Professor Of Ophthalmology Research Articles

Editorial introductions.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Jimmy K. LeeJimmy K. LeeDr Jimmy Lee specializes in laser vision correction surgery. His surgical expertise also includes complex cataract surgery, anterior segment reconstruction, all forms of corneal transplantation, and limbal stem cell transplantation. Dr Lee's research interests are new technologies in refractive surgery and improving surgical techniques for endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK and DMEK). A member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, he has extensively lectured nationally and internationally on these topics. A Phi Beta Kappa graduate from Johns Hopkins University, USA, Dr Lee obtained his medical degree from Cornell University Medical College, USA. Following his residency at Albert Einstein Montefiore Hospital, he completed a fellowship in cornea, external diseases, and refractive surgery at the Wilmer Eye Institute of The Johns Hopkins Hospital and is a Diplomate of the American Board of Ophthalmology. Shahzad I. MianShahzad I. MianShahzad I. Mian, M.D., is a professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences in the University of Michigan Medical School. He also serves the Department as Vice Chair for Clinical Sciences and Learning. Dr. Mian earned his medical degree in 1996 from the Emory University School of Medicine. He then completed a residency at the Wills Eye Hospital of Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. From 2000-02, he was a fellow in cornea and refractive surgery at Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He joined the U-M faculty in 2002 and was promoted to associate professor with tenure in 2010. He became professor of ophthalmology and visual sciences in 2016. His research focuses on eye banking, keratoplasty techniques, and ocular graft versus host disease. He served as director of the residency training program between 2004 and 2019 and previously served as fellowship director in the department. In 2003 and 2012, he received the Bergstrom Teaching Award presented by ophthalmology residents. Dr. Mian received the 2007 Anthony Adamis Award for Outstanding Research from the U-M Kellogg Eye Center, and the Senior Achievement Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology. He received the Straatsma Award for resident education from the Association of University Professors in Ophthalmology in 2017 and the Payton Award for Eye banking from the Eye Bank Association of America in 2019. He serves as the Senior Medical Director for Eversight Eye banks as well as on the Board of Directors. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Cornea Society and the Eye Bank Association of America. He also serves on the Residency Review Committee for Ophthalmology.

A multi-dimensional reality: Carol Lally Shields.

A multi-dimensional reality: Carol Lally Shields.

Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital: The Heart of Heritage

Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital: The Heart of Heritage

Dr. Dukhan Ram: For the greater good.

Dr. Dukhan Ram was born on July 15, 1899, in Sasaram, Bihar. He was born into a Vaisya family with poor financial means, it was needless to say that his childhood was riddled with hardships, losing his father at a tender age of four. As a young boy herding cattle, he would listen attentively to the village teacher teaching the students, from afar.[1] Once the teacher discovered him reciting everything that he had taught the students a day ago. Surprised and sensing a hidden potential, the teacher kindly allowed him to sit for the classes.[1] He admired and was possibly inspired by the village doctor, Dr. Jaffer Hasan, who would go on visits in a palanquin and was revered by all the villagers.[1] Dr. Ram started doing part-time jobs as a tutor and selling ready-made garments to supplement his income and continue his studies.[1] A sincere and hardworking student from the beginning, he received several scholarships, which helped him to fulfill his academic desires. He joined Calcutta Medical College and simultaneously enrolled in BSc classes in the evening. He graduated in both medicine (1926) and a Bachelor of Science (1925). After an internship at Patna Medical College, Bihar, he was selected by the Government of Bihar to go to England for specialization in ENT and Ophthalmology.[2] He completed his DLO and DOMS Ophthalmology from the coveted Royal College of Surgeons of London. On his return to India in 1934, he joined Patna Medical College as faculty in the Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology. The Patna Medical College was founded in 1925 and was the sixth-oldest medical college in India.[3] He became a professor in 1944 and built a robust department, initializing DO, DLO, MS (Eye), and MS (ENT) courses. In 1959, he was appointed the Principal of the institution. Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur, the then health minister of India, nominated him as a member of the Governing Body of AIIMS, New Delhi, a role which he served until the Institute was fully established.[1] He was also the Vice Chancellor of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University and supported the establishment of the Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, and medical colleges in Muzaffarpur and Bhagalpur. In 1945, the British Government bestowed on him the title of Rai Sahib. He was an active member of Pradhan of Arya Samaj, founded by Dayanand Saraswati, and was the President of the Bihar chapter of the Arya Pratinidhi Sabha in 1951, Vice President of the All India Pratinidhi Sabha in 1956 and President of the International Arya League held in Mauritius in 1957. Dr. Ram was the Founding President of the Bihar unit of the All India Ophthalmological Society and helmed the conferences held in Patna (1952) and Jamshedpur (1956) and was the President of the AIOS in 1961. He was the President of the A.O.I and chaired the national conference of ENT in 1953.[2] He was also the President of the Bihar chapter of the Indian Medical Association from 1954–1955. He was the Founding President of the Institute of Administrative Studies at Patna for higher studies in administration and management. A surgeon with exceptional skills, he respected the ocular tissues and was devoted to his patients and students. He was requested to operate on the first President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, for cataract in 1957. This tradition continued and he was the honorary ophthalmic surgeon for four subsequent Presidents, Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Dr. Zakir Husain, V.V.Giri, and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Dr. Ram was also a member of the Mudaliar Committee of 1959, set up by the Government of India as a Health Survey and Planning Committee for reviewing and proposing guidelines for medical relief and public health services, chaired by A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar. In 1962, Dr. Ram contested as the candidate for the Indian National Congress from Sasaram against Bipan Behari Sinha of the Praja Socialist Party in the Bihar Legislative Assembly election and won by a margin of 11,984 votes! The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honor, the Padma Bhushan in 1962. Dr. Ram passed away on April 16, 1990, at the ripe age of 90. He is survived by his six children and an untarnished glowing legacy. The Dr. Dukhan Ram DAV Public School in Patna, the Bihar and Jharkhand State Branch of The Association of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgeons of India’s annual oration, Dr. Dukhan Ram Memorial Oration, are named after him. He is fondly remembered as a gifted surgeon and an understanding teacher.[2] Image credits Soft pastels on paper by Dr. Suhas Sarawade, Professor of Ophthalmology, Dr. V. M. Government Medical college, Solapur, Maharashtra, Inda. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Editor and Section Editor for this issue. EDITOR Allen C. HoAllen C. HoDr Allen C. Ho is an Attending Surgeon of the Retina Service and Director of Retina Research of Wills Eye Hospital, USA. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, USA. Dr Ho is a founding member of Mid Atlantic Retina. He is author of multiple textbooks including Age Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment, The Wills Eye Hospital Color Atlas and Synopsis of Retinal Disease and is Editor-in-Chief of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology and Chief Medical Editor of Retina Today, a global publication that features new therapies for retinal disease. He is a member of the Scientific Editorial Boards of Retina Cases and Brief Reports, Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging, Retinal Physician, and Ocular Surgery News. Dr Ho has been an invited lecturer at numerous national and international ophthalmic meetings around the world. He is a recipient of multiple clinical research grants investigating new treatments for macular diseases sponsored by the National Eye Institute and received the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Achievement Award and Senior Achievement Award and the American Society of Retina Specialists Crystal Apple Award. Dr Ho is Principal Investigator at Wills Eye Institute of several collaborative clinical trials evaluating new treatments for age-related macular degeneration, surgical retina and diabetic retinopathy. He maintains special interests in macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, surgical retinal diseases and clinical trials investigating new treatments for vitreoretinal diseases. SECTION EDITOR Natalie A. AfshariNatalie A. AfshariNatalie A. Afshari is Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in Ophthalmology in Memory of Donald P. Shiley, Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Vice Chair of Education, and Professor of Ophthalmology at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego. Prior to this, she was Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Centers of Excellence at the Duke University Eye Center. She received her medical degree from Stanford University and her residency training at Harvard University, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. She then completed a two-year fellowship in cornea and refractive surgery at Harvard University. Dr Afshari is the recipient of the Senior Achievement Award and the Secretariat Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and has been named a Gold Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. She has received the inaugural Top Ten Women in Medicine award by Triangle News, Women Who Mean Business award by San Diego Business Journal, and the Teacher of the Year award at the Duke University Eye Center. She has also been recognized in the Best Doctors in America in each listing for the past decade, and was named in the U.S. News & World Report's Top Doctors List. Dr Afshari is the co-editor of a new two-volume cornea book called “Principles and Practice of Cornea”. She is also on the editorial boards of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science and American Journal of Ophthalmology. She has previously served on the EyeNet editorial board, BCSC Cornea text book committee, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology council representing the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. She was co-chair of the cornea program committee for the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and co-director of Cornea Subspecialty Day for the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She is currently the chair of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery FDA Committee. Her NIH research grant is on the study of Fuchs dystrophy, and she investigates the intricacies of endothelial keratoplasty and regeneration of cornea. When not researching or practicing, Dr Afshari donates her time and surgical expertise as an international volunteer. She has traveled to West Africa, Central America, and Mexico to help patients who might otherwise go untreated.

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Edward S Perkins, MD, PhD (1919-2015): In the vanguard of ophthalmic physician-scientists.

British-American ophthalmologist Edward Perkins, MD, PhD (1919-2015) held wide-ranging research interests during his career at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London, the University of Iowa, and as a military doctor stationed in Kenya. With his PhD and a medical degree, Perkins was in the vanguard of clinician-scientists who possessed such dual credentials, enabling him to perform noteworthy experimental and clinical research. Perkins' glaucoma research included early work on acetazolamide and prostaglandins, laser iridotomy, and large-scale glaucoma surveys such as the Bedford Glaucoma Survey. In 1957, Perkins earned a PhD with a thesis on cranial nerve influences on rabbit intraocular pressure. Perkins also invented a handheld applanation tonometer; wrote an entire volume on uveitis for Duke-Elder's system of Ophthalmology; co-founded the Association for Eye Research (the European Association for Vision and Eye Research forerunner); and was a charter member of the Glaucoma Research Society. In 1961, Perkins became the first Professor of Experimental Ophthalmology at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London. In 1979, Perkins and his family emigrated to the United States, where he became a Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Iowa. Perkins' understated personality masked a legacy of extensive contributions to the field of ophthalmology.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Editor and Section Editor for this issue. EDITOR Allen C. HoAllen C. HoDr Allen C. Ho is an Attending Surgeon of the Retina Service and Director of Retina Research of Wills Eye Hospital, USA. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, USA. Dr Ho is a founding member of Mid Atlantic Retina. He is author of multiple textbooks including Age Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment, The Wills Eye Hospital Color Atlas and Synopsis of Retinal Disease and is Editor-in-Chief of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology and Chief Medical Editor of Retina Today, a global publication that features new therapies for retinal disease. He is a member of the Scientific Editorial Boards of Retina Cases and Brief Reports, Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging, Retinal Physician, and Ocular Surgery News. Dr Ho has been an invited lecturer at numerous national and international ophthalmic meetings around the world. He is a recipient of multiple clinical research grants investigating new treatments for macular diseases sponsored by the National Eye Institute and received the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Achievement Award and Senior Achievement Award and the American Society of Retina Specialists Crystal Apple Award. Dr Ho is Principal Investigator at Wills Eye Institute of several collaborative clinical trials evaluating new treatments for age-related macular degeneration, surgical retina and diabetic retinopathy. He maintains special interests in macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, surgical retinal diseases and clinical trials investigating new treatments for vitreoretinal diseases SECTION EDITOR Natalie A. AfshariNatalie A. AfshariNatalie A. Afshari is Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in Ophthalmology in Memory of Donald P. Shiley, Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Vice Chair of Education, and Professor of Ophthalmology at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego. Prior to this, she was Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Centers of Excellence at the Duke University Eye Center. She received her medical degree from Stanford University and her residency training at Harvard University, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. She then completed a two-year fellowship in cornea and refractive surgery at Harvard University. Dr Afshari is the recipient of the Senior Achievement Award and the Secretariat Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and has been named a Gold Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. She has received the inaugural Top Ten Women in Medicine award by Triangle News, Women Who Mean Business award by San Diego Business Journal, and the Teacher of the Year award at the Duke University Eye Center. She has also been recognized in the Best Doctors in America in each listing for the past decade, and was named in the U.S. News & World Report's Top Doctors List. Dr Afshari is the co-editor of a new two-volume cornea book called “Principles and Practice of Cornea”. She is also on the editorial boards of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science and American Journal of Ophthalmology. She has previously served on the EyeNet editorial board, BCSC Cornea text book committee, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology council representing the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. She was co-chair of the cornea program committee for the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and co-director of Cornea Subspecialty Day for the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She is currently the chair of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery FDA Committee. Her NIH research grant is on the study of Fuchs dystrophy, and she investigates the intricacies of endothelial keratoplasty and regeneration of cornea. When not researching or practicing, Dr Afshari donates her time and surgical expertise as an international volunteer. She has traveled to West Africa, Central America, and Mexico to help patients who might otherwise go untreated.

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Postgraduate ophthalmology training at the University of Cincinnati & in the USA

Karl Golnik, MD, MEd ( Figure 1 ) is a neuro-ophthalmologist at the University of Cincinnati Gardner Neuroscience Institute; a professor of ophthalmology at the Cincinnati Eye Institute and the University of Cincinnati; and professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Louisville.

Albrecht von Graefe (1828-1870) and his contributions to the development of ophthalmology.

The aim of this article is to show Albrecht von Graefe's contributions to the development of ophthalmology on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his death. He is regarded as the greatest ophthalmologist of the 19th century. Modern and scientific ophthalmology owes its beginning to him. Extensive literature research is made and contacts with institutions for history of medicine as well as medico-historians in the field of ophthalmology. His contributions to ophthalmology were multiple. Von Graefe was the first to introduce iridectomy in acute glaucoma treatment, initiated visual field testing and developed the first tonometer. He made the first classification of glaucoma. Von Graefe was the ophthalmologist who created a special knife for cataract surgery. He was also the first to use Helmholtz' ophthalmoscope. He founded the first ophthalmological society in the world and the second ophthalmology journal which has been published continously up to now. In 1852 he founded famous private eye clinic in Berlin, where he treated many eye patients and educated many prominent ophthalmologists. At the age of 29 he became associate professor of ophthalmology, the first with such a title in Germany. Albrecht von Graefe was founder of modern ophthalmology and separated it from surgery. Graefe's contacts, correspondency and meetings at ophthalmological congresses with his teachers, assistants, collegaues also contributed to international co-operation and internationalization in ophthalmology. Although Albrecht von Graefe died before 150 years, he still provokes great admiration and respect in the world of ophthalmology.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Editor and Section Editor for this issue. EDITOR Allen C. HoAllen C. HoDr Allen C. Ho is an Attending Surgeon of the Retina Service and Director of Retina Research of Wills Eye Hospital, USA. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, USA. Dr Ho is a founding member of Mid Atlantic Retina. He is author of multiple textbooks including Age Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment, The Wills Eye Hospital Color Atlas and Synopsis of Retinal Disease and is Editor-in-Chief of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology and Chief Medical Editor of Retina Today, a global publication that features new therapies for retinal disease. He is a member of the Scientific Editorial Boards of Retina Cases and Brief Reports, Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging, Retinal Physician, and Ocular Surgery News. Dr Ho has been an invited lecturer at numerous national and international ophthalmic meetings around the world. He is a recipient of multiple clinical research grants investigating new treatments for macular diseases sponsored by the National Eye Institute and received the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Achievement Award and Senior Achievement Award and the American Society of Retina Specialists Crystal Apple Award. Dr Ho is Principal Investigator at Wills Eye Institute of several collaborative clinical trials evaluating new treatments for age-related macular degeneration, surgical retina and diabetic retinopathy. He maintains special interests in macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, surgical retinal diseases and clinical trials investigating new treatments for vitreoretinal diseases SECTION EDITOR Natalie A. AfshariNatalie A. AfshariNatalie A. Afshari is Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in Ophthalmology in Memory of Donald P. Shiley, Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Vice Chair of Education, and Professor of Ophthalmology at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego. Prior to this, she was Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Centers of Excellence at the Duke University Eye Center. She received her medical degree from Stanford University and her residency training at Harvard University, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. She then completed a two-year fellowship in cornea and refractive surgery at Harvard University. Dr Afshari is the recipient of the Senior Achievement Award and the Secretariat Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and has been named a Gold Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. She has received the inaugural Top Ten Women in Medicine award by Triangle News, Women Who Mean Business award by San Diego Business Journal, and the Teacher of the Year award at the Duke University Eye Center. She has also been recognized in the Best Doctors in America in each listing for the past decade, and was named in the U.S. News & World Report's Top Doctors List. Dr Afshari is the co-editor of a new two-volume cornea book called “Principles and Practice of Cornea”. She is also on the editorial boards of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science and American Journal of Ophthalmology. She has previously served on the EyeNet editorial board, BCSC Cornea text book committee, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology council representing the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. She was co-chair of the cornea program committee for the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and co-director of Cornea Subspecialty Day for the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She is currently the chair of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery FDA Committee. Her NIH research grant is on the study of Fuchs dystrophy, and she investigates the intricacies of endothelial keratoplasty and regeneration of cornea. When not researching or practicing, Dr Afshari donates her time and surgical expertise as an international volunteer. She has traveled to West Africa, Central America, and Mexico to help patients who might otherwise go untreated.

Obituary of Harvey Lincoff

Harvey Alan Lincoff, MD, Professor of Ophthalmology, the Newhouse Clinical Scholar and the former Director of Retinal Research of the New York Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Cornell Medical Center, was a giant...

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology was launched in 1990. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The field of Ophthalmology is divided into nine sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce the Journal's Editor and Section Editor for this issue. EDITOR Allen C. HoAllen C. HoDr Allen C. Ho is an Attending Surgeon of the Retina Service and Director of Retina Research of Wills Eye Hospital, USA. He is Professor of Ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University School of Medicine, USA. Dr Ho is a founding member of Mid Atlantic Retina. He is author of multiple textbooks including Age Related Macular Degeneration Diagnosis and Treatment, The Wills Eye Hospital Color Atlas and Synopsis of Retinal Disease and is Editor-in-Chief of Current Opinion in Ophthalmology and Chief Medical Editor of Retina Today, a global publication that features new therapies for retinal disease. He is a member of the Scientific Editorial Boards of Retina Cases and Brief Reports, Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging, Retinal Physician, and Ocular Surgery News. Dr Ho has been an invited lecturer at numerous national and international ophthalmic meetings around the world. He is a recipient of multiple clinical research grants investigating new treatments for macular diseases sponsored by the National Eye Institute and received the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Achievement Award and Senior Achievement Award and the American Society of Retina Specialists Crystal Apple Award. Dr Ho is Principal Investigator at Wills Eye Institute of several collaborative clinical trials evaluating new treatments for age-related macular degeneration, surgical retina and diabetic retinopathy. He maintains special interests in macular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, surgical retinal diseases and clinical trials investigating new treatments for vitreoretinal diseases. SECTION EDITOR Natalie A. AfshariNatalie A. AfshariNatalie A. Afshari is Stuart I. Brown MD Chair in Ophthalmology in Memory of Donald P. Shiley, Chief of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Vice Chair of Education, and Professor of Ophthalmology at the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego. Prior to this, she was Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Centers of Excellence at the Duke University Eye Center. She received her medical degree from Stanford University and her residency training at Harvard University, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. She then completed a two-year fellowship in cornea and refractive surgery at Harvard University. Dr Afshari is the recipient of the Senior Achievement Award and the Secretariat Award by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and has been named a Gold Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. She has received the inaugural Top Ten Women in Medicine award by Triangle News, Women Who Mean Business award by San Diego Business Journal, and the Teacher of the Year award at the Duke University Eye Center. She has also been recognized in the Best Doctors in America in each listing for the past decade, and was named in the U.S. News & World Report's Top Doctors List. Dr Afshari is the co-editor of a new two-volume cornea book called “Principles and Practice of Cornea”. She is also on the editorial boards of Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science and American Journal of Ophthalmology. She has previously served on the EyeNet editorial board, BCSC Cornea text book committee, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology council representing the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. She was co-chair of the cornea program committee for the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and co-director of Cornea Subspecialty Day for the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She is currently the chair of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery FDA Committee. Her NIH research grant is on the study of Fuchs dystrophy, and she investigates the intricacies of endothelial keratoplasty and regeneration of cornea. When not researching or practicing, Dr Afshari donates her time and surgical expertise as an international volunteer. She has traveled to West Africa, Central America, and Mexico to help patients who might otherwise go untreated.

Leopold Schmetterer: the research journey of ocular imaging

Leopold Schmetterer ( Figure 1 ) is currently Professor of Ophthalmology at the Nanyang Technological University and head of ocular imaging at Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore. He has also holds a professorship at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria.

Updates and Challenges in Refractive Lens Exchange

Refractive lens exchange (RLE) is frequently used as a refractive surgical procedure for the correction of high presbyopia and high hyperopia, for which laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) or phakic intraocular lens (IOL) refractive surgery is unsuitable. In an expert interview, Deepinder K Dhaliwal, Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Director of Cornea and Refractive Surgery at the UPMC Eye Center, and Associate Medical Director of the Charles T Campbell Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, discusses the challenges of refractive lens exchange and other aspects of refractive surgery.

Prof. Shlomo Melamed: the importance of early diagnosis and understanding for glaucoma

Prof. Shlomo Melamed is a Professor of Ophthalmology at the Tel Aviv University Medical School, the Director of the Sam Rothberg Glaucoma Center, Sheba Medical Center and the incumbent of the Zuker-Sussman Chair for Glaucoma Research at the Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Professor Philip J. Rosenfeld: OCT angiography and its application in macular diseases

Dr. Philip J. Rosenfeld ( Figure 1 ) received both his MD and PhD degrees from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and he completed a research fellowship and residency in Ophthalmology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School. Following his residency, Dr. Rosenfeld completed a Vitreoretinal fellowship at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. In 1996, he joined the faculty of the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute where he is now an associate professor of Ophthalmology. Dr. Rosenfeld is a member of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), the American Society of Retinal Specialists (ASRS), the Retina Society, the Macula Society, and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO).

Jay Stewart: the advances of the treatment of ophthalmic diseases

Dr. Jay Stewart ( Figure 1 ) is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Chief of Ophthalmology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center. Dr. Stewart is a vitreoretinal specialist whose expertise includes complex vitreoretinal surgery and the care of conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, ocular trauma, retinal detachment, retinal vascular diseases and uveitis.

Professor Srinivas R. Sadda: unlocking the secrets of choroid

Dr. Srinivas R. Sadda (Figure 1) is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at the Keck School of Medicine, the University of Southern California, Doheny Eye Institute. He is Director of the Medical Retina Unit, Ophthalmic Imaging Unit, Retinal Cell Replacement Laboratory, and Doheny Image Reading Center. He obtained his MD from Johns Hopkins University and a bachelor of science (Cellular and Molecular Biology) from the University of Michigan. He served as an intern at the W. Beaumont Hospital and returned to Wilmer Eye Institute for his ophthalmology residency, followed by fellowships in neuro-ophthalmology and medical retina at Wilmer.