Professor Moore Research Articles

Global Research Status of Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome During 2001-2021: A 20-Year Bibliometric Analysis.

BackgroundMultiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality among patients in intensive care units (ICU). Although numerous basic and clinical researches on MODS have been conducted, there is still a long way to go to prevent patients from entering this stage. To our knowledge, no bibliometric analyses of MODS have been reported, this study, therefore, was conducted to reveal MODS research status and trends during 2001–2021.MethodsAll relevant literature covering MODS during 2001–2021 were extracted from Web of Science. An online analysis platform of literature metrology was used to analyze the publication trends. VOSviewer software was used to collect and analyze the keywords and research hotspots related to MODS.ResultsAs of July 31, 2021, a total of 994 MODS-related articles from 2001 to 2021 were identified. The United States accounted for the largest number of publications (31.1%), followed by China and Germany, with 186 and 75 publications, respectively. Among all the institutions, the University of Pittsburgh published the most papers related to MODS (21). Critical Care Medicine published the most papers in this field (106). Professor Moore EE, who had the most citation frequency (1847), made great achievements in MODS research. Moreover, analysis of the keywords identified three MODS research hotspot clusters: “mechanism-related research,” “clinical research,” and “diagnostic research.”ConclusionsThe United States maintained a top position worldwide and made the most outstanding contribution in the MODS field. In terms of publication, China was next only to the United States, but there was a disproportion between the quantity of publications and citation frequency. The institution University of Pittsburgh and journal Critical Care Medicine represent the highest level of research in this field. During the 20 years from 2001 to 2021, basic MODS research has been in-depth yet progressed relatively slowly recently, but the outbreak of COVID-19 has to some extent set off an upsurge of clinical research in MODS field.

Doctor Honoris Causa of the Adam Mickiewicz University for Professor Brian C.J. Moore

On November 9th, a.d. 2015, Professor Brian Cecil Joseph Moore form Cambridge University (UK), received the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of Adam Mickiewicz University from the hands of His Magnificence, the Rector of the AMU. This magnificent celebration was the great festivity for the entire Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, and particularly joyful for the Faculty of Physics and the Institute of Acoustics. This prestigious distinction has been awarded to Professor Moore, the most distinguished representative of the hearing sciences in Europe and unquestioned global authority in psychophysiological acoustics. Professor BrianMoore is a great scholar with a broad, in-depth knowledge and extremely wide research interests in many areas that go far beyond the mainstream of his research. He is a physicist, an acoustician and a psychologist. His main scientific achievements are related to the broadly understood neuro-science, particularly with regard to the functioning of the human auditory system. Professor Brian Moore is also a model of a scientific leader and a master; an inspiring and sympathetic guide and mentor of young scientists, the founder of his own school of hearing sciences, which brings together many generations of students and colleagues around the world. Let me therefore be allowed to bring some of his characteristics and achievements.

Third Contemporary Drug Problems Conference

Contemporary Drug Problems (CDP) recently held its third biennial conference from September 16-18, 2015, in Lisbon, Portugal. Hosted by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), the 2015 conference built on the success of the previous two conferences held in Prato, Italy, in 2011 and Aarhus, Denmark, in 2013. 2011 conference sought to explore the ways in which and problems are constituted socially and politically. 2013 conference continued and expanded these discussions to analyze how the complexity of the multiple constitution of drugs may be attended to in research, policy, and practice. 2015 conference theme, Encountering alcohol and other further contributed to the project of encouraging critical thinking and novel approaches to alcohol and other drug research established in the previous two conferences. This most recent CDP conference provided a forum to ask important questions of increasingly influential approaches to alcohol and other drug (AOD) research that emphasize relationality, contingency, and emergence, and their potential importance for grappling with some of the complex issues arising in contemporary AOD research (some of which were also explored at the 2011 and 2013 conferences). key themes of the conference included:* the co-constitution of people, drugs, and places;* the importance of closely scrutinizing common assumptions about the power of pharmacology and the agency of consumers; and* the implications of understanding drugs and their consumption as phenomena that emerge in complex assemblages made up of a range of forces.The conference was opened by CDP editor David Moore and EMCDDA Scientific Director Paul Griffiths. Following the welcome to delegates and acknowledgment of the conference partners (in addition to EMCDDA, the National Drug Research Institute, the Burnet Institute, Aarhus University, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Professor Moore introduced the first of three fascinating keynote presentations.The first keynote address was delivered by Professor Alison Ritter (Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales) and was entitled The dynamics of drug policy: Relational, emergent and contingent. Professor Ritter examined the relational and socially constructed process of policy development. Drawing together contemporary concepts of performativity with established approaches to policy development analysis, Professor Ritter argued policy is never fixed but instead made in practice. Importantly, she also argued that, although challenging, this insight provides an opportunity for developing novel approaches to address AOD issues.Dr. Emmanuel Kuntsche (Addiction Switzerland) delivered the next keynote address at the close of the second day of the conference with his keynote presentation entitled Understanding the weekend drinking of young adults from an ?events' perspective: possibilities and limitations of using per-sonal cell phones. …

Answer to Questions for the Record Submitted to Professor Patricia W. Moore Following the Hearing on 'The State of Class Actions Ten Years after the Enactment of the Class Action Fairness Act'

This is Professor Moore’s response to questions for record submitted to her after hearing before Committee on Judiciary, Subcommittee on Constitution and Civil Justice, U.S. House of Representatives, on State of Class Actions Ten Years After Enactment of Class Action Fairness Act on February 27, 2015. The questions submitted to her asked whether, when determining requirements of class certification, Congress should limit a class to those individuals with same or similar or those individuals whose damages or injuries have been sustained due to the same or similar proximate cause or the same product or activity.The response begins by noting that wording of questions appeared designed to eliminate what majority witnesses at hearing termed no-injury class The response argues that term no-injury class action is a recently-invented term without roots in law of class actions, and that term is misleading when applied indiscriminately to all class actions. The substantive law, whether federal or state, determines when a person is injured, and majority witnesses’ assertion that certain class members have suffered no injury contravenes governing substantive law.The response then more specifically addresses suggested language in questions submitted. The suggested limitations, if passed by Congress, would restrict class actions. First, it is unclear how broad-brush language would be applied to class for injunctive relief, such as civil rights cases. Second, language sounds like existing law, but those seeking to eliminate so-called no-injury class actions intend that language should be interpreted in a new and more radical way so to make it much more difficult to obtain class certification than under existing law. Third, language would in essence require a class, at certification, to include only class members who could prove their case on merits. That would constitute an impermissible fail-safe class allowing any class member who did not prove her case on merits to escape being bound by class judgment. Fourth, existing certification requirements of commonality, typicality, and predominance provide sufficient tools for federal judges to rigorously apply standards to unique factual situations.The response also notes that Civil Rules Advisory Committee is currently considering numerous changes to Rule 23, so that legislation is premature. Finally, response calls for Congress to require public release of data on federal class actions.

Prepared Statement, Hearing on 'The State of Class Actions Ten Years after the Class Action Fairness Act'

Professor Moore was invited to testify before the Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice, U.S. House of Representatives on February 27, 2015. This paper constitutes her prepared statement submitted in advance of that hearing and is published online. A video recording of the hearing is also available.As the only minority witness testifying before the Subcommittee, Professor Moore made three overall points. First, in evaluating suggestions in some quarters that class actions impose significant private costs, policymakers must not forget the public benefits of class actions, and why, despite their imperfections, they are a quintessentially American feature of the civil justice system. Second, in looking at the big picture of class actions since CAFA's passage, it is essential to consider legislative developments and Supreme Court decisions that have severely restricted not only class actions, but access to justice for average Americans. Finally, any contention that might be made about class actions must be placed in perspective by realizing that there are very few statistics on any aspect of class actions or class action practice that are publicly available for either the federal courts or the state courts.

Appendix Conference Report

The international journal Contemporary Drug Problems (CDP) held its second biennial conference from August 21-23, 2013, with the theme Complexity: Researching alcohol and other drugs in a multiple world. The main themes of the conference included:* Managing and doing justice to the complexities of alcohol and other drugs (AOD);* Affect-the place of emotions in AOD;* The contribution of Science and Technology Studies theory to AOD research.This followed the journal's inaugural conference held in 2011, in Prato, Italy, where a three-day forum focused on the theme of problematization, or the ways drug use is problematized in different ways for different political and social purposes. The inaugural CDP conference was designed to encourage more critical thinking about the implications of problematizing drugs, including the way that practices and policies associated with drug consumption frame people who consume drugs, the effects of drugs, drug treatment possibilities, and a range of other issues.The Prato conference was a resounding success, and led to discussions between the editors of CDP and researchers at the Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research (CADR) at Aarhus University about a potential follow-up conference. Myself and the many other attendees were delighted that the editors of CDP and staff at CADR were able to bring this to fruition, in conjunction with Australia's National Drug Research Institute and The Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Australia.The conference was opened by David Moore, editor of CDP, and Vibeke Asmussen Frank, the Director of CADR at Aarhus University. Professor Moore explained the interests and focus of CDP and the background to the CDP conferences, and called for more innovative social science research on alcohol and other drugs.Conference delegates were treated to three outstanding keynote addresses. The first was given by Professor Nancy Campbell (of New York's Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), whose presentation entitled Lexicons of complexity in drug science, policy and culture examined the history of addiction science and medicine. Professor Campbell argued that there has been a longstanding tendency in scientific research to describe addiction as a complex disease, arguing that claims about complexity are often a signifier for science's inability to understand addiction. She considered some of the social, political and cultural implications of talking about addiction as complex and multi-faceted.Professor Campbell's keynote was followed by Professor Lisa Maher (of the Kirby Institute, University of NSW), whose day two opening address examined Complexity and simplification in quantitative research on illicit drugs: Tensions, challenges and opportunities. Professor Maher critically evaluated the utility of mathematical modeling in blood-borne virus (BBV) research. She argued that despite its many benefits, mathematical modeling often involves simplistic assumptions about drug use, people who use drugs and the various net- works of drug use, and that these assumptions might sometimes hinder our capacity to address the spread of BBVs. Professor Maher also considered the pressures associated with research funding and the need to demonstrate research impact. She argued that one implication of this is that researchers may be compelled to produce neat, simplistic and succinct accounts of AOD issues, with translatable policy implications, at the expense of complexity. …

Comments in Opposition to the Proposed Amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

These are Professor Moore's public comments in opposition to the recent proposed amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The proposed rules amendments are ostensibly intended to address the so-called and of civil litigation. Professor Moore offers four observations. First, the most objective and reliable measure of cost before the Committee is contained in the 2009 closed-case study by the Federal Judicial Center, which shows neither out-of-control costs nor an increase in costs over time. Second, one objective and reliable measure of delay is case disposition time, a statistic maintained by the Administrative Office of the Courts. The AO's statistics show that the median disposition time for a civil case (from case filing to final disposition) has maintained stability for twenty-five years, from 7 months in 1986 to a still-brisk 7.8 months in 2012, a difference of about 24 days. Third, contrary to the Committee's apparent belief, lawyers and judges are well aware of the concept of proportionality in discovery and apply it frequently. Fourth, the federal courts are widely perceived to favor defendants, and the adoption of these proposals will intensify that perception, because the proposals do favor defendants.

Professor Moore: From Novice Case Writer to Mentor

This is the seventh article in the Professor Moore series. Throughout the series, Professor Moore has been honing his abilities in the craft of case writing. Bob Moore entered the academic life after a successful, but unsatisfying career in business. Since his entry into the academic world (and his subsequent discovery that things are not as they were when he was an undergraduate), Moore has learned about case writing techniques (article #1), the importance of getting releases early in the project (#2), how to deal with the comments of reviewers (#3), methods of case teaching (#4), ways to grade/evaluate/ assess student case analyses (#5), and how to review a case for journal publication (#6). Please note that, although this series of articles reads like cases, they are not cases; they are a fictionalized account of the learning process of one professor.

Case Writing and Research: Professor Moore Reviews a Case

This is the sixth in a series of articles about case research, writing, teaching, and reviewing. In this article, the protagonist, Prof. Moore, consults experienced case reviewers and learns several different approaches to reviewing cases for journal publication. The article is written as if it were a case; it is fictitious.

Case Writing and Research: Professor Moore Looks for a Better Way to Grade Student Case Analyses

The case is a continuation of the series of articles, written in the form of a case, that focus upon various issues relating to case research, writing and teaching with cases. In this article Professor Moore and the other fictitious characters, confront the difficulties that he had experienced grading student case analyses. In discussing the situation with his department chair Gloria Gorham he learns much about the origins of grading and the various methods of evaluating student work. At a later date other colleagues, Chris Anderson and Dave Berger, are brought into the discussion expressing their views and providing rubrics for use in grading student case analyses.

Should the United States Designate Specialist Patent Trial Judges? An Empirical Analysis of H.R. 34 in Light of the English Experience and the Work of Professor Moore

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit currently reverses from one-third to nearly one-half of all patent claim construction decisions by the U.S. district courts. Because claim construction often determines the outcome of patent litigation, the high appellate claim construction reversal rate contributes to significant uncertainty among inventors and investors. Congress is currently considering legislation, H.R. 34, which will designate specialist district court patent judges so as to reduce this unacceptably high reversal rate. This article concludes that designation of specialist patent trial judges among the federal district court judiciary is likely to reduce the high appellate claim construction reversal rate, based upon an empirical analysis of the appellate claim construction reversal rate in England, which has specialized patent tribunals. Part I of the article examines proposed U.S. legislation that would designate specialized patent trial judges. Part II analyzes the patent claim construction process in the United States, enumerating the challenges faced by generalist U.S. district court judges charged with deciding highly complex patent litigation actions. Part III then examines the English patent claim construction process, drawing numerous parallels between patent litigation in the United States and England that render the English system a valid comparator when considering the respective appellate claim construction reversal rates in the two jurisdictions. Part IV presents empirical results that strongly support the notion that designation of specialist patent trial judges in the United States could indeed decrease the appellate claim construction reversal rate, thereby affording certainty to patent litigants and investors. Part V then considers why the approach proposed in H.R. 34 is superior to the current English system of specialized patent trial courts.

Case Writing and Research: Professor Moore Teaches a Class with Cases1

This is the fourth in a series of articles about case research, writing, teaching, and reviewing. In this article, the protagonist, Prof. Moore, consults experienced case teachers and learns many different approaches to use in the classroom. The article is written as if it were a case; it is fictitious.

Professor Moore and The “Demons” of Review

This is the third in a series of articles about case research, writing, teaching, and reviewing. In this article, the protagonist, Prof. Moore, receives mixed reviews on his case submission and learns how to respond to them in a positive way. The article is written as if it were a case; it is fictitious.

Introducing World Journal of Emergency Surgery

About a year ago I contacted Professor Moore in Denver and presented the idea of founding an Surgery Journal for worldwide participation. He replied immediately that it was a very timely concept because a new discipline termed acute care surgeon was being developed in the USA to meetthe expanding roleof trauma surgeons, and that he was aware that this construct existed in other countries. In fact, there are no specific peer-reviewed emergency surgery journals, although several journals exist in the field of trauma surgery, including Injury, Journal of Trauma, Panamerican Journal of Trauma, Shock, Turkish Journal of Trauma and Surgery [1]. Emergency surgery is a transverse topic as all surgical specialities include emergency surgery. Therefore all surgeons have the problem of emergency surgery. It is hence important to have a substantial base that provides an ample array of knowledge on all the aspects of this topic from the point of view of every speciality, as not all surgical specialities are present in many hospitals. World Journal of Surgery (WJES) [2] is a peer-reviewed, open access online journal covering all aspects of research in emergency surgery (traumatic and non-traumatic) and related fields. As previously stated, emergency surgery is a multidisciplinary super-specialty involving all surgical and emergency medicine specialties; this field concerns all surgeons and physicians around the world. surgery is divided into traumatic emergency surgery and non-traumatic emergency surgery; both of which, are a fundamental part of the surgeon's daily work. surgery not only includes general emergency surgery, vascular emergency surgery, and thoracic emergency surgery but also urologic, cardiac, paediatric, musculoskeletal, gynaecological, transplant emergency surgery and all other surgical specialties; all of which, will be covered by WJES. In the last two months we have sent 1000 surgeons around the world the World Journal of Surgery Emergency Surgeon Questionnaire in regards to the emergency surgery organization [3]. We are going to present the results in a formal research manuscript in WJES, however, it is important to note that 60% of hospitals around the world have Surgery departments or units. Therefore it is evident that emergency surgery has also an identity in many hospitals with doctors specifically involved in this field. World Journal of Surgery follows a closed peer review process. The editorial board will assess articles submitted to the journal, and those manuscripts that are deemed suitable for peer review will be assigned to at least two expert reviewers. The Editors-in-Chief will decide on whether to accept or reject a manuscript based on reviewer recommendations. The goal is to make a first decision within four weeks. Accepted articles will be published immediately online with their final citation, and will soon after be listed in PubMed [4]. World Journal of Surgery is published by BioMed Central, an independent publishing house committed to ensuring that peer-reviewed biomedical research is open access – immediately and permanently available online without charge or any other barriers to access. Traditionally, readers pay to access research articles, either through subscriptions or by paying a fee each time they download an article [5]. Escalating journal subscription charges have resulted in libraries subscribing to fewer journals [6], and the range of research available to readers is therefore increasingly limited. WJES open access policy, as described in the BioMed Central Open Access Charter [7], means that all articles become freely and universally accessible online, and so an author's work authors is disseminated to the widest possible audience. The journal's articles are also archived in PubMed Central [8], the US National Library of Medicine's full-text repository of life science literature, as well as in repositories at the University of Potsdam [9] in Germany, at INIST [10] in France and in e-Depot [11], the National Library of the Netherlands' digital archive of all electronic publications. Authors hold copyrights for their work and grant anyone the right to reproduce and disseminate the article [7]. World Journal of Surgery will defray the costs of publication from article-processing charges (APCs), because it does not have subscription charges for its content. Authors are asked to pay GBP750 if their research is accepted for publication. However, authors from resource-poor countries, who are unable to pay the APC for their manuscript can apply to the Editors-in-Chief, to have the APC waived [12]. Other authors, who belong to BioMed Central member organizations, will have the APC covered in full or part by the membership [13]. No charge is made for articles that are rejected after peer review. We believe World Journal of Surgery will benefit clinical care and aid scientific research, and we hope you will support this progress by submitting your next research article to this open access journal.

Case Research and Writing: Professor Moore Can't Get There From Here

This article, written in the case format, is an extension of the article entitled “Case Research and Writing: Three Days in the Life of Professor Moore” published in The CASE Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1. It is intended to give the novice case writer insight into problems associated with obtaining the release for publication from companies where primary data had been collected. Related issues on case writing are also included.

The Anatomy of an Instructional Case from a Reviewer's Perspective

This article is a continuation of the article entitled “A Primer on Case Reviewing” published in The CASE Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1. Used in conjunction with the article “Case Research and Writing: Three Days in the Life of Professor Moore”, this article should help both case writers and case reviewers understand the critical elements of what a reviewer should look for in the case and the teaching note.

Case Research and Writing: Three Days in the Life of Professor Moore

This article, written in case format, has been written to assist the novice case writer in case research and writing. The article covers all aspects of case writing including: idea generation and sources of cases, working with primary and secondary case sources, obtaining client releases, writing the case story line, developing a catchy ‘hook’, using the past tense, providing supporting exhibits, and providing a bibliography for the case. The teaching note (or instructor's manual)is also covered in detail including: an overview of the case, learning objectives, course placement and targeted audience, instructional methodologies, case questions and answers, the epilogue, and the bibliography. Appendix A includes a discussion on case publishing and includes a list of journals and conferences which accept cases.

Building Democracies with Southern Command's Legal Engagement Strategy

America has conducted itself in the post-Cold War era with the understanding that fostering democracies and encouraging military establishments subject to the of are vital to US national security interests. [1] In this regard, the warfighting unified commands mirror the overall US national security policy of peacetime engagement not only by maintaining close contacts with allies and friendly governments for the purpose of imparting values and ideals associated with democratic principles, but by focusing this commitment through detailed engagement plans. For example, in document entitled Strategy of Cooperative Regional Peacetime Engagement, General Charles E. Wilhelm, Commander in Chief of US Southern Command from 1997 to 2000 (now retired), set out his vision for Latin America and the Caribbean as a community of democratic, stable, and prosperous nations...served by professional, modernized, interoperable security forces that embrace democratic principles, demonstrate respect for human rights, are subordinate to civil authority, and are capable and supportive of multilateral responses to challenges. [2] In addition, recognizing that there is legal dimension to almost every aspect of the US Southern Command engagement plan, the Office of the Staff Judge Advocate developed and published first-ever legal engagement strategy in 1998. [3] The intent of the legal engagement strategy is to promote the concept of professional law-based militaries that operate in accordance with the of law, respect internationally recognized human rights, [4] and are subordinate to and controlled by democratically elected civilian governments. In short, the US Southern Command legal engagement strategy is blueprint for democracy-building in the context of the of law. In the quest for war avoidance, this legal engagement plan is unique force multiplier and contributes to the shaping dimension of the National Military Strategy. The Importance of the Rule of Law in War Avoidance In his groundbreaking book about warfare in the 21st century, Race to the Swift, Richard Simpkin argues that democracies must find politico-legal devices to confront the enemies that threaten today's societies, and that the armed forces of democracy must carry out their duties in conformity with the of law. Simpkin states, Democratic governments rest on the of law, and must so rest. [5] The term rule of law was initially coined to refer to the common system of jurisprudence with particular emphasis on equality before the courts. The more modern common meaning, however, encompasses those rules and legal standards of behavior recognized and practiced between states in the context of the community of nations, and connotes consistency in the application of democratically passed and impartially implemented and enforced national laws and regulations. In the words of University of Virginia professor John Norton Moore, the importance of the of is central to international relations: Law... is vitally important. Even in the short run, the [rule of] serves as standard of appraisal for national actions and as means of communicating intentions to both friend and foe, and perceptions about lawfulness can profoundly influence both national and international support for particular actions. [6] In tandem with Professor Moore's admonishment, the Clinton Administration's Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, said that of all the problems facing the Southern Hemisphere, none is more important than improving adherence to the of law. Where justice is absent, Albright writes, peace and stability of nation and its neighbors come under threat; where justice is partial, citizens who do not have access to equal treatment lose faith in their government, and the forces of extremism grow strong; and where justice is unprofessional, crime flourishes, corruption grows, and economies suffer. …

Pope Innocent III and His World ed. by John C. Moore

Pope III and His World. Edited by John C. Moore. (Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate.1999. Pp. mix, 389. $86.95.) Pope 111 and his World is the product of the Hofstra Conference of May 1997, which jumped the gun on the celebrations for the 800` anniversary of the accession of dei Conti di Segni to the papal chair. Hence the swift appearance in print of twenty-three papers fitted into a four-part structure: firstly, Innocent III and his Milieu; secondly, Shepherding the Flock; thirdly, Defining and Using Papal Power; and finally, Encountering the Muslim World:' Professor Moore is a scholar well known for past studies on III's pontificate. Among a string of influential articles, his Lotario dei Conti di Segni in the 1180s (Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, Vol. 29, 1991) looked closely at the pope's career before his elevation, and by deft redating produced arguments which could extend the time of Lotario's legal studies; and more recently, in 1994 (Romische Historische Mitteilungen, Vol. 36), another important article examined the Pope's sermons, emphasizing his remarkable knowledge of the Bible. He has thus added substantially to two particular areas of investigation, to which we shall return in a moment. As editor of this volume he has done a remarkable job in shaping a structure, and, in explaining this, he has provided an overview of the contents of each of the papers. Edward Peters, distinguished conference scholar, then provides a suitably wide-ranging article, The Man and the Pope. Debate on Innocent's intellectual credentials, whether he was theologian or lawyer, has been rumbling on for more than a decade. At times it has seemed to be growing out of proportion to the points at issue. It is not after all as a theologian or as a lawyer in a'professional' sense-I use a modern term, for want of a better, but it will be understood what I mean-that we should be assessing a pope and his work. Sometimes it has seemed as though is being put through an examination for a doctorate in both disciplines. That said, there are articles here that examine the pope's practical application of law and theology and re-examine some of the important decretals, moving toward a broader canvas of operation, away from emphasis on the person of this extraordinary pope and toward those who constituted his curia, his bishops, and his delegates. As one contributor says, The role of the pope's agents cannot always be clearly distinguished from that of the pope himself As Egger remarks in an article here, and others have stated before, we cannot be sure how far the opinions (and knowledge) expressed in letters were Innocent's own. In section two, Frances Andrews, in discussing the new religious movements of the period, shows the Pope using the knowledge and expertise of local bishops and clergy, being, as she puts it, happy to leave detail to others. Another essay (Ronquist) draws attention to the cultural and intellectual interests of the curia at this time. Already Werner Maleczek and Agostino Paravicini Bagliani have done much on the individuals involved in and around the curia. …

Criminal Liability and the Duty to Aid the Distressed

The aim of this Article is to address some of the normative, as opposed to the purely metaphysical, issues raised by Michael Moore's analysis of the criminal law's act requirement. On several occasions, Professor Moore himself recognizes the role of ethics in finally settling issues of the application of the metaphysics of action to the criminal law. For example, he acknowledges that, ultimately, moral criteria are needed to determine whether an event is the