Profiles Of Different Extracts Research Articles

Argemone ochroleuca Phytochemicals and Allelopathic Effect of Their Extracts on Germination of Soybean

Soybean is a high-value food source, and the invasive weeds Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone ochroleuca) could release allelochemicals that inhibit the growth of this crop. The impact of A. ochroleuca on the germination and growth of soybean is not well documented. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the TLC profiles of different extracts of A. ochroleuca and assess the effects of extracts on the germination of soybean seeds. Shoots and roots of A. ochroleuca were weighed and 100 g of each was separately extracted with 1000 mL deionized water, hexane or acetone. Ten concentrations of water extracts ranging from 10 to 100 mL per 100 mL of deionized water and three concentrations of acetone and hexane extracts ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 g/L were separately used for seed germination bioassays. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was used to compare the chemical profiles in the shoot and root water, and in the hexane and acetone extracts of A. ochroleuca. The highest reduction was recorded from the water extract, at 100%. The TLC profiling of A. ochroleuca addressed different classes of compounds, including alkaloids, phenolic acids and flavanoids. There is, however, a need to identify the most active phytochemicals in the suppression of germination.

UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS metabolite profiles of different extracts from Pelargonium endlicherianum parts and their biological properties based on network pharmacological approaches.

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the chemical profiles and biological activities of different extracts (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water) of Pelargonium endlicherianum parts (aerial parts and roots). Free radical scavenging, reducing power, phosphomolybdenum, and metal chelating were assayed for antioxidant properties. To detect enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, and tyrosinase were chosen as target enzymes. The ethanol extract of the aerial parts contained higher amounts of total bioactive compounds (120.53 mg GAE/g-24.46 mg RE/g). The ethanol and water extracts of these parts were tentatively characterized by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and 95 compounds were annotated. In addition, the highest acetylcholiesterase (3.74 mg GALAE/g) and butyrylcholinesterase (3.92 mg GALAE/g) abilities were observed by the ethanol extract of roots. The water extract from aerial parts exhibited the most pronounced inhibitory effects on multiple cancer cell lines, especially A549 (IC50: 23.2 µg/mL) and HT-29 (IC50: 27.43 µg/mL) cells. Using network pharmacology, P. endlicherianum compounds were studied against cancer, revealing well-connected targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), AKT, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2, and growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) with significant impact on cancer-related pathways. The results could open a new path from natural treasure to functional applications with P. endlicherianum and highlight a new study on other uninvestigated Pelargonium species.

Investigation of the Genotoxic, Antigenotoxic and Antioxidant Profile of Different Extracts from Equisetum arvense L.

The present study investigated the cyto-genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of four different extracts of Equisetum arvense L. (common name: field horsetail) on human lymphocytes. Specifically, Soxhlet’s prepared extracts from E. arvense L., using different solvents (S1: methanol (MeOH)-, S2: ethanol (EtOH)-, S3: water-, and S4: ethanol/water (EtOH-W)-) were analyzed for (a) their total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively), (b) their antioxidant activity (AA), via the DPPH, FRAP and ABTS assays, and (c) their cyto-genotoxic and/or protective efficiency against the mutagenic agent mitomycin C, via the Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus assay. All extracts showed increased TPC, TFC, and AA values in almost all cases. S1, S3 and S4 demonstrated no cytotoxic potential, whereas S2 was cytotoxic only at the highest concentrations. Genotoxicity was not observed in the tested extracts. The highest antigenotoxic activity was observed for EtOH-W (S4) extract, which was found to be rich in flavonoids, flavonoid-O-glycosides, phytosterols, phenolic and fatty acids as well as in minerals and mainly in K, Ca, Mg, Si and P, as assessed by using various mass spectrometry techniques. Those findings confirm that E. arvense L. extracts could be valuable candidates for medicinal applications and pharmaceutical products, thus alleviating the effects of more conventional drugs.

Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties, and HPLC–MS/MS Profiles of Different Extracts of Arabis carduchorum Boiss.: An Endemic Plant to Turkey

In this study, six extracts of Arabis carduchorum prepared from solvents of varying polarity (water, methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane) were investigated for their chemical profiles and total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC/TFC) using HPLC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric/colorimetric assays, respectively, along with the assessment of their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. In general, the polar extracts (methanol, water, and infusion) showed higher TPC/TFC than the other extracts (range: 13.73–26.62 mg GAE/g; 2.66–52.95 mg RE/g, respectively). The total antioxidant capacity of the polar extracts ranged from 0.90–1.85 mmol TE/g in phosphomolybdenum assay, while the free radical scavenging potential ranged from 4.36–32.13 mg TE/g and 12.58–67.73 mg TE/g in DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. While the water and infuse extract inhibited only butyrylcholinesterase (2.68 and 2.39 mg GALAE/g, respectively), the other extracts were found to inhibit both acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases (0.96–2.73 mg GALAE/g and 1.86–5.11 mg GALAE/g, respectively). On the contrary, all extracts exhibited anti-tyrosinase (40.24–59.22 mg KAE/g) and anti-amylase (0.09–0.63 mmol ACAE/g) activities. Overall, this study highlighted the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction of bioactive compounds and the biological properties of the extracts of A. carduchorum; hence, the results obtained could be used to guide optimum extraction in future studies.

An Optimized Terpene Profile for a New Medical Cannabis Oil.

The purpose of this analytical study was to develop an advanced formulation of medical Cannabis oil (MCO) comparing the chemical profile of different extracts obtained with two existing methods (SIFAP and CALVI) and one original upgraded (CERFIT) method. Preparation methods were applied with varying solvent, temperature, and duration of the decarboxylation and extraction steps. HPLC-MS/MS TSQ and GC/FID-HS analyses were performed to investigate cannabinoid and terpene contents in the three oil extracts. Cannabinoids profile remained comparable between the formulations. CERFIT extracts exhibited a superior quantity of total terpene hydrocarbon forms (e.g., limonene and α-pinene) with no degradation occurrence (i.e., oxidized terpenes not quantifiable). Thus, this new method optimized the phytochemical profile of the MCO presenting a value opportunity to obtain a standardized high-level therapeutic product.

Chemical Standards and HPTLC Finger Print Profiles of a Siddha Polyherbal Formulation - Kadukkai Legiyam

To study physico-chemical, phytochemical and high performance thin layer chromatography of a Siddha drug “Kadukkai Legiyam” (KL). The prepared Kadukkai Legiyam (KL) was prepared as per the standard operating procedures mentioned in literature. Then the drug was subjected to physicochemical parameters, phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) finger print profile of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and hydro alcohol (1:1) extracts. Different extracts of the drug showed distinct TLC and HPTLC finger print patterns which will be unique to this drug. This study giving information about physiochemical and phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprint profile of different extracts, the integration spectrum which will useful in standardizing the raw drugs and future comparison studies.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of aqueous‐methanol extract from Anneslea fragrans leaves as affected by drying methods

SummaryThe present study is aimed to evaluate the effect of three different drying methods, including shade drying (SD), freeze drying (FD) and hot air dying (HAD), on the chemical components, antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of aqueous‐methanol extracts from A. fragrans leaves. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined by spectroscopic methods, whereas the chemical profile of different extracts was determined by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS). A total of thirteen compounds were characterised and 9 phenolic compounds have been quantified. Two dihydrochalcone glycosides named confusoside and vacciniifolin were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the SD extract of A. fragrans leaves, which also showed the strongest antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. The results showed that shade drying is an efficient method for preserving the chemical constituents and maintaining the antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of A. fragrans leaves.

Screening of the antioxidant activity of extracts from Hedera helix leaves using the HPLC/ABTS method

Hedera helix is widely used as a remedy to treat the respiratory infections and cold accompanied with cough due to its anti-inflammatory effect. In addition, the antioxidant activity of its extracts has been confirmed. It is explained by the high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids among all phytochemicals of H. helix leaves. However, it remains uncertain which exactly components are responsible for the antioxidant activity and what is the best way to perform extraction.Aim. To determine the antioxidant profile of different extracts from H. helix leaves using the in vitro HPLC method combined with the ABTS reagent.Materials and methods. Extraction of H. helix leaves was conducted with different solvents (from 20 % methanol to 100 % methanol using an ultrasound bath); the method described in the Pharmacopeia was also used. A Waters chromatograph was used to determine the antioxidant profile.Results. About 90 % of the components responsible for the antioxidant activity were determined using the HPLC method proposed. Among them, chlorogenic acid and 3,5-caffeoylquinic acid showed the highest activities. Other components, such as neochlorogenic acid, hyperoside and 3,4-caffeoylquinic acid were revealed as components with the antioxidant scavenging activities in H. helix lextracts.Conclusions. The results obtained indicate that extracts from H. helix leaves possess the high antioxidant scavenging capacity. In addition, the in vitro HPLC method proposed can be used for the primary screening of components in the plant raw material.

Phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial efficacy of a native Himalayan Fern: Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai.

Present work elucidates the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Woodwardia unigemmata (Makino) Nakai along with chemical characterization using its aqueous (AEW), methanol (MEW), and hexane (HEW) extracts. Chemical profile of different extracts was illustrated by using Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays, total phenolic and flavonoid content by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method, respectively. Further, antibacterial activity against six plant and four animal pathogenic bacteria was analyzed by employing the disc diffusion assay. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of catechol (21.96%), glycerol (20.22%), n-pentadecanoic acid (6.95%), glyceryl monoacetate (6.35 %), ethyl acetimidate (5.39 %) and 3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydromaltol (5.36%) in AEW; β-sitosterol (17.39%), pentadecanoic acid (9.81%), vitamin E (7.82%) and glycerol (7.05%) in MEW; γ-sitosterol (33.45%), vitamin E (10.04%) and campesterol (7.32%) in HEW as major constituents. Maximum phenolics (873±6.01 mgGAE/g dry extract) as well as flavonoids (151±11.44 mgQE/g dry extract) content was found in MEW, which also showed remarkable antioxidant potential (IC50 6.07±1.4µg/ml for DPPH and 768±10.4mg AAE/g dry extract for FRAP assay. In antibacterial activity, maximum inhibition (15±0.9mm) was observed for HEW against R. solanacearum, followed by AEW against A. tumefaciens and X. phaseoli (11±0.3mm each). MEW was found positive only against A. tumefaciens. Significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value observed for AEW against L. monocytogenes (10mg/ml). Polar extracts had remarkable antioxidant potential, while non-polar extract did show significant antibacterial activity. Further, GC- MS reports indicated that this traditionally useful fern species can be an excellent source of biologically active compounds.

Subcritical water extraction of phenolic antioxidants with improved α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities from exocarps of Castanea mollissima Blume

Herein, subcritical water extraction (SWE) technology was applied for the recovery of phenolics from chestnut exocarps. Results showed that extracts obtained by SWE had significantly higher extraction yield (Ye), total phenolic contents (TPC), as well as stronger antioxidant (AAs), α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities than conventional techniques. The optimal temperature of SWE for reaching the highest Ye, TPC and AAs was 220 °C, while the strongest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were observed at 120 °C. UPLC-MS/MS, heatmap and radar chart analysis revealed that the phenolic profiles of different extracts varied markedly with extraction methods, and SWE extract at 120 °C had potential application for glycemic control by non-competitively inhibiting α-amylase and/or α-glucosidase. The major components contributed to the inhibitory activities were putative chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, such as rutin and quercetin, etc. These observations suggest that SWE is a promising technology for obtaining bioactive phenolics from chestnut exocarps.

Phenolic profiles of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) leaf extracts obtained by different extraction methods

Abstract Extracts from quince leaves are a well-known home remedy used for treating diverse health problems. Most of the beneficial properties of quince leaf extracts may be assigned to their high content of phenolic compounds, particularly tannins. In this research, we have evaluated the efficiency of various methods for phenolic extraction from quince leaves and determined detailed phenolic profiles of different extracts. The results indicated that leaf drying is a suitable pretreatment for enhancing the extraction of phenolic compounds. Higher extraction of phenolics was achieved at higher temperatures (i.e. infusion or decoction). Phenolic profiles of quince leaf extracts differed among the extraction solvents and time of extraction. Flavanols prevailed in extracts obtained by decoction and ethanolic maceration, while extracts obtained by maceration in water and infusion were rich in phenolic acids. A highly concentrated quince leaf extract was attained by ethanolic maceration, using a standard ratio of solvent and leaf material.

Plant part substitution inLitsea Chinensisfor medicinal use: A comparative phytochemical approach

Background: Medasakha (Litsea chinensis) is a medium sized tree, heartwood of which is extensively used in Ayurveda for the treatment of various diseases. Count of this species is declining in the wild and in future this species may be difficult to obtain for use in Ayurveda and other traditional systems of medicine. It is exploited mainly for its medicinal heartwood. Hence the use of alternative parts of this plant in place of its heartwood would be beneficial for its survival. Objective: Present study is carried out on L. chinensis to phytochemically evaluate the possibilities of using its small branches as a substitute to its heartwood. Materials and Methods: Physicochemical parameters and preliminary phytochemical screening were carried out using standard methods. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin-ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method, respectively. CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with semi-automatic applicator was used for HPTLC profiling. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of heartwood and small braches were developed in suitable mobile phase using standard procedures and visualized in UV 254, 366 nm and in white light after derivatization with anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent. Results: Phytochemical analysis and HPTLC profile of different extracts of heartwood and small branches showed the presence of almost similar phytochemicals in both the parts of this plant which suggests that small branches may be used in place of heartwood and vice-versa after comparison and confirmation of same for pharmacological activities. Conclusion: This study provides the base for further study to use small branches of L. chinensis as a substitute to its heartwood.

Shedding light on the biological and chemical fingerprints of three Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. millefolium and A. teretifolia).

Representatives of the Achillea genus are widely used as foods or nutraceuticals. Considering the increasing demand for herbal dietary supplements with health promoting effects, the objective of this research was to evaluate the biological and chemical profiles of different extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) obtained from three Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. millefolium and A. teretifolia). The antioxidant (free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (CUPRAC and FRAP), metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum), enzyme inhibitory (anti-cholinesterase, anti-tyrosinase, anti-amylase and anti-glucosidase) and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) effects were assessed to investigate their biological profiles. Moreover, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined and LC-MS analysis was performed for the chemical profile of the investigated extracts. The LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several caffeoylquinic acids in these extracts. Generally, the methanol and water extracts exhibited stronger antioxidant abilities, which correlated with the higher levels of phenolic compounds when compared to the ethyl acetate extracts. In addition, the best antimicrobial activities were obtained for the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts. However, the ethyl acetate extract had remarkable enzyme inhibitory potential. On the basis of our results, Achillea species may be promoted as promising sources of natural agents and used for the development of nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients.

Evaluation for substitution of stem bark with small branches of Myrica esculenta for medicinal use – A comparative phytochemical study

BackgroundOver exploitation of many traditional medicinal plants like Myrica esculenta has become a threat and in the near future, many medicinal plants may be unavailable for use of industry. ObjectivePresent study outlines the concept of plant part substitution. Stem bark and small branches of M. esculenta are compared on the basis of physicochemical analysis, phytochemical analysis, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) to evaluate the possibilities of using small branches in place of stem bark. Material and methodsPhysicochemical parameters and preliminary phytochemical screening were carried out using standard methods. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were estimated spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method, respectively. CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with semi-automatic applicator was used for HPTLC profiling. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of stem bark and small branches were developed in suitable mobile phase using standard procedures and visualized in UV 254 and 366 nm and in white light after derivatization within anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent. ResultsPhytochemical analysis and HPTLC profile of different extracts showed the presence of almost similar phytochemicals in both stem bark and small branches. ConclusionSimilarities in phytochemical analysis and HPTLC profile of various extracts suggests that small branches may be used in place of stem bark. The study provides the base for further study to use small branches as a substitute of stem bark of M. esculenta.

Production and characterization of nanoparticles containing methanol extracts of Portuguese Lavenders

Lavenders (Lavandula species) are aromatic plants of great economic value for fragrance, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Their biological activities and application on therapy can be compromised due to bioactive compounds physicochemical instability. Therefore, nanotechnology can be used as a way of achieving this stabilization.The antioxidant profile of different extracts from Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri and L. pedunculata were established by lipid peroxidation inhibition and the antioxidant activity confirmed by the free radical scavenging method. Methanol extracts of L. stoechas ssp. luisieri and L. pedunculata, due to their high antioxidant activity, phenolic content (1387.21 and 1044.19mg gallic acid equivalents gsample−1, respectively) and flavonoid amount (482.4 and 360.0mg rutin equivalents gsample−1) were selected for encapsulation. The produced polymeric poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a well-defined spherical shape and a high encapsulation efficiency (>96%) when the concentration of the extracts main component, rosmarinic acid, was used as indicator of encapsulation efficiency.The epidermal permeation of both extracts through human epidermis and their in vitro cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes studies were suggestive of low risks of toxicity. In conclusion, the current study provides data for promising new cosmetic or dermatological formulations for the pharmaceutical industry, as anti-aging and antioxidant agents.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CARICA PAPAYA LINN. UNRIPE FRUITS

Present study was performed for the development of quality standards of Carica papaya Linn. commonly known as Papita belonging to family Caricaceae is well known for its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. The study comprises of physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation to confirm purity and authenticity of Carica papaya L. unripe fruit using WHO guidelines. Microscopy of the fruit showed presence thick cuticle, parenchyma, epicarp, mesocarp endocarp, calcium oxalate crystals, laticifers, etc. Successive extractive value and hot extractive value was found highest in alcoholic extract 48.34 % and 44.90 % respectively (on dry weight basis). Mean ash values (%) are 8.63 (total), 0.79 (acid insoluble ash), and 5.30 (water soluble ash) and moisture content was found to be 9.41 % and the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds in different extracts of Carica papaya L. fruit. TLC fingerprinting profile of different extracts were also developed and quantification of β-carotene was also done by using nhexane:acetone (8.5:1.5) as a mobile phase at 415 nm and found to be higher in pet ether Carica papaya L. fruit extract 1.55 % w/w.

Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and mutagenic investigation of the South African tree aloe ( Aloe barberae)

Ethnopharmacology relevance In recent times, many products ranging from aloe drinks to aloe gels, powders, capsules, and creams have appeared on the commercial market prepared from different aloe species including Aloe barberae. These products are used in ethnomedicine to treat various conditions including gastrointestinal disorders, insect bites, skin burns and other skin injuries by traditional communities. Aim of the study This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as genotoxic effects of different extracts of Aloe barberae. Materials and methods Organic and water extracts of the upper stem, young bark, mature bark, leaves and roots of the South African tree aloe ( Aloe barberae) were evaluated for their antimicrobial [Gram-positive ( Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative ( Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria as well as the fungus Candida albicans], anti-inflammatory (COX-1 and COX-2) and mutagenic properties (Ames test). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to compare the phytochemical profiles of different extracts of Aloe barberae. Results The petroleum ether (PE) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the mature bark, leaves and roots exhibited good activity against all the bacteria and fungus Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.195 to 1.56 mg/ml. All the PE extracts evaluated showed a high activity (>70%) in both COX-1 and COX-2 assays. Apart from the organic extracts of the root with consistently good activity (>70%), all the remaining extracts showed moderate activity (40–69%) in COX-1 assay. The PE extracts also showed a dose dependent increase in activity. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of the leaves and root EtOH extracts indicated the presence of compounds that could absorb UV light (wavelength: 190–820 nm). None of the extracts had a mutagenic effect in the Salmonella/microsome assay against a tester strain, TA98. Conclusion Activity observed in the bark, leaves and roots of Aloe barberae validates its use in commercial herbal products, ethnobotany and ethnoveterinary medicine by South African communities and small scale farmers to treat various conditions.

Anti-Convulsant Activity of Different Extracts of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri in Animals

Objective: To evaluate anti-convulsant profile of different extracts of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri in rats. Materials and methods: The effects of single oral administration of different preparations of C. asiatica and B .monnieri were evaluated for their anticonvulsant profile in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) in rats at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after administration and Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) test in mice and rats. The ED 50 dose of Phenytoin (30 mg/kg) was used for comparison. Results: The crude drug of C.asiatica (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate anticonvulsant activity, from 1 h to 24 h. The methanolic extract of C.asiatica (CA-I) showed higher activity than the crude drug at 3 and 6 h, but there was no anti-convulsant activity at 1 h. The solubulised extract of C.asiatica (CA-II) (using Cresmer RH 40 and propylene glycol) at 500 and 1000 mg/kg, also showed a similar profile of activity which was dose-dependent. The crude drug of B.monnieri (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate activity from 1 h to 6 h but there was no activity at 24 h. The methanolic extract of B.monnieri (BM-I) (which was later partitioned between butanol and water) showed a lesser degree of activity only at 3 h and 6 h. The solubilised extract of B.monnieri (BM-II) (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate activity at 3 h and 6 h with minimal activity at 24 h. At 1000 mg/kg, a comparatively higher degree of activity was seen at 1 h-6h but not at 24 h. The activity of B.monnieri was almost equivalent to Phenytoin at 6 h. In the Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) chemoshock seizure test, no activity was detected for both plants (500 mg/kg). Conclusion: Overall, B.monnieri has a faster onset of action and time/dose responses were qualitatively similar to Phenytoin, while C.asiatica had quantitatively lesser activity but had a longer duration of action.

Critical assessment of electrolyte systems for the capillary electrophoresis analysis of phenolic compounds in herbal extracts

AbstractThis work presents a comparative evaluation of electrolyte systems for the capillary electrophoresis analysis of the phenolic compounds apigenin and luteolin, and their corresponding 7‐O‐glucosides naringenin, rutin, quercetin, umbelliferone, herniarin, chlorogenic, and caffeic acids, in methanolic, glycolic, and hydroalcoholic extracts of Matricaria recutita L. (Asteraceae). The electrolytes included tetraborate buffer at different pHs and concentrations, containing varied amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate, β‐cyclodextrin, and acetonitrile. The electrophoretic profile of the extracts changes considerably from electrolyte to electrolyte. However, in a single electrolyte, the profile of different extracts seems to be very similar (identical elution order), varying only in relative composition. The best condition for quantitative work was 20 mmol/L tetraborate buffer, pH 10, using direct detection at 337 nm. Baseline resolution of 9 among 11 selected standards was achieved readily in this electrolyte, showing distinct migration patterns for flavonoid aglycones (flavones, dihydroflavonols, and flavonols), coumarins, and acidic phenylpropanoids. To assure reproducibility, several capillary conditioning procedures were tested. Electrokinetic rinses with tetraborate buffer prior to sample injection gave the best results. Precision of migration times and peak areas were better than 4 and 2%, respectively, for 10 consecutive injections of the methanolic extract. A few method validation parameters also are reported, such as linearity (r2<0.999, concentration range from 5.0 to 75.0 μg/mL), limit of detection (3.8 μg/mL), and limit of quantitation (11.5 μg/mL), referred to apigenin, a commonly used compound to standardize chamomile extracts for topical use. Flavonoid glucosides that have distinct sugar moieties were separated readily in free solution; however, those with similar sugar moieties were separated only in micellar medium, using β‐cyclodextrin as the additive. The presence of reference compounds in the extracts was confirmed by spiking techniques and their identification was assisted by a UV‐spectra library. The validity of the diode array detector as an identification tool for phenolic compounds also is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 227–235, 2001