Professor Of Electrical Engineering Research Articles

Microcell concentrating photovoltaics for space

Christian Ruud received his PhD in materials science and engineering at Penn State University under the guidance of Dr. Chris Giebink. His doctoral research was funded by a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities award and covered microcell concentrating photovoltaics for space and graded-index antireflection coatings. He also holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. Recently, Christian began a new role as a research engineer at PPG in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Jeffrey Gordon is professor emeritus at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev's Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics in Israel, where he has been a faculty member for 45 years. He played a pivotal role in stewarding it to an internationally recognized center of research and graduate education. His research advances have led to over 250 publications in leading scientific journals and cover the fields of nanomaterial synthesis, solar energy conversion, advanced optical design, finite-time thermodynamics, biomedical science, and algae biotechnology, with several innovations having been translated into impactful commercial realities. Chris Giebink has been a professor of electrical engineering at Penn State University for 10 years and is presently moving to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan. His research on optoelectronic and photonic devices has led to more than 80 publications and 13 patents. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Princeton University and holds undergraduate degrees in physics and engineering science from Trinity University. Christian Ruud received his PhD in materials science and engineering at Penn State University under the guidance of Dr. Chris Giebink. His doctoral research was funded by a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities award and covered microcell concentrating photovoltaics for space and graded-index antireflection coatings. He also holds a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. Recently, Christian began a new role as a research engineer at PPG in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Jeffrey Gordon is professor emeritus at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev's Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics in Israel, where he has been a faculty member for 45 years. He played a pivotal role in stewarding it to an internationally recognized center of research and graduate education. His research advances have led to over 250 publications in leading scientific journals and cover the fields of nanomaterial synthesis, solar energy conversion, advanced optical design, finite-time thermodynamics, biomedical science, and algae biotechnology, with several innovations having been translated into impactful commercial realities. Chris Giebink has been a professor of electrical engineering at Penn State University for 10 years and is presently moving to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan. His research on optoelectronic and photonic devices has led to more than 80 publications and 13 patents. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from Princeton University and holds undergraduate degrees in physics and engineering science from Trinity University.

Researches and applications of the combinatorial configurations for innovative devices and process engineering

This paper is devoted to the memory of Solomon Wolf Golomb (1932–2016) — a famous American mathematician, engineer, and professor of electrical engineering. He was interested in developing techniques for improving the quality indices of engineering devices and systems with respect to performance reliability, transmission speed, positioning precision, and resolving ability based on novel combinatorial configurations. In 1996 S. Golomb have supported the project “Researches and Applications of the Combinatorial Configurations for Innovative Devices and Process Engineering” as a scientific collaboration with the Former Soviet Union (FSU) research team from Lviv Polytechnic State University (Ukraine) under the Cooperative Grant Program by CRDF (U.S.). The underlying project to be edited by S. Golomb is presented, and short information on the development of the researches and applications of optimized systems with ring structure given.

Alvin William Trivelpiece

An outstanding leader, physicist, and administrator, Alvin William Trivelpiece died on 7 August 2022 in Rancho Santa Margarita, California.Alvin William TrivelpieceAIP ESVA/PHYSICS TODAY COLLECTIONPPT|High resolutionBorn on 15 March 1931 in Stockton, California, Al put himself through California Polytechnic State College and graduated in 1953 with a degree in electrical engineering. He earned a PhD in electrical engineering in 1958 from Caltech under the guidance of Roy Gould. His dissertation was titled “Space charge waves in cylindrical plasma columns.”After spending a year in the Netherlands as a Fulbright scholar, Al became a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1966 he became a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he supervised 19 doctoral candidates and published more than 40 papers on plasma physics. Al also wrote, with Nicholas Krall, Principles of Plasma Physics, which remains a classic textbook 50 years after publication.Taking a leave of absence from the University of Maryland in 1973, Al served for two years with the Atomic Energy Commission as an assistant director for research in the division of controlled thermonuclear research. Among his achievements was the establishment of the national Controlled Thermonuclear Research Computer Center (CTRCC), which provided fusion researchers across the country with remote access to leading-edge computing resources. The idea was met with considerable skepticism, but it became a model used by other science agencies.In 1976 Al became vice president for engineering and research at Maxwell Laboratories, and in 1978 he was appointed corporate vice president of Science Applications Inc. Three years later Al was nominated by President Ronald Reagan and confirmed by the Senate as director of the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Research (now the Office of Science), where he had responsibility for 5 research programs and 10 of DOE’s laboratories. He also served as the energy secretary’s science adviser.As director, Al developed a plan for construction of five major scientific research facilities: the Advanced Light Source, the Advanced Photon Source, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility, and the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). Those facilities continue to sustain US leadership in many fields of science today. Al’s planning was informed by federal advisory committees that he established and the National Academy of Sciences, an approach that continues to serve DOE’s Office of Science well.Al and Charles DeLisi in 1986 initiated the Human Genome Project, which has had an enormous impact on the life sciences and medical research. Al was masterful in obtaining support for the project from DOE management, the Office of Management and Budget, and the US Congress. The National Institutes of Health joined the project two years later.Al expanded the scope of the CTRCC to form the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, which continues to serve the research programs in the Office of Science as well as other DOE programs.In 1987 Al became the executive officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and publisher of Science. Then in January 1989, he became director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, where he was responsible for several initiatives. He created the Office of Laboratory Computing to enhance Oak Ridge’s ability to meet complex scientific challenges. Al led the development of a successful proposal for the Center for Computational Sciences, which brought together computational-science teams, computer scientists, and the hardware vendor Intel. It was designated as one of two DOE high-performance computing research centers in 1993.A second major achievement was the SNS. The lab had been designing a reactor-based neutron source. When the cost became unacceptable, Al took the lead in shifting to the accelerator-based SNS and gathered a multilab consortium to execute design and construction and broaden the project’s base of support. The SNS returned the US to a world-leading position in neutron-scattering research.Al was an advocate for international cooperation in science. His work behind the scenes with Evgeny Velikhov led to an agreement between the US and the Soviet Union on developing a magnetic-fusion demonstration model, which laid the groundwork for the ITER project.Al’s outstanding achievements extend across research, education, science administration, and national security. He was an innovator in the positions he held. Many of his accomplishments resulted from his understanding of science and politics and his ability to guide projects through government processes.Those of us who worked closely with Al have been fortunate to have had the opportunity. Al was a continuous source of ideas and wisdom. He had a great sense of humor and was quick to generate puns. He enjoyed playing poker, chess, and golf and was an avid runner. He piloted his own airplane to the age of 85. His wisdom, leadership, and friendship will be missed.© 2023 American Institute of Physics.

Game Forms of the Possible: A Personal Obituary of Leonardo Contributor and Co-Founder of Computer Art Herbert W. Franke, 1927–2022

Abstract Is it possible to be a puppeteer and a computer scientist, a speleologist and a science fiction author, in one person, and have all that interconnected somehow? There stood Herbert W. Franke, born in Vienna in 1927 and by now 95 years old, smiling at the exhibition of his computer-designed graphics, amused by the great response they generated. He died in July 2022, only a few weeks later. He was the young-at-heart dinosaur of computer art, born to a professor of electrical engineering, whom he followed faithfully with a dissertation on electron optics. The subtle difference that distinguished the young scientist from his colleagues was his aesthetic curiosity. He had access to the emerging first generation of computers in the laboratories of Siemens, and used it. While informal, gestural abstraction dominated artists’ studios in the 1950s, Franke was thinking of an art that could be scientifically grounded. In conversation he conveyed to me, “Aesthetic structures are those that optimize the processes of perception.”

EV Battery Chargers, Inverters, Bidirectional Switches, and Passive Components Take Center Stage at ECCE 2022

This year, the fourteenth annual IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE) 2022 was a hybrid event with an in-person meeting in Detroit, MI, USA from 9–13 October. The virtual meet-the-authors sessions took place 17-19 October via Zoom. After two years of virtual meetings, it was encouraging to see researchers, engineers, and professionals from around the world coming together in Detroit to learn about the latest innovations in energy conversion, while networking with old and new friends from industry and academia. The ECCE 2022 general chair was Dr. Emmanuel Agamloh, an associate professor of electrical engineering at Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.

People in Control

In this issue of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IEEE Control Systems</i> , we speak with Necmiye Ozay, associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Giuseppe Notarstefano, professor and director of automation engineering at the Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; and Sergio Grammatico, an associate professor at the Delft University of Technology.

David A. Landgrebe: Evolution of Digital Remote Sensing and Landsat

David Landgrebe, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the Purdue University Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS), was a primary innovator in the field of digital image analysis and remote sensing of the environment. He and his LARS colleagues, along with a selected few other researchers at institutions including the University of Michigan, University of California Berkley, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and NASA Johnson Space Center, defined and developed remote sensing technology to monitor the Earth&#x0027;s terrestrial environment. This research led to the Landsat program, which has continued to monitor the Earth&#x0027;s land areas for a half century. These technologies have defined new fields of scientific query in digital image analysis, biophysical remote sensing, as well as remote sensing science and applications. Dr. Landgrebe&#x0027;s contributions to these research areas were substantial and profound. Understanding the early evolution of work is critical to understanding how this technology is still advancing today. The authors hope that current and future students of these fields will benefit from understanding how this all began.

Back in the Lab: Katehi tackles research in embedded intelligent chips [Women to Watch

In the fall of 2019, Dr. Linda Katehi joined the faculty at Texas A&M University as a professor of electrical engineering and computer science. One year in, she couldn’t be happier. Throughout the course of her successful career in academia, Katehi has been dean of engineering, provost and vice chancellor of academic affairs, and chancellor, but at Texas A&M, Katehi has recaptured the energy of her first teaching position at the University of Michigan. The students are bright and curious. The faculty is engaged. The weather is beautiful. Most importantly, after more than almost two decades of administrative roles, Katehi is back in the research lab and classroom. She continues to be a mentor and advocate for women in science, technology, engineering, and math while embarking on new research in embedded intelligent chips that could change the way we interact with technology.

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

Toward carbon-neutral electricity and mobility: Is the grid infrastructure ready?

Interview

Shamsodin Taheri Shamsodin Taheri, from the University of Quebec Outaouais, Canada, talks to us about his group's submission “Analysis of electrical behaviour of PV arrays covered with nonuniform snow” page 192. I am an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO). The expertise of my research group in the field of power energy has advanced our understanding of the performance of photovoltaic (PV) sources in cold-climate conditions. This research was inspired by the issues that PV plants in Canada experience during cold months. In recent years, we have collaborated with several industry partners, who own utility-scale PV plants, to evaluate the performance of their facilities. This ongoing research helps mitigate the technical challenges facing the integration of renewable energy sources into power grids in cold regions. PV systems have found different applications in cold areas for a long time, such as remote research facilities in the South and North Poles and space travelling. The majority of PV energy plants are presently installed in geographical cold locations with a considerable amount of snowfall every year. Furthermore, the solar energy industry is expanding competitively in cold climate regions. For example, in Canada, the installed capacity of solar PV grew from 95 MW to more than 2500 MW during 2009–2016. PV panel efficiency is not only influenced by PV technology, but environmental conditions can also influence their energy production. Accumulation of snow/ice decreases solar radiation reaching the PV panels, which results in a significant loss of power generation. Non-uniform snow accretion on PV panels often occurs due to ambient conditions such as wind, temperature variation, partial snow shedding and ground interference. This leads to power loss that is dependent on the configuration of the PV system. Owing to the increasing deployment of PV systems, there is a significant interest in optimal utilisation of PV potential in cold climate regions. A fundamental need for knowledge of the impact of nonuniform snow accretion on PV systems is therefore essential. This research has shown that the snow-covered PV panels can still produce a significant amount of energy depending on the pattern and depth of the snow accumulation. The portion of this energy that could be collected is decided by configuration of the PV array as well as the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. Investigations concerning the effect of bypass diodes have shown that the PV string without bypass diodes generally experiences more power loss. In addition, the vertical and horizontal PV array layouts were tested to determine power loss due to nonuniform snow accretion. The horizontal PV array layout would be more effective in snowy climates. This work is helpful for PV system performance assessment, MPPT development and testing, power generation prediction, and proper arrangement of panels in cold regions. The accumulation of snow on PV modules weakens the intensity of incoming solar radiation and hence limits their ability to generate electricity during cold months. However, the true extent of such impact on the energy production of PV modules cannot be specified in a straightforward way, since it is not proportional to the snow-covered area. In some instances, snow covering only one cell can reduce the efficiency of a whole module by a noticeable amount. Snow is a complex phenomenon, and a quantitative characterisation of radiation transmittance through snow coverage requires knowledge of the physical properties of snow. In fact, the interaction of sunlight with snow to determine the influence of snow coverage on the PV modules is a challenge. This leads to changing the electrical characteristics of the PV array and producing multiple, local peaks on PV characteristics. Accurate modelling of the electric behaviour of PV modules and systems is a key element in improving system operation and efficiency. Hence, proper modelling approaches of the operation of PV generators under varying environmental conditions that improve their performance control and assist the design of PV converters and their MPPT controller have been achieved. Moreover, an appropriate tool has been proposed to determine the efficiency of PV farms under cold conditions. Furthermore, a high performance MPPT technique has been proposed to harvest the maximum energy of a PV array with multipeak characteristic under partial shading condition. Major progress must be made on the proper design and arrangement of PV arrays and power electronic interfaces, minimising the effects of snow on large-scale PV farms and the increasing the use of bifacial PV modules as a candidate for cold regions over the next ten years.

A Cross-Disciplinary Entrepreneurship Commercialization Process Model: Learning In Action

This paper will discuss how a multi-disciplinary team of engineering professors, business professors, entrepreneurs and students designed, developed and commercialized a new product related to an underwater submersible vehicle …underwater Robot. A new technology has been designed, developed and prototyped to aid in underwater exploration. The technology developed is a portable, remotely controlled submersible vehicle device capable of capturing high-quality images in depths up to 50 feet. The uniqueness of the new technology is that the device is significantly less expensive, more portable, and easier to deploy than other submersible vehicles on the market. The paper will discuss product design, prototype development, competitive analysis, new market development, marketing strategies, cost analysis, and commercialization. Discussions will center on different cross disciplinary fields of study, such as electrical engineering, civil engineering, manufacturing, market analysis, entrepreneurship and commercialization. The paper will demonstrate the collaboration that occurred between these fields to form a truly interdisciplinary entrepreneurship venture. (Clouse, R. W. Aniello, J., Biernacki, J. 2003). The paper suggests a paradigm change in curricula developed from around subject oriented learning and offers a model of integrated learning beginning with looking at the end product and developing a process and product that can be applied to the open market place….authentic learning. (Creed, C. J., Suuberg, E. M. & Crawford, G. P. 2002; Clouse, R. W. (1994). This project is an extension of the “Learning in Action” process developed by R Wilburn Clouse and Terry Goodin at Vanderbilt University and adapted to include projects from other universities including this product from Western Kentucky University’s electrical engineering department and the Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. (At the time of development of this project….R. Wilburn Clouse was the Executive Director of the WKU Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Stacey Wilson was professor of Electrical Engineering). These two Professor co-directed the grant that developed this project. (Clouse, R. W., Goodin, T., Aniello, J. 2016). A brief discussion of the Learning in Action concept is discussed below followed by the design, development and commercialization of the underwater robot. These discussions illustrate the unconventional thinking that permeated this project development.

Member spotlight

In this feature of the Bulletin, we highlight members of the SIGCSE community. In this issue, Bulletin co-editor Leo Porter interviewed Mark Guzdial. Mark Guzdial is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan and an ACM Fellow. He was awarded the 2019 SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contribution to Computer Science Education. He will receive the award and offer a keynote address at the upcoming SIGCSE symposium.

BBRF Honors Leaders Who Are Forwarding the Cause of MH

BBRF Honors Leaders Who Are Forwarding the Cause of MH

Signal Processing Leads to New Clinical Medicine Approaches: Innovative Methods Promise Improved Patient Diagnoses and Treatments [Special Reports

Popular consumer and business technologies, such as smartphones, tablets, wearable devices, and sophisticated photoimaging-all driven or supported by signal processing-are leading to a generation of powerful new diagnostic tools designed to help physicians working in clinical medicine. In Rochester, New York, for instance, a team of engineers and clinicians at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) and the University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) is developing a video-based smartphone/tablet-based health app (Figure 1) that is designed to serve as a clinical tool to assess atrial fibrillation (AF), a heartrhythm disorder that afflicts millions of people worldwide. Co-project leaders are Gill Tsouri, an associate professor of electrical engineering in RIT's Kate Gleason College of Engineering, who is developing both the app and its video system algorithm, and Jean Philippe Couderc, a biomedical engineer and assistant director of the University of Rochester Heart Research Follow-Up Program Lab, who will head the clinical trials.

The Legacy of Professor Mildred S. Dresselhaus

Millie was born in Brooklyn in 1930 and raised in Bronx, NY. She went to Hunter College High School in New York and continued to pursue her undergraduate degree at Hunter College, where she was introduced to physics research by Rosalyn Yalow, a future recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine. Yalow recognized Millie’s talents and encouraged her to continue further education in physics. Upon graduating from Hunter College in 1951, Millie continued her postgraduate study at the University of Cambridge on a 2-year Fulbright Fellowship and then at Harvard University, where she received her MA from Radcliffe College. In 1958 she received her PhD degree from the University of Chicago under physics Nobel Laureate Enrico Fermi and then spent 2 years at Cornell University as a postdoc before moving to the Lincoln Laboratory as a staff member. She became a visiting professor of electrical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1967, was offered a tenured professorship in 1968, and then became a professor of physics in 1983. In 1985, she was appointed the first female institute professor at MIT.

Inaugural Editorial

Inaugural Editorial

Guest Editorial

Guest Editorial

John Michael Julius Madey

The inventor of the free-electron laser (FEL), John Michael Julius Madey, died of lung cancer on 5 July 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii. He left an indelible mark on the international accelerator community. John Michael Julius Madey UNIV OF HAWAII AT MANOA/PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY DEPTPPT|High resolutionJohn was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, on 28 February 1943. In 1946 he and his family moved to a new house in Clark, where John grew up. His father owned an auto repair shop and instructed him and his older brother Jules in basic machine-shop skills. When John was 11, he and Jules studied together for their ham radio licenses from the Federal Communications Commission and provided morale communications for US Navy crewmen and civilian scientists stationed in Antarctica and their loved ones back home.John’s increasing fascination with the vacuum tubes used in the transmitters led him to learn everything there was to know about vacuum-tube technology. He was an avid builder of his own ham equipment, and the skills he developed served him well in his physics career. Howard Schrader, the brother of John’s next-door neighbor, owned one of the largest collections of vacuum tubes in the world. After hearing about the Madey brothers’ enthusiasm for the technology, Schrader, who was Princeton University’s official photographer, introduced them to John Wheeler and other faculty members.In 1960 John went to Caltech, where he received a BS in physics in 1964 and an MS in quantum electronics in 1965. While there he became deeply interested in whether the transition rate for bremsstrahlung could be amplified through stimulated emission. That curiosity continued when he went to Stanford University, where he earned a PhD in 1970 under the supervision of William Fairbank and conceived his most important invention: the FEL. Its bunched electron beam would pass through a periodic magnetic structure to stimulate the emission of light. In 1976, while working at Stanford’s High Energy Physics Laboratory, John and his team succeeded in demonstrating the FEL principle; they used a 24 MeV electron beam and a 5-meter-long wiggler magnet to amplify the beam from a carbon dioxide laser. By 1978 they had added mirrors to the system and increased the electron energy to 43 MeV, which allowed laser oscillations at a wavelength of 3.5 μm in the near-IR part of the optical spectrum. The power and efficiency were small—300 mW and 0.01%, respectively—but it was clear that the FEL scheme worked.In contrast to early FELs that used mirrors or optical cavities, today’s linac-based FELs, including SLAC’s Linac Coherent Light Source and the European XFEL, operate at much shorter wavelengths. They have proved indispensable for research in physics, chemistry, and biology because their highly intense, coherent electromagnetic radiation is tunable over a broad range of frequencies.In 1986 while still at Stanford, John became a professor of electrical engineering. Two years later he joined Duke University’s physics department, and the following year he transported his FEL research laboratory there from Stanford and continued to direct it for almost 10 years. John moved to the department of physics and astronomy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 1998 and built an FEL facility from scratch using some parts obtained from Duke. The facility provided a unique opportunity for hands-on training of graduate students in FEL science and technologies. John was a great mentor; working side by side with students, he imparted his knowledge and expertise.John held 13 patents on FEL-related technological inventions. A legal dispute over some of his patents led to a judgment in John’s favor. On 3 October 2002, in Madey v. Duke University, the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the university was infringing on two of John’s patents because it was profiting from them beyond the experimental use “solely for amusement, to satisfy idle curiosity, or for strictly philosophical inquiry.” The historic case, which ended a 170-year-old practice in which scientists freely used patented technologies when working on basic research that had no commercial application, has been discussed and written about by many legal scholars around the world.Among the numerous awards and international recognitions that John received was the American Physical Society’s 2012 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators. At the 2015 Nobel Symposium on Free-Electron Laser Research in Sigtuna, Sweden, he served as the keynote speaker.John will be remembered by his colleagues as the enthusiastic developer of the FEL and a prolific scientist of great drive and insight.© 2017 American Institute of Physics.

Quantum engineering of matter from the laboratory to the market: an interview with Dieter Bimberg and Kang Wang

Abstract Quantum dots introduce a new form of quantum engineering of materials properties based purely on size and dimensionality. Whereas we traditionally think of materials as having intrinsic properties such as strength, electrical conductivity and light absorption or emission spectra due to their composition and atomic-scale structure, when their size is very small, such properties can be altered by quantum-mechanical effects, for example due to confinement of the quantum wavefunctions that determine the energies of charge carriers like electrons. As it became possible in the 1990s to control the size of material structures with a precision of less than a nanometre in all three dimensions of space, quantum effects began to be exploited for technological applications. Quantum dots are particles with a nanoscale extent in three dimensions—in effect, tiny fragments of material, often made of one type of semiconductor embedded in another. Quantum dots in which the wavelength of absorption and fluorescent emission of light is tuned by the nanoparticle size are being explored for uses ranging from colour displays to biomedical imaging. Films of semiconducting materials thin enough to exhibit one-dimensional quantum-confinement effects, meanwhile, are routinely used to make efficient optical devices such as lasers. Such applications have depended on the availability of techniques for precise control of particle size, composition and thickness. NSR spoke to two leading researchers in this field of quantum engineering about its development and prospects. Dieter Bimberg is founding director of the Center of Nanophotonics at the Technical University of Berlin in Germany. He pioneered the use of quantum dots in photonic devices such as lasers and optical amplifiers, as well as developing non-volatile ‘dynamic’ random-access memories (DRAMs), which retain their information when the power is switched off. Kang Wang is a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles, whose work on nanoscale quantum devices has focused on electronic and magnetic properties, and in particular on the development of non-volative RAMs and the manipulation and control of electron spin as a new parameter for information processing (a technology called spintronics).

Grounds for Suspicion

Grounds for Suspicion