Professor Of Internal Medicine Research Articles

Confinia Cephalalgica: a new start

In the early 1950s, Federigo Sicuteri, professor of clinical pharmacology, following the indication of his mentor, Enrico Greppi, professor of internal medicine, started a modern Italian investigation and clinical unit exclusively dedicated to headache medicine at the Careggi Hospital of the University of Florence. Soon, other colleagues – mostly but not exclusively neurologists – joined these pioneers and founded in 1976 the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches [...].

Editorial: from albuminuria to uric acid - emerging risk factors beyond lipids.

aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA bDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK Correspondence to Debabrata Mukherjee, MD, FACC, Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, TX 79905, USA. Tel: +1 (915) 215 5223; fax +1 (915) 215 8641; e-mail: [email protected]

News from the European Journal of Therapeutics: A new issue and a new editorial board

News from the European Journal of Therapeutics: A new issue and a new editorial board

To the History of Scientific Concepts of the XIX Century Domestic Psychiatry: P.A. Butkovskiy’s Textbook

Background: the elaboration of problems of clinical psychiatry in Russia had already begun in the end of the XVIII — beginning of the XIX centuries by professors of internal medicine and of other branches of medical academic institutions, and from the thirties years of XIX century gradually moved to the hands of the doctors who were specialized in psychiatry (V.F. Sabler, A.I. Gerzog, I.F. Rjul, I.P. Malinovskiy and others).The aim was to analyze the history of the formation of scientific concepts in Russian psychiatry in comparison with the relevant German and French psychiatric concepts at that time.Method: narrative review.Conclusion: the author of the first domestic textbook of psychiatry “Diseases of the soul” (1834) was Professor of department of surgery and mental diseases of Kharkov’s University P.A. Butkovskiy. Creating his textbook P.A. Butkovskiy grounded on the textbook of one of the founders of german “school of psychics” J.Ch. Heinroth (1818) and took as a basis of classification of mental diseases Heinroth’s systematics. The forms of mental diseases according to P.A. Butkovskiy and J.Ch. Heinroth were distinguished by two principal signs: predomination of affection of the one among three areas of psyche: imagination, intellect and volition, and due to the changes in its functions: amplification or weakening. Wherein P.A. Butkovskiy connected with the affection of the brain only the group of “paranoiс” diseases (general paranoia, ecnoia, paraphrosyne, moria) and acquired stupidity (anoia) that were explained by exaggeration or weakening of the brain functioning respectively. P.A. Butkovskiy also introduced in Russian psychiatry the notion of “dynamics” and “psychosomatic” that were borrowed from J.Ch. Heinroth, and the concept of “general feeling” (coenesthesis) of J. Reil. The forms of mental disorders distinguished by J.Ch. Heinroth represented the next progressive step in the differentiation of syndrome pictures of mental diseases (but not in psychiatric nosology as the author considered), and the fact that P.A. Butkovskiy, the author of the first Russian Textbook on Psychiatry, created the similar systematics on the same principles, contributed to the building of mutual understanding between national psychiatric schools that were in the process of being formed.

COVID-19 Is No Longer a Public Health Emergency: Implications for Patients and Clinicians

COVID-19 Is No Longer a Public Health Emergency: Implications for Patients and Clinicians

Editorial introductions.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology was launched in 1989. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Rheumatology is divided into 15 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS W. Joseph McCuneW. Joseph McCuneDr W. Joseph McCune, MD, is Michael and Marcia Klein Professor of Rheumatic Diseases and Director of the Lupus Program at the University of Michigan. Following an Internal Medicine residency at the University of Michigan and a fellowship in Immunology and Rheumatology at Harvard Medical School and the Brigham and Woman's Hospital, Dr McCune has been a member of the faculty at the University of Michigan where he specializes in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of lupus and systemic vasculitis. Sara K. TedeschiSara K. TedeschiDr. Sara K. Tedeschi, MD, MPH, received her medical degree from Vanderbilt University, USA and her MPH degree from the Harvard School of Public Health, USA. She joined the rheumatology faculty at Brigham and Women's Hospital, USA, after completing her internal medicine residency and rheumatology fellowship there. Her clinical research on calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease is supported by the National Institutes of Health. David FoxDavid FoxDr. Fox is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard Medical School. Following internal medicine residency and rheumatology fellowship at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, he joined the faculty of the University of Michigan School of Medicine in 1985. Dr. Fox is Professor of Internal Medicine and, from 1990 to 2018, was Chief of the Division of Rheumatology. In 2013, Dr. Fox became the Frederick G. L. Huetwell and William D. Robinson, M.D. Professor of Rheumatology. He is currently a Deputy Director of the Immune Tolerance Network. Dr. Fox's research focuses on defining and characterizing pathways of human T cell activation, determining the role of these pathways in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, investigating T cell interactions with synovial fibroblasts, and exploring novel approaches to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. He is author of more than 260 scientific papers and book chapters. Dr. Fox is also active in the clinical care of patients with rheumatic diseases and in teaching students and fellows in both clinical and research settings. From 2007–2008, Dr. Fox served as the seventy-first President of the American College of Rheumatology and the sixth ACR President from the University of Michigan

Editorial introductions.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension was launched in 1992. It is part of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of nephrology and hypertension is divided into 12 sections that are each reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Nancy J. BrownNancy J. BrownNancy J. Brown, MD is the Jean and David W. Wallace Dean of Yale School of Medicine, USA, and the C.N.H. Long Professor of Internal Medicine. Prior to assuming the role of dean at Yale in 2020, Dr Brown served for nine years as the Chair of the Department of Medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Tennessee, USA, where she established herself as a national leader in the development of infrastructure to promote the career success of physician-scientists. She founded the Vanderbilt Master of Science in Clinical Investigation program in 2000, served as Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Scientist Development at Vanderbilt from 2006 to 2010, and as Director of the Division of Clinical Pharmacology from 2009 to 2010. Dr Brown's NIH-funded research focuses on cardiovascular pharmacology and vascular biology in humans. She is particularly interested in understanding the mechanisms of anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic drugs that are peptidase inhibitors, including the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, and neprilysin inhibitors. Her group has elucidated not only how these drugs decrease inflammation, enhance fibrinolysis (the breakdown of blood clots), and improve glucose homeostasis, but also how they interact with one another and sometimes cause side effects. This understanding leads to optimizing outcomes in patients with hypertension and diabetes. Dr Brown received her A. B. in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale and her MD from Harvard Medical School, USA. She completed her clinical training and a fellowship in clinical pharmacology at Vanderbilt University, Tennessee, USA. Dr Brown is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a member of the American Society of Clinical Investigation, the Association of American Physicians, the National Academy of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is a Master of the American College of Physicians and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. She has served on the National Advisory Research Resources Council and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Advisory Council of the National Institutes of Health. Dr Brown currently serves on the visiting committee for Harvard Medical School and the External Advisory Board for the Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology program. She is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Alnylam Pharmaceuticals. David S. GoldfarbDavid S. GoldfarbDavid S. Goldfarb, MD is Professor of Medicine and Physiology at New York University Grossman School of Medicine, USA. He is the Clinical Chief of the Nephrology Division at New York University Langone Health, and Chief of the Nephrology Section and Director of the Hemodialysis Unit at the New York VA Medical Center in Manhattan, USA. He serves as the Director of the Kidney Stone Prevention Programs at NYU Langone and at New York VA Medical Center, USA. He graduated from Yale College and the Yale School of Medicine, USA, and trained in Internal Medicine at New York VA and New York University, USA, and Nephrology at New York University, USA. He teaches first year renal physiology and renal pathophysiology at NYU, where he has been Teacher of the Year on 3 occasions. Dr Goldfarb is an internationally renowned expert in kidney stone prevention. He is a principal investigator of the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium. Dr Goldfarb is the former President of the NY Society of Nephrology and of the ROCK Society (Research on Calculus Kinetics). He was vice-chair of the American Urological Association's guideline panel, representing the American Society of Nephrology, on Medical Management of Kidney Stones. He is a co-inventor of Moonstone, the first high citrate beverage. He was selected as “Stone Crusher of the Year” in 2014 by the Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation and “Nephrologist of the Year” in 2016 by the American Kidney Fund. He has had three calcium oxalate stones.

In Memoriam: Richard H. Grimm, Jr, MD, MPH, PhD (August 22, 1946-September 8, 2022).

In Memoriam: Richard H. Grimm, Jr, MD, MPH, PhD (August 22, 1946-September 8, 2022).

European Atherosclerosis Society celebrates 90th meeting.

All correspondence relating to this article should be sent to cardiopulse@unicatt.it The 90th congress of the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) held in Milan, Italy in May 2022 was highly anticipated, not just as a special anniversary but because it also marked a return to face-to-face meetings. Lale Tokgözoğlu MD, professor of cardiology at the University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey and scientific programme chair of the Congress describes the event as ‘a huge success’. ‘The EAS Congress has found the right formula for the audience of clinicians and basic researchers which it attracts. By moving through different cities in Europe each year and working with the host national cardiac society, we have been able to design a congress and a programme to promote interaction and dialogue among the participants, who come from all over the world.’ The format, scientific content, and reputation of the Congress attract an enthusiastic audience of scientists and clinicians. Pre-pandemic congresses usually hosted in the region of 2300 attendees and at the height of the pandemic, the 2020 online meeting attracted over 6000 delegates from 114 countries. This year’s event in Milan hosted 1500 people face-to-face and 800 more online. Delegates represented over 70 countries. Prof. Tokgözoğlu was the scientific programme chair of the Congress and local chairs were Alberico L. Catapano, PhD, professor of pharmacology at the University of Milan, Italy, and Maurizio Averna, MD, professor of internal medicine at the University of Palermo, Sicily (Figure 1).

Anneke Brand (1946-2021).

Anneke Brand, Professor in Transfusion Medicine, passed away on Sunday, 21 November 2021, at the age of 75. She was a pioneer in both the immunological and clinical aspects of blood transfusion. She has played a pivotal role in the development of the Dutch Cord Blood Bank. During her entire career, she was dedicated to inspiring many researchers and clinicians alike in the field of transfusion medicine and haematology. Her ability to question and challenge scientific findings, as well as many social issues, is unequalled. Anneke was born on 7 June 1946 in The Hague, the Netherlands. In 1973, she obtained her medical degree from the Free University Amsterdam and was accepted for a PhD project at the Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Bank of the Academic Hospital Leiden under the wings of Prof. Jon van Rood and Dr George Eernisse. In this project, she started working on the management of patients refractory to platelet transfusions, including antibody detection and donor selection. In those days, many leukaemia patients suffered from severe bleeding complications and presented with unexplained severe transfusion reactions and markedly reduced post-transfusion increments. In the laboratory of the Immunohaematology Department, important aspects of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class type I system were unravelled and the first sibling bone marrow transplants for severe combined immunodeficiency and aplastic anaemia patients were performed. Laboratory tests to detect HLA antibodies were developed. In 1978 she defended her thesis ‘Platelet Supportive Care’, and meanwhile learned all aspects of blood-banking. After this, she started her training in internal medicine in Haarlem, followed by her specialization in haematology at the Leiden Academic Hospital. As a medical specialist, in 1984 she returned to the Blood Bank and Haemapheresis Department, combining patient care and clinical research, investigating the role of leukocytes on clinical transfusion outcomes in various disorders, from colorectal cancer surgery to erythrocyte alloimmunization. Her research led to the adoption of leukoreduction to diminish alloimmunization as well as other adverse transfusion reactions. After a sabbatical in Paris in the laboratory of Prof. Michel Kazatchkine working on anti-idiotypic antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulins, in 1988 she succeeded George Eernisse as Medical Director of the Red Cross Leiden and the Blood Bank of the Leiden University Hospital. After the AIDS drama, good manufacturing practice became mandatory and regional Dutch blood banks merged with neighbouring blood banks. Over a period of 10 years, all Dutch Red Cross blood banks gradually merged with the Dutch Laboratory of the Red Cross to form one national organization: Sanquin. In 1994, together with Fred Falkenburg, she established the Dutch Cord Blood Bank, a joint effort between the Leiden University Medical Centre and the Red Cross Blood Bank. In 1995, she joined the Royal College of Pathology, and in 1999 she became Professor of Internal Medicine with assignment to Transfusion Medicine. In that period, she started researching the optimal conditions for the storage and expansion of cord blood for transplantation as well as exploring the possibility of using cord blood to produce red blood cells for transfusion. From 2000 till her ‘age-enforced’ retirement in 2011, she was the head of clinical research at Sanquin Blood Bank Southwest. In this period, several clinical trials were successfully conducted, including studies regarding peri-operative blood management strategies as well as several clinical platelet transfusion trials. After her retirement, she remained active in many fields, including the board of the European Haematology Association (2012–2016), Europdonor (till 2015), and advisory work for TRIP, the Dutch Haemovigilance network. She received the Claes Högman Lecture Award of the Swedish Blood Transfusion Society (1997), the Blundell Award of the British Blood Transfusion Society (2009), the Presidential Award of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (2020), and, very recently, the Landsteiner Award (2021). Scientifically, she continued working on non-inherited maternal antigens, an interest she shared with Jon van Rood, and studying factors that influence erythrocyte alloimmunization. Only recently were we informed that Anneke was severely and incurably ill, and her passing away was abrupt. We will remember her words of comfort, wisdom, and inspiration, as we will remember her tremendous scientific drive and encyclopaedic up-to-date knowledge in many fields of medicine. We will never forget the detailed questions she used to have at the end of every lecture she attended, aiming to improve the quality of everyone's contribution to transfusion medicine. She will be deeply missed by her family, friends, and colleagues.

Tom Hemming Karlsen: hepatologist with a public health message

“The liver is a tough organ. It takes more than one toxin, one injury, one kind of disease to break its resilience”, says Tom Hemming Karlsen, Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Oslo, Norway. But right now the livers of many Europeans are facing a range of threats, including high alcohol consumption and increasing obesity. The Lancet Liver Commission, organised jointly with the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), makes ten actionable recommendations to protect liver health and prevent liver disease, half of them focused on health policy.

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Lars Edvinsson: bench-to-bedside discovery

Lars Edvinsson: bench-to-bedside discovery

Editorial introductions.

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension was launched in 1992. It is part of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of nephrology and hypertension are divided into 11 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Aline MartinAline MartinDr Aline Martin, PhD, MSc, is Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA. She is a graduate of the University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France, and completed her postdoctoral training at the Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA. Dr Martin conducts basic and translational science research in the area of bone and mineral metabolism disorders and actively mentors undergraduate, graduate and postdoctoral trainees. Dr Martin's research involves multiple national and international collaborations. She has received research support from the National Institute of Health and is a current member of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, American Society of Nephrology and American Heart Association. Tamara IsakovaTamara IsakovaDr Tamara Isakova, MD, MMSc, is Associate Professor of Medicine in the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA. She is also Director of the Center for Translational Metabolism and Health within the Institute for Public Health and Medicine at Northwestern. She is a graduate of the State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine, USA, and she completed internal medicine training at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. She also received nephrology training in the combined Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham & Women's Hospital nephrology fellowship program. Dr Isakova conducts clinical research in the area of disordered mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease. She has received research support from the American Kidney Fund, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Nephrology, and the National Institute of Health. Dr Isakova provides clinical care for patients with chronic kidney disease, bone and mineral metabolism disorders, and kidney stones. Orson W. MoeOrson W. MoeDr Orson W. Moe received his medical degree from the University of Toronto, Canada and is currently Professor of Internal Medicine and Physiology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA. He serves administratively as the Director of the Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research and Chief of the Division of Nephrology. He is an active clinician, researcher, and educator holding the Charles and Jane Pak Distinguished Chair in Mineral Metabolism Research and the Donald Seldin Professorship in Clinical Investigation. Dr Moe conducts both basic science and patient-oriented research on renal physiology and metabolism, as well as epithelial biology. His research strives to cross from the level of the whole patient, to animal and cell culture models, and down to single molecules. He is active in teaching at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels, nationally and internationally. In addition to editing Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, Dr Moe also edits the textbook, The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology by Seldin and Giebisch. He is currently a member of the American Society of Clinical Research, American Association of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, and the American Physiologic Society. Susan E. QuagginSusan E. QuagginSusan E. Quaggin, MD, FRCP(C), FASN, is a graduate of the University of Toronto, Canada, where she completed her residency and served as chief medical resident for the University's St. Michael's Hospital. She completed her nephrology fellowship at the University of Toronto and Yale University, USA, where she also completed research and post-doctoral training. Dr Quaggin's research focuses on fundamental processes needed to establish and maintain the integrity of the specialized vascular beds in the kidney and other organs. To understand and identify new therapeutic targets, she has worked to develop genetic mouse models that allow cell and time-specific manipulation of functional genes. Translation of her group's findings regarding the vasculature reveals pathogenic mechanisms and new therapeutic targets for a number of diseases, including diabetic kidney and eye disease, nephrotic syndrome, and glaucoma. She is currently the Charles Horace Mayo Professor of Medicine at Northwestern University, USA, where she serves as the Chief of the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and the Director of the Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, USA. Dr Quaggin was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 2006, the Association of American Physicians in 2013, and the National Academy of Medicine in 2019. She is also President of the American Society of Nephrology.

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Jorge Francisco Tello Muñoz (1880-1958): First Pupil and the Man of Relay of Cajal.

Jorge Francisco Tello Muñoz (1880-1958): First Pupil and the Man of Relay of Cajal.

HEALTH INSURANCE AND HEALTH CARE DECISION-MAKING FOR ADULTS IN THE PRE-MEDICARE YEARS: FINDINGS FROM NATIONAL SURVEYS

As more Americans approach retirement age and eligibility for Medicare coverage, many face difficult decisions about their health insurance and health care. This session explores how adults age 50-64 are navigating these choices following implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), presenting data from two nationally representative surveys: The University of Michigan’s National Poll on Healthy Aging (NPHA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Erica Solway, Associate Director of the NPHA, will begin by presenting background information about the NPHA and an overview of critical health policy issues for adults age 50-64. Jamie Luster, Research Area Specialist at the University of Michigan, will then provide NPHA findings linking concerns about health insurance affordability with delayed/forgone health care. Next, Aaron Scherer, Associate of Internal Medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, will discuss NPHA findings on factors associated with adults’ concern about affordability of health insurance in retirement but before Medicare eligibility begins at age 65. Finally, Renuka Tipirneni, Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Michigan, will present findings based on the HRS on changes in health care utilization for adults age 55-64 since implementation of the ACA’s Medicaid expansion. To conclude, Erica Solway will discuss current federal health care policy proposals for adults age 50-64, including the recent introduction of the Medicare at 50 bill, and how the perspectives and experiences of adults in this age group can help inform those policies.

On the trail of steroid aromatase: The work of Kenneth J. Ryan

On the trail of steroid aromatase: The work of Kenneth J. Ryan

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology was launched in 1985. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of gastroenterology is divided into 12 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Maria T. AbreuMaria T. AbreuDr Maria T. Abreu is a gastroenterologist who specializes in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). She completed her medical degree at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, USA. Her postdoctoral training included an internship and residency in medicine at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts and a clinical and research fellowship in gastroenterology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. She was an Associate Professor of Medicine with Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NYC and head of the IBD Center. She is currently the Director of the Crohn's and Colitis Center, Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine. Dr Abreu was honored in April 2018, with the Provost's Award for Scholarly Activity. She was appointed in June 2018 to serve as the Vice Chair of Research for the Department of Medicine. Dr Abreu has more than 20 years of leadership experience in basic, translational and clinical research and mentoring. She is a nationally and internationally renowned physician-scientist in IBD. Dr Abreu was elected to the American Society for Clinical Investigation in 2010 and to the Association of American Physicians (AAP) in 2018. She holds key positions with several professional societies. She is the immediate past Council Chair of the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Council. Her most recent appointment is as the Deputy Chair of the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD), where she will serve as Chairperson starting in 2019. In March 2018, Dr Abreu was recognized by the CCF (Crohn's & Colitis Foundation) by presentation of the Honorary Book of Hope Award presented at the 28th annual Book of Hope CCF Luncheon. She has received the 2016 Minority Digestive Health Care Award for her commitment to helping minority trainees and researching GI health issues in minority populations. Dr Abreu is frequently invited as a speaker (in English and Spanish) at CME-accredited seminars and symposia on basic science and clinical topics all over the world. As an educator, she regularly speaks at national and international symposia. She has authored more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, books, chapters and reviews. Additionally, she has served as an editorial board member for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Gastroenterology & Hepatology News, a former editor for the Journal of Immunology and former associate editor of Journal of Crohn's & Colitis. She is currently a reviewer for several other prestigious journals. Mitchell L. SchubertMitchell L. SchubertDr Mitchell L. Schubert is currently Professor of Internal Medicine and Physiology at Virginia Commonwealth University Health Science Center, USA, as well as Chief of the Section of Gastroenterology and Director of Endoscopy at the McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Richmond, Virginia, USA. Dr Schubert graduated from New York University, USA, in 1973 and Baylor College of Medicine, USA, in 1977. He completed an internal medicine residency and National Institutes of Health gastroenterology fellowship at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA. He joined the medical faculty at Virginia Commonwealth University in 1982. Dr Schubert has served on NIH and VA Study Sections as well as numerous American Gastroenterological Association, American College of Gastroenterology, and Veterans Administration committees. He is President of the Richmond Gastroenterological Society, Section Editor for Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, and Associate Editor for Digestive Diseases and Sciences. Dr Schubert's research interests involve the study of acid-related disorders. His laboratory studies the regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. Dr Schubert has been the recipient of the Veterans Administration Career Development Award, American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Research Scholar Award, and has authored over 100 original papers and reviews including the chapters “Gastric Secretion” for Sleisenger and Fordtran's textbook, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease and “Regulation of Gastric Acid Secretion” for Johnson's textbook, Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Vinegar: For more than just cleaning your bathroom

Gatorade for the gladiator era The Newscripts gang has been logging some serious hours in spin class lately, and we’ve been on the hunt for something new and trendy to keep us hydrated. Our old favorite, Gatorade, pride of the Sunshine State, was famously created in 1965 by Robert Cade, a professor of internal medicine and nephrology at the University of Florida College of Medicine. The electrolyte-containing performance beverage was originally so salty it made Florida Gators football players vomit. While Cade is often credited as the originator of the sports drink, a similar beverage was used to rehydrate the Roman army thousands of years earlier. Just in case those Romans were on to something, the Newscripts gang decided to investigate. Posca was the Gatorade of its time—the Roman Republic era, beginning around 500 BCE. A mix of water and vinegar from wine that had gone bad, posca was rationed