Professor Of Experimental Medicine Research Articles

Professor Anastas Kocarev, First Macedonian Oncologist with Worldwide Reputation and Pioneer in Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment with Radium.

PhD. Anastas Kocarev (Kotzareff in French) is one of the most prominent Macedonian doctors and experts, prolific contributor to the cancer research in Switzerland and France in the first decades of the 20th century. He was born in Ohrid on May 5th, 1889. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva where he defended a doctorate in medicine in 1915. In 1916 he was elected Assistant Professor (Private Docent) at that Faculty. He was a prominent scientist and professor of experimental medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva and the Sorbonne University in Paris, with a wide reputation in Europe and the United States. PhD. A. Kocarev is one of the pioneers of oncology and radiology in the world, a forerunner of modern nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography. He was a close associate of Nobel laureate in chemistry and physics Maria Sklodovska-Curie and at her invitation moved to Paris in 1925 to continue the research on the diagnosis and treatment of cancer using radium. He was fully devoted to science and published numerous scientific papers and books with high citations and dissemination in many medical libraries in Europe and beyond. In addition to his professional teaching and scientific work as a top oncologist-radiologist, he was a great patriot with advanced political ideas. He founded the Academic Society "Macedonia" in Geneva, in 1915, and united it with other Macedonian political associations from Zurich and Lausanne, in 1918, into a joint "Alliance of Macedonian Societies for Independent Macedonia", with commitments, activities and initiatives to the Society of Nations, based in Geneva, Switzerland, for the proper resolution of the Macedonian national issue by creating a united and independent state "Macedonia" or the formation of a "Balkan Federation". He died suddenly in Paris on March 29, 1931.

A scientific skirmish over supplements

A scientific skirmish over supplements

Total protein turnover in animals and man.

Journal Article Total Protein Turnover in Animals and Man Get access J. C. Waterlow, M.D., Sc. D. F.R.C.P. J. C. Waterlow, M.D., Sc. D. F.R.C.P. Director, Medical Research Council, Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, and Professor of Experimental Medicine, University of the West Indies, Kingston 7, Jamaica. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nutrition Reviews, Volume 28, Issue 5, May 1970, Pages 115–118, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1970.tb06204.x Published: 01 May 1970

Frank Macfarlane Burnet

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet was born in Traralgon, Victoria, in 1899. He received his medical degree in 1924 from the University of Melbourne and performed research (1925-27) at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London. After receiving his PhD from the University of London (1928), Burnet ? usually known as Mac ? became Assistant Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research at Royal Melbourne Hospital. From 1944-65 he was Director of the Institute and Professor of Experimental Medicine at the University of Melbourne.

Presentation of the 2003 Jean Hamburger Award to J. Stewart Cameron

It is both a pleasure and an honor, as well as a daunting task, to introduce Stewart Cameron for the Jean Hamburger Award. Stewart, after all, is the reason I am a nephrologist. It is difficult to summarize Stewart’s contribution to nephrology over the past 40 years because he has influenced its development in so many ways. Stewart Cameron is first and foremost an outstanding clinical scientist whose work changed the way we think about glomerulonephritis. He is a predigious author, not only on research papers, but also of reviews and books for fellow researchers, for nephrologists, and for patients. He has been a phenomenal teacher and educator who has mentored more than 250 research fellows from all over the world. His global contacts have led him to travel extensively—indeed, he is his own one-man COMGAN. Stewart is also a politician (although he wouldn’t appreciate being called one), at least in the sense of leader who has been past president not only of the ISN but also of ERA/EDTA and the European Society for Pediatric Nephrologists, two of the other organizations who have joined the ISN in this World Congress. Finally, Stewart Cameron is an active historian of nephrology, helping us to understand the present through the work of great and forgotten figures from the past. Above all, however, Stewart Cameron is an enthusiast. Stewart Cameron was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1934 and had his early education there. While at secondary school, he moved to Ealing in London where his father worked in the nascent British film industry. In 1953, Stewart went to Guy’s Hospital Medical School, where very unusually for that time, in addition to his medical training, he took an intercalated science degree, which he completed with first-class honors. He qualified in Medicine in 1959 and had already decided he wanted a career in research. He rapidly completed his initial clinical appointments and moved on to become a Junior Lecturer at Guy’s in 1962. Stewart Cameron’s early research training was greatly influenced by John Butterfield, the then Professor of Experimental Medicine at Guy’s, whose group were just then discovering the phenomenon of microalbuminuria

Robert Alexander McCance, 9 December 1898 - 5 March 1993

Robert Alexander McCance spent most of his scientific life in Cambridge, as a student from 1919 to 1925, as Reader in Medicine from 1938 to 1945, and as Professor of Experimental Medicine from 1945 to 1966. During the intervening years (1925-1938) he completed his medical training at King’s College Hospital, London, and began his career in research. He came to be regarded in different circles as physician, paediatrician, physiologist, biochemist and nutritionist. He was certainly an investigator, but not a specialist. He was an opportunist, ready to take advantage of problems that presented themselves, whether concerning a patient with an obscure disease, food shortages in wartime, survival after shipwreck, or a chance observation that he believed needed further investigation. He was interested in the physiology and biochemistry of the whole body and the functions of its organs and tissues rather than its nerves, cells and their inclusions. He made major contributions in many fields, but he became so absorbed in the subject of current interest that he disliked being distracted, and he got rather irritated when a visitor called who wanted to discuss with him the relative merits of white and brown bread when he was deep in thought about the function of newborn infants’ kidneys. He was a well-known figure, cycling in Cambridge and along the country roads around, thinking about the investigations going on in his department. If he suddenly had an idea about one of them he would find the nearest telephone box and call the person concerned, even if it was early on a Sunday morning. Those who worked with him loved his little eccentricities and many stories were told about them, some of them true, but others greatly exaggerated.

Paratransplantation and Tissue Therapy

PARATRANSPLANTATION AND TISSUE THERAPY R. E. BILUNGHAM AND W. B. NEAVES* Introduction "To supply the defects of Nature" was, according to Ambroise Paré in the sixteenth century, "proper to the duties of a chirurgian." Death, illness, and disability of various kinds frequently result from disease or injury involving an organ of the body. In the case of paired organs, loss or a functional shortcoming ofone may be naturally compensated by the other assuming an additional load. In the special case of endocrine glands, life can be sustained by administration ofappropriate hormones. It has been argued, however, that the interests of the patient might be better served by means of a living allograft if simple, innocuous means were available to control the host response on an immunologically specific basis. Currently, for the major internal organs and for certain tissues such as bone marrow, the only generally available treatment for loss or failure is allotransplantation with its attendant, and by no means satisfactorily resolved, problems of tissue typing and immunosuppression to assuage host resistance. The modern clinical application of organ transplantation, largely the outcome of interactions between surgeons and basic scientists over the past 25 years, originated from critical analyses of the failures of early empirical attempts atorgan and tissue replacement and, with their understanding , the development of means of controlling host resistance. Modern endocrinology, including hormone replacement therapy, also had its origins in transplantation, since the classical criterion for ascribing endocrine function to an organ is that replacement away from its normal vascular and nervous connections must successfully correct specific deficiencies brought about by removal of the organ. Most of the pioneering studies in transplantation biology and endocrinology were conducted within the first 2 decades of the present century , and there was little interaction between the investigators pursuing ?Department ofCell Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75235. We thank Dr. Blair O. Rogers for his helpful advice.© 1979 by The University of Chicago. 0031-5982/79/2203-0061$01.00 320 I R. E. Billingham and W. B. Neaves ¦ Paratransphntation these evolving lines of study which have recently exerted such a tremendous impact on modern medicine and biology. A third, now scarcely recognized derivative that emerged from this ancestry is a discipline, or perhaps more realistically a "cult," that is normally designated "tissue or cell therapy." On the basis of extremely weak experimental underpinnings, its clinical application came prematurely and extended rapidly as a consequence of outrageous therapeutic claims. These soon led to its neglect by orthodox medicine. The principal reviewers of this subject as well as its most vigorous proponents have been lay writers. Today, laymen are probably much better informed about this topic than the clinicians who care for them. The purpose of this article is to review the origins, development, and current status of paratransplantation and tissue therapy, obscure relics representing a primordial branch of transplantation biology that has persisted virtually unchanged for more than half a century, sustaining itself on outmoded principles while remaining uninfluenced by relevant developments in related fields of biomedical science. Testicular Transpfantation The undoubted pioneer in the story of therapeutic testicular transplantation was the renowned physiologist and neurologist, Charles Edouard Brown-Séquard [1], who held many academic posts, including a chair at Harvard, and who ultimately succeeded Claude Bernard as professor of experimental medicine at the Collège de France. Brown-Séquard was the first person to show that animals died if their adrenal glands were removed, and his studies on the function of these organs, published in 1856, established him as a founder of modern endocrinology. In 1889, when Brown-Séquard was 72 years old, he postulated that the testes are the source of an active, invigorating agent that might be obtained from animals and used to rejuvenate men. He was convinced that, at least in part, diminution in testicular function was responsible for the feebleness of old men and suggested that prompt rejuvenation with regard to their mental and physical capabilities would result if sperm could be injected into their veins. After preliminary trials in rabbits, which appear to have established the harmlessness of testicular extracts, Brown-Séquard...

Etiologic factors in obesity and leanness.

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS IN OBESITY AND LEANNESS JAY TEPPERMAN, M.D.* In the early years ofthe last decade, a beginning student ofthe problem of obesity and leanness was struck by the confident assertion that all obesity was simply due to overeating. Most obesity was, in fact, called "simple obesity." Fat people were all gluttons—pitiful, perhaps, and occasionally tortured by unbearable life-situations into stuffing themselves with lethal calories—but gluttons nonetheless. People with strength of character were able to respond to the challenges of life gracefully and remain attractively lean in the face of adversity. If a physiologist (possibly one with a tendency to obesity) ventured to suggest that there might be metabolic differences among people that predisposed some to leanness and others to obesity, he was looked upon with suspicion or, possibly, accused of attempting to repeal the laws of thermodynamics. Had not Newburgh (i) demonstrated that, when an obese patient is underfed, his weight loss follows a predictable line? Surely this experiment indicated that the metabolic machinery ofobese people was the same as that ofnormal people and that if the fat people of the world just exercised a little self-control they could avoid obesity and all its horrible sequelae. The idea of a metabolic or constitutional predisposition to obesity was regarded as a refuge of obese people, who were eager to transfer accountability for their obesity from themselves to their near and remote ancestors or to Fate. In 1958 a beginning student would find a rather different attitude toward this problem. In the first place, he would discover bewilderment in place ofcertainty. This represents a kind ofprogress, for it is often a candid * The author is Professor ofExperimental Medicine, Department ofPharmacology, State University ofNew York, Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York. 293 admission of confusion that precedes the development of insight and understanding. Now we are by no means sure that there are not metabolic differences among people which predispose some to obesity and some to leanness. Many studies on experimental animals (see Mayer's review, 2) strongly suggest that a tendency to obesity can be inherited, although a single, determining biochemical trait which will "explain" the obesityproneness has not yet been described for any known form of genetically linked obesity. When one re-examines Camerer's and Schleicher's photographs oflean and obese identical twins after seventeen years (reproduced in Rony's monograph, 3), they acquire a new significance. It is interesting to reflect upon some of the causes for the change that has occurred since 1940. Some, like the studies on hereditary obesity mentioned above, are quite obvious, but others are not. Foremost among the less obvious, I would place the exciting development ofmodern biochemical genetics, begun in a mold—Neurospora—and extended to bacteria. One's imagination reels in contemplating the implications of this work for human biology, particularly when one thinks at the same time ofthe fact that the genetic material itself has been clearly identified in some species. At present it is permissible to imagine that each person begins as a couple of embracing coils of DNA which are elaborately encoded to yield an organism whose cells contain metabolic machinery of a certain potential. From what we can observe about biologic variation, we can postulate that, if it were possible to assay the enzyme activity for every reaction ofevery cell, a group ofindividuals would showa normal distribution curve for each activity. Even with allowance for the fact that many ofthe reactions dependent on enzymes are not rate-limiting, there would still be an enormous number of distribution curves that would characterize the group. Ifit were possible mathematically to integrate the individual enzyme activities ofeach individual into an expression that would characterize the individual and if one were to perform this operation for all the individuals in a large group, one would be left with a normal distribution curve ofthe composite curves. In the light ofwhat we know about the complexity ofthe nature ofthe intermediary metabolic processes and about the obvious variability ofindividuals with respect to many visually apparent traits we know to be genetically linked, it would be nothing less than astonishing ifevery person in the world derived precisely the same amount...

MEDICAL NEWS

<h3>ARKANSAS</h3><h3>Dr. Wells Enters Publishing Field.—</h3> Dr. Benjamin B. Wells has resigned as head of the department of medicine, University of Arkansas School of Medicine, Little Rock, to become vicepresident and senior editor of W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. Dr. Wells, who became associated with the school of medicine in 1942, has served as assistant professor of pathology, medical director of the University Hospital, professor of medicine, and dean of the medical school. He has been professor of experimental medicine and head of the department of medicine at the M. D. Anderson Foundation of the University of Texas Medical Center in Houston and has taught at the Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston. He received the Legion of Merit for services in the European theater during World War II. Dr. Wells is the author of "Clinical Pathology: Application and Interpretation" and "Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Therapy" and is coauthor

Climate Makes the Man

Journal Article Climate Makes the Man Get access Climate Makes the Man. By Clarence A. Mills, M. D., Ph. D., Professor of Experimental Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Cloth. Price, $3. Pp. 320. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942. Physical Therapy, Volume 23, Issue 1, January 1943, Page 47, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/23.1.47b Published: 01 January 1943

PRINCIPLES OF HEMATOLOGY. With 100 Illustrative Cases. By RUSSELL L. HADEN, M.A., M.D., Chief of the Medical Division of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Formerly Professor of Experimental Medicine in the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas. Pp. 348; 155 illustrations and a colored plate. Philadelphia

PRINCIPLES OF HEMATOLOGY. With 100 Illustrative Cases. By RUSSELL L. HADEN, M.A., M.D., Chief of the Medical Division of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland; Formerly Professor of Experimental Medicine in the University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas. Pp. 348; 155 illustrations and a colored plate. Philadelphia

Living with the Weather

Journal Article Living with the Weather Get access Living with the Weather. By Clarence A. Mills, M.D., Ph.D., James T. Heady, Professor of Experimental Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Cloth. Price $1.50. Pp. 206. Cincinnati: Caxton Press. 1934. Physical Therapy, Volume 15, Issue 6, November 1935, Page 245, https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/15.6.245b Published: 01 November 1935

The Lethal War Gases: Physiology and Experimental Treatment. An Investigation by the Section on Intermediary Metabolism of the Medical Division of the Chemical Warfare Service at Yale University under the Direction of Frank P. Underhill, Professor of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University. Published with the Permission of the Director of the Chemical Warfare Service.

The Lethal War Gases: Physiology and Experimental Treatment. An Investigation by the Section on Intermediary Metabolism of the Medical Division of the Chemical Warfare Service at Yale University under the Direction of Frank P. Underhill, Professor of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University. Published with the Permission of the Director of the Chemical Warfare Service.

Recent Literature American Edition of Nothnagel's Practice. Diseases of the Kidney, Diseases of the Spleen and Hemorrhagic Diseases . By Drs. H. Senator and M. Litten, of Berlin. Edited with addiitions by James B. Herrick, M.D., Professor of Medicine in Rush Medical College, Chicago. 816 pp. Illustrated. Diseases of the Blood (Anemia, Chlorosis, Leukemia, Pseudoleukemia) . By Dr. P. Ehrlich,

Recent Literature American Edition of Nothnagel's Practice. Diseases of the Kidney, Diseases of the Spleen and Hemorrhagic Diseases . By Drs. H. Senator and M. Litten, of Berlin. Edited with addiitions by James B. Herrick, M.D., Professor of Medicine in Rush Medical College, Chicago. 816 pp. Illustrated. Diseases of the Blood (Anemia, Chlorosis, Leukemia, Pseudoleukemia) . By Dr. P. Ehrlich,