna Sakti in jetty 1.6-17 and jetty 4.5-4.6. The result of the study showed that the IRR is 14,73%, it is exceed than the MARR of BI rate 6,5%, Payback Period is 5 years so investment will comeback at 5 next years, and the value of the NPV with manual and system dynamics simulation has both positive value or exceed than 0 (zero). The result of manual calculation of NPV is Rp.15.369.374.455 and the result of system dynamics simulation is Rp.1.184.863.983.489. Comparing manual calculation and system dynamics simulation of revenue and profit of FSO Ardjuna Sakti in jetty 1.6-1.7 respectively is Rp.2.384.292.880 and Rp.2.125719.660 whilst in jetty 4.5-4.6 respectively is Rp.9.015.993.344 and Rp.6.761.995.008. From those financial methods compared manually and by system dynamics simulation, we can conclude the investment decisions are feasible. And activity of shifting FSO Ardjuna Sakti from jetty 1.6-1.7 to the jetty 4.5-4.6 is appropriate to do.

Forced exit from the joint-decision trap: US power and the harmonisation of company taxation in the EU

ABSTRACT EU member states have traditionally opposed the harmonisation of company taxation to preserve national sovereignty over a core state power. Accordingly, legislation and case law were marked by negative integration enforcing the free circulation of capital. Tax avoidance and competition intensified, entrenching interest heterogeneity among small low-tax and large normal-tax member states. In December 2022, however, the Council of the EU introduced an effective minimum tax and harmonised the calculation of taxable corporate profits. Why did member states exit the joint-decision trap in company taxation? I show that external pressure from the US government was decisive. Whereas previous proposals for harmonisation failed in the Council despite impeccable orchestration by the Commission and historically high levels of politicisation, the Directive on effective minimum taxation passed despite declining politicisation and little Commission involvement. Instead, the Biden administration clinched a deal on global minimum taxation with large member states and helped enforce it at EU level through bilateral pressure on opponents. By facilitating EU implementation of global minimum taxation, the Biden administration hoped to foster Congressional adoption of corresponding reforms. Hence, exits from the joint-decision trap can result from external pressure, whereas governments may enforce international agreements to exploit policy feedback.

Efficiency of investment activity in the dairy subcomplex

The article presents the results related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of investment activities in the dairy subcomplex. It is established that investments are an important component of the economic development of the dairy subcomplex, the effectiveness of which depends on a set of factors of the macro- and microeconomic environment, its organizational and economic characteristics, the investment strategy of enterprises, objects and sources of investment, the period for which capital is invested, the certainty of its future effect and the associated risk level. It was found out that in the conditions of low competitiveness of dairy subcomplex enterprises, there is a need to use effective investment projects, which significantly strengthened the role of investment efficiency analysis as a tool within which it is possible to justify, evaluate and select priority investment projects. It is determined that the task of analyzing the effectiveness of investments is the calculation of profits and cash flows, the assessment of their effectiveness, the identification of the influence of uncertainty factors on their profitability, the selection of optimal investment projects. It is advisable to organize the analysis of the effectiveness of investments in the following areas: the definition of subjects and objects of analysis; the choice of organizational forms of analysis, depending on the organizational structure and the distribution of responsibilities between individual performers; the preparation of the analysis program and its information support; analytical data processing, design and generalization of the analysis results. The proposed methodological approach to the analysis of investment efficiency takes into account the conditions of an unstable market environment (variable macroeconomic conditions, insufficient supply of dairy raw materials, uncertainty about wholesale purchase and sale prices), makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of investments, conduct risk analysis by simulation and predict data for risk analysis using regression methods.

Development of Rule-Based Expert System for Variable Cost and Gross Profit Calculations of Agricultural Products: A Case Study

Cost and gross profit calculations of agricultural products are a comprehensive and difficult process. Many different parameters, such as soil cultivation, pruning, spraying, irrigation, storage, drying, harvesting, transportation, and marketing, need to be evaluated together. Currently, cost calculations of agricultural products are made with classical programs and simple mathematical methods. For this reason, the results vary depending on the person and organization making the evaluation. This creates some limitations, making cost planning, which is a dynamic process, unreliable. In the study, a rule-based expert system was developed for the cost and gross profit calculation of apricots. The expert system developed is called Apricot Information System (APRIS). The developed expert system aims to provide more accurate solutions by adding the precision and speed of the computer to the calculation process. The main contribution of this study is the development of a complete decision support set covering all processes from tillage to marketing and the design of rule-based user-system interaction. The designed system found the apricot variable cost calculation to be 1126.36 TL/da for 2020. This value largely overlaps with the values obtained from the field in the previous year. The developed expert system will be a platform that can be used in cost calculations of many agricultural products.

Can Reflective Thinking Develop Students’ Metacognition in the Microeconomics Course?

Economics learning prepares students to deal with various decision-making processes and there is a need on independent learning. This study aims at investigating a reflective thinking approach to teaching microeconomics to enhance students’ metacognitive abilities. The study involved a quantitative research approach using a self-administered survey to collect data from participants. The findings indicate that reflective thinking method can be used to identify students’ learning challenges and to find solutions to cope their problems. In particular, the majority of students found difficulties in some chapters, such as profit calculation and pricing in imperfectly competitive markets, as well as game theory and competitive strategy. In addition, students can propose solutions by involving additional resources, e.g., textbooks and YouTube videos.

Cash Processing Administration System In The Indonesian Red Cross Blood Transfusion Unit, Semarang City

The cash processing administration system in a company plays a very important role. One of the problems that often arises in a cash processing administration system is the inaccurate calculation results of cash administration reports. This can result in inaccurate calculations of a company's profits and losses. Besides that, the use of company funds for something is not necessary, because every income and expenditure of company funds can be seen clearly and can be checked at any time. In short, companies will be able to quickly and easily find out the income and expenditure of funds. Information technology which is developing rapidly at this time provides very helpful benefits for the development of a company's information system, especially with the use of computer-based information technology, because by using computer technology in an information system you will be able to process data more quickly with lower error rates. minimal and saves time. The procedures that will be processed consist of the administration section and the finance section. If there is an income or expenditure of money or funds, the data can simultaneously be entered into the computer and will automatically influence or add to the existing data in the company. In this way, the condition of the money or funds in the company can be known with certainty and accuracy.

Analisis Perencanaan Pajak Melalui Metode Penyusutan Untuk Menghitung PPh Pasal 17 Perusahaan Jasa Konstruksi Sebagai Upaya Meminimalkan Beban Pajak Pada PT. Bisma Indo Raya Surabaya Tahun 2022

This research aims to analyze tax planning using the depreciation method to calculate corporate income tax article 17 as an effort to minimize the tax burden. The data analysis technique used in the research is quantitative descriptive. The data source used in this research is primary data. This research was conducted at PT. Bisma Indo Raya which is located on Jl. East Gayungsari No.16 Surabaya (Behind the PKB Building). The results of this discussion show that the total profit before tax before tax planning from depreciation is Rp. 1,030,470,668, with corporate income tax article 17 amounting to Rp. 226,703,547, resulting in a profit after tax of Rp. 803,767,121. While the calculation of profit after tax planning because there is a correction of depreciation costs using the straight line method, the total profit before tax after tax planning from straight line method depreciation is Rp. 609,820,542 with corporate income tax article 17 of the company amounting to Rp. 134,158,319, so obtained profit after tax amounting to Rp. 475,652,223. Calculating the profit after planning tax due to correction of depreciation costs using the declining balance method, the total profit before tax after tax planning from depreciation is Rp. 486,588,810 with corporate income tax article 17 of Rp. 107,049539, so that the profit after tax is Rp. 379,539,272. So the difference in efficiency of paying income tax if using the straight line depreciation method is Rp. 92,545,228, whereas if using the decreasing balance depreciation method it is Rp. 119,654,009. So the declining balance is smore effective to use because it can provide greater tax reduction efficiency to the company.

Analisis Perbandingan Profitabilitas Pada Perusahaan Antara Sebelum Dan Sesudah Merger Dan Akuisisi (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Yang Melakukan Merger Dan Akuisisi Di Tahun 2018)

This study aims to find out whether or not there is a difference between before and after mergers and acquisitions in the profitability of companies that carried out mergers and acquisitions in 2018 which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population used in this study were companies that carried out mergers and acquisitions in 2018 with a total of 74 companies taking samples using the purposive sampling method and 8 companies were selected as samples in the study. The sample which consists of 8 companies are companies that carried out mergers and acquisitions in 2018 which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analytical method used in this study is to use a paired sample t test with the calculation of profitability using the ratio of ROE and NPM. The paired sample t test is a testing technique to be able to find out about the difference between before and after being given treatment on a variable. The results of this study indicate that there is no difference in the profitability of companies listed on the IDX that carried out mergers and acquisitions in 2018. This is shown by using the paired sample t test to obtain an ROE ratio value with a tcount of 1,617 with a significance of 0.127, from the results it can be seen that the significance value is greater than 0.05. Meanwhile, if seen using the NPM ratio value, the t-count value is -0.555 with a significance of 0.587, from these results it can also be seen that the significance value is greater than 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is no difference in company profitability as measured by the ROE ratio and NPM ratio for companies that carried out mergers and acquisitions in 2018 which were listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Keywords: Mergers and Acquisitions, Profitability

Analisis Manajemen Persediaan Barang Dagang dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Kinerja Perusahaan (Studi Kasus pada Penggilingan Padi Bumi Makmur)

Inventory management is an effort to determine the size of inventory levels and control them effectively and efficiently the inventory of merchandise. This study aims to find out, test and analyze merchandise inventory management in an effort to improve the performance of Bumi Makmur Rice Milling Company for the period January to June 2022. The technique used by the author in further analyzing and finding facts is through merchandise inventory cards with the perpetual FIFO method and the calculation of company profit / loss. The results of the analysis show a significant increase in inventory from January to June 2022. The performance of Bumi Makmur Rice Milling Company as measured using profitability ratio with gross profit margin calculation also increased significantly, although in the second month it experienced a slight decline. Companies are advised to use merchandise inventory cards so that the company can know exactly the stock of inventory in the warehouse.