Professional Journalist Research Articles

Constitutional Rights of Citizen Journalism in Indonesia: From Maqashid Sharia Perspective

The conception of a democratic rule of law in Indonesia has implications for the social and law order as a protection for the citizens. The protections guarantee the rights and responsibilities of every person regulated or protected by a democratic state. Either of the rights protected by the constitutions of Indonesia is guaranteed in obtaining and conveying information. As a profession, it is a part of journalistic activities, both professional and citizen journalism, as a constitutionally inherent right. The problem encountered is protection for citizen journalism, which is not regulated as protection for journalists in the legal system of the press. This research employed a qualitative model with a normative juridical approach to conceptualise the laws with facts and phenomena of journalistic activities. The analysis aims to assert that every person has a constitutional right to obtain and convey information like a professional journalist. A law is responsible for citizen journalism based on the law system of the press and code of ethics, which places citizen journalism products as a part of the news on press channels or press companies as the objects of the media that publish information. The concept of the principles of citizen journalism is related by maqashid shariah in Islam, which includes al-ahkam al-khamsah, namely religious protection (hifz al-din), protection of the soul (hifz al-nafs), protection of offspring (hifz al-nasl), protection of ideas/thoughts (hifz al-'aql), and protection of property (hifz al-mal).

The Awakening of Fanita English: The Journey from ”Sleeping Beauty” to Transactional Analysis

This article provides an overview of the book ”Fanita English A Therapist’s Life and Work: From Psychoanalysis to Transactional Analysis and Gestalt Therapy”, written and published by professional journalist and psychotherapist Sigrid Röhl in 2004 in German language and subsequently translated into English in 2021 by ”Books on Demand”. The article sheds light on the key moments in the biography of Fanita English, delving into her childhood, youth, and adulthood. Through the lens of unique encounters and dialogues with renowned figures in psychotherapy, this article unveils how Fanita English emerged as a significant figure and mentor for generations of practicing therapists and amalgamated various therapeutic approaches in her work, such as Transactional Analysis and Gestalt therapy. The author of the article provides readers with a unique perspective from Sigrid Röhl on this remarkable woman in the world of Transactional Analysis. Additionally, the article emphasizes Fanita English’s courage, endurance, and lust for life, which were expressed in her research and professional practice: her story has become not only a narrative of personal transformation and the strength of the human spirit, but also a source of inspiration for many of us.

SLAPPs against journalists in Europe: Exploring the role of self-regulatory bodies

Reports show that media freedom is under pressure worldwide. Violence against journalists has a legal facet that takes the form of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) that aim at silencing critical speech. While in some countries there are legal protections against SLAPPs, in Europe a debate is only recently being carried out, mainly fostered by professional journalist associations and civil society. This article explores the role that European journalistic self-regulatory bodies perceive they (could) have in fighting SLAPPs, analysing 16 qualitative answers gathered via a questionnaire. Self-regulation has historically been a way to protect the independence of journalism and uphold its ethical standards. The open-ended responses help to understand how SLAPPs put into question the representations that media councils and professional associations use to construct their ‘professional jurisdiction’, and therefore, their ‘territory’ and the way in which they see their role in society. Our results provide food for thought on the handling of legal attacks against journalists.

Becoming a Journalist: Experiences of Trainee Journalists in Zimbabwe

ABSTRACT Basing on reported experiences of trainee journalists at the University of Zimbabwe on completing their work-related industrial internship, we give unique perspectives into challenges and contradictions of “becoming” a journalist. We argue that the route to becoming a professional journalist involves imbibing a kaleidoscope of largely (Western) values along the way throughout the value chain of different socializing sites such as the university, the newsroom and broader subjective social experience. The study concludes that journalism training in Zimbabwe—and indeed in Africa—is firmly informed by the dominant liberal press theory, a development that is at variance with social, political and economic realities obtaining in a country that has not fully embraced the principles of democracy to the letter and spirit of its classical dictates. While scholars have tangentially inserted African texts into the curriculum, these are texts that are made to fit into extant conceptual schema that invariably also shape practice.

Tecnología electrónica en los procesos de comunicación periodística

This review plans to present an important study on the formation of the communication process derived from technology that provides an important tool in updating knowledge to a new era or technology for journalists with a rebound from the traditional towards electronic digitization. The link to the communication process will converge between them. It is of such importance, for the derivation of this investigative topic, to reach the point of analogical objectivity like electronics, to besiege in instance the power of tension that a connection system towards postmodern virtuality and the prolonged technology of the networks. In this written theoretical fragment, a development produced by conceptualizations such as effects, links, processes, that electronic technology affects, will be expanded, indicating precisely what various authors refer to, and likewise refuting with their own arguments in debate the analog and postmodern journalist that are part of the paradigms provided by the applied sciences of digitization. Compacting in the study, the motivation and transformation of the professional journalist when communicating adequately to a determined audience in digital and traditional media, thus configuring positive and negative effects that influence the communication expert to intervene and persuade the intended objective.

Egy modern alapviszony

A Modern Relation– The Conflict between the Publication Industry and Literary Work in Hungarian Literary Modernism –
 In my paper I aim to discuss the relationship between the modern authorial subject and the professional journalist, which is a fundamental one in Hungarian literary modernism. Throughout this analysis I interpret several texts (by Dezső Kosztolányi, Frigyes Karinthy, Zsigmond Móricz, Mihály Babits, Imre Kner, and Aladár Schöpflin), in which the aforementioned relation is thematized, in order to explore the discourse formations that posit the subject of an author as a writer and as a journalist at the same time.
 Keywords: literary modernism, periodicals, journalist, professionalization, Hungarian literature

우보 민태원 논설 연구

This study aimed to find, organize, and analyze the newspaper article columns of Woobo Min Tae-won. Min Tae-won is famous for his essay “cheongchun-yechan”, but his academic research has not progressed. As a professional journalist and writer, he composed noteworthy works in various fields and this study focused on Min Tae-won’s newspaper article columns. They are a valuable source of information that provide insights about his ideological orientation. All of Min Taewon’s columns were identified and cataloged in this study. Including the newly discovered materials. In this article, his columns are arranged by order of presentation. Significant issues and development patterns were outlined by period, and the characteristics and contents of the columns were classified and analyzed. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows. Min Tae-won exhibited characteristics of a journalist pursuing real interests through his columns. He appeared to consciously aim for a pragmatic line that thoroughly reduced the problematic reality of colonial Joseon to modern individual problems and promoted intelligence and character with expertise. His columns are consistent with a pragmatism closely related to the life of the masses rather than an ideology, in a way that calls out the reading public of Joseon rather than the nation. This is interpreted as choosing to serve within the system at the border of censorship and control. Min Tae-won clearly recognized his limitations, demanded professional expertise throughout his literary activities, and emphasized the modern life of an individual faithful to it. This study cataloged Ubo's column data, arranged translations into modern languages, and collected and analyzed undiscovered data. It will be meaningful as it provides basic data for academic research through a bibliographic approach and empirical analysis of Min Tae-won’s column. Moreover, as a figure who pioneered the press in the early days of modernity, he innovated newspaper editing, and simultaneously provided a meaningful foundation for three-dimensional reconstruction of his activities and achievements, greatly influencing form and editing of later newspapers, such as renewing space and using modern language. It is also meaningful in that it will be a useful foundation for a three-dimensional understanding of his activities and achievements, which greatly influenced the form and editing of later newspapers as a pioneer who shaped the media in the early modern period.

Generating Fluent Fact Checking Explanations with Unsupervised Post-Editing

Fact-checking systems have become important tools to verify fake and misguiding news. These systems become more trustworthy when human-readable explanations accompany the veracity labels. However, manual collection of these explanations is expensive and time-consuming. Recent work has used extractive summarization to select a sufficient subset of the most important facts from the ruling comments (RCs) of a professional journalist to obtain fact-checking explanations. However, these explanations lack fluency and sentence coherence. In this work, we present an iterative edit-based algorithm that uses only phrase-level edits to perform unsupervised post-editing of disconnected RCs. To regulate our editing algorithm, we use a scoring function with components including fluency and semantic preservation. In addition, we show the applicability of our approach in a completely unsupervised setting. We experiment with two benchmark datasets, namely LIAR-PLUS and PubHealth. We show that our model generates explanations that are fluent, readable, non-redundant, and cover important information for the fact check.

Люди четырех измерений: социально-художественно-эстетическая рефлексия медиареальности в ранних рассказах Aркадия Aверченко

Since the 20th century, journalism, more broadly – media communications and related phenomena, have gradually become one of the leading factors in the existence of the social and everyday spheres of culture. Averchenko, a professional journalist and satirical writer, was one of the first to feel the approach and comprehend those phenomena that during the twentieth century, and then in the 21st century, would turn out to be the usual habitat and socio-cultural language of an ordinary person. It is not so much about the peculiarities of the mass person and his/her type of consciousness, which has long been the subject of study, as about the foundations, principles and mechanisms of PR-communication, media effects, and the specific conventionality of media-reality, which Averchenko, taking into account the first decades of the 20th century, outlined and described clearly. Using a double coordinate system (the relationship between the view of a journalist and the position of a traditional realist writer entrenched in the Russian socio-literary process), updating it with comic aesthetics, Averchenko managed – in the stories of the 1910s – to discover and show those main threats, traps and problems that implicitly contain media reality.

Ai and human created media texts: experiment results

Many journalists and experts are concerned about how widespread of AI-machines may affect the world of information. Changes can affect both the journalists themselves and the audiences. There are already a number of projects in Kazakhstan introducing the AI usage, however, they do not relate to journalism. Texts created by AI are still not typical for the domestic media sector. In order to understand how Kazakhstani consumers of information relate to such texts, we conducted an experiment based on an electronic questionnaire (the main research method). There was no data in the domestic scientific literature on the question whether people are able to distinguish the text written by AI from the text written by a real journalist. This research question formed the basis of our experiment. The purpose of the study is to determine the qualities of a journalistic text that make it possible to distinguish it from a robotic text. The scientific significance is due to the relevance of the topic, the in- terdisciplinary direction of work. Practical significance lies in the ability to use data in several scientific fields. The results show that the majority of media consumers (135 participants out of 153) were able to distinguish two texts and identify which of them belongs to the robot. Additionally, according to the an- swers, Kazakhstani mediaconsumers are not ready for the appearance of AI texts in the mass media, they consider them poor quality, incomprehensible, logically unrelated and, in principle, respondents prefer texts written by a person – a professional journalist. Most likely, this trend will continue over the next several years. This work contributes to solving the problem of using AI in the media sphere. Key words: journalism, AI, media text, mass media, robo-journalism.

INFLUENCE OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVITIES ON THE PROCESS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS’ TRAINING IN US HIGHER INSTITUTIONS

Peculiarities of media organizations functioning in the US system of higher education are considered. It is proved that international and national organizations significantly influence the formation and development of journalism education. Based on research, it is concluded that the organizations play an important role in forming the professional activities of future journalists, namely monitoring the quality of education, considering accreditation in accordance with international standards and introducing the latest methods of quality education. According to the results of the study of professional journalist’s training, five provisions analyzing the achievement of a high level of information literacy proposed by the Association of Research Libraries have been analyzed. The activity of US universities in educational and professional media organizations is described. The main functions of these organizations are highlighted, namely the development of normative documents that form the national policy of professional education and requires institutions to comply with clear criteria and principles for ensuring the quality of education; introduction of educational laws and provision of financial assistance to students; promotion of the university research activities and results, defending the ideas of the states and the federal government. It has been studied that each state in the United States has its own ministries or departments of education and is divided into counties where educational organizations operate to solve problems that arise at the local level. Depending on the state, these councils are overseen by inspectors, education secretaries, or public members elected by the local population. Legislation in the states is represented by educational acts, laws, and regulations of local councils or commissions.

Techniques and technologies journalist training

Modern approaches to the training of media specialists are undergoing significant changes, as evi- denced by scientific forums of journalists (researchers and practitioners) with the inclusion of sociolo- gists, philosophers, political scientists, PR managers in the dialogue; representatives of different branches of the media space (financial, legal journalism). After the introduction of the course «Multimedia Journal- ism» into the curriculum of secondary schools, the voices of teachers are «heard». During the creative examination for admission to the Faculty of Journalism, for the applicant the main criterion for choosing the specialty «Journalism»: «I want to become a journalist: I love and know how to communicate.» However, after admission and study, there are often cases of disappointment. It is important for the teacher to establish the reasons for the decline in interest in the profession, to minimize risks and improve the quality of teaching. Recall that a professional journalist in the regional media is assigned a much greater measure of social responsibility. Journalist represents the «fourth estate» in the  country, defending the interests of the people and the democratic principles of society. The purpose of our research within the framework of the article is to identify relevant and interactive learning models in journalism based on the experience of diagnosing thinking, technical, technological skills and student motivation. For a number of years, a student, studying at the Faculty of Journalism, asks himself the following questions: is it necessary to study journalism; is this profession so interesting and prestigious; Is there high competition among specialists? The authors analyzed various modern trends of a successful media personality and, finally, came to the conclusion that this category of students did not have the skill to write texts correctly. In the course of our research, we have identified four levels of conditional «identification» of a future media specialist: 1) applicant «no-name»; 2) freshman hesitant; 3) a doubting senior student; 4) the graduate is «in trend». In the course of observation, we have established: already from the middle of the second year, the specialty – journalism is not considered by students as a profession for life. Accordingly, at each stage, we have determined: the focus of observation, developed educational content and behavioral model. Working hypothesis: if at each stage «lay a creative» component, which, with basic skills and a new educational policy, guarantees a competitive specialist by the end of the faculty. The result of the study can be considered a study of the model of the formation of journalists in the system: university-creativity- practice, based on multimedia and the principles of effective communication. Key words: methodology; integrative technologies; professional practices; strategy; the media sphere. &nbsp

The Issue of the Use of Open Data and the Responsibility of Modern Journalists

Thanks to the large data source on the Internet, several improvements have also taken place in the working method of the professional journalist. Modern journalists may use software and data on the Internet as part of their news gathering operation. Combining the type of knowledge and data from the Internet with information from journalistic sources involved in the mining phase (authorities, police, and witnesses can carry unparalleled news capabilities) to a partner, Data journalist may also conduct a simple operation of linking and synthesizing between various documents in order to make new discoveries in the work process. This paper deals with the open data and the duty of the journalist to use it. The emergence of open data sources by governments around the world has made the search for data sources richer. Journalists may make use of open data to find knowledge. How do journalists make effective use of open data to create high-quality media products tailored to the needs of the modern public? We give the answer within the following text.

Дисципліна «Основи редагування» в подоланні журналістики безграмотності і примітивізму: проблема практики ЗМІ очима студентів факультету журналістики КНУКіМу

Автор – учений і професійний журналіст із багаторічним досвідом практичної журналістики – вивчає стан справ із журналістською освітою в Україні, якій за останні три десятиліття так і не вдалося позбутися рудиментів радянської системи навчання.Із нагальних проблем такої освіти автор виокремлює одну грань, за якою проглядається тривожна тенденція: українська журналістика вже зриміше стає безграмотною, примітивною. Стосується це не лише мовної культури, а і структурної, жанрової, фактологічної та змістової характеристик основи-основ журналістики – уже оприлюднених текстів.Йдеться про рівень викладання дисциплін так званого редагувального блоку, про роль нормативної дисципліни «Основи редагування» в подоланні журналістики безграмотності і примітивізму. У поле зору потрапили відірвані від практики журналістики схоластичні теорії, які так і не були сприйняті практикою.Натомість у навчальних планах факультетів та відділень журналістики поменшало предметів, вивчення яких формує стрижень професіограми журналіста. Це призвело до формування малограмотного журналіста-манкурта, який навчений різноманіттю маніпулятивних технологій, готовий за гроші виконувати замовлення своїх хазяїв – власників ЗМІ.Подана добірка роздумів студентів факультету журналістики Київського національного університету культури і мистецтв про відповідальність носія журналістських та редакторських посад у конкретиці сутнісних аспектів нормативного курсу «Основи редагування». Ці тексти, на думку автора, слугуватимуть для майбутніх дослідників-журналістикознавців цінним і, певною мірою, несподіваним емпіричним матеріалом. Ці тексти мають промовисту печатку доби. Корумпованість вищих ешелонів влади, деградація судової системи, системна криза економіки та суспільної моралі не могли не відбитися на стані української університетської освіти загалом і журналістської зокрема.

A Need Analysis of ESP for Physical Education Students in Indonesia

This research aims at constructing the ideal English material for Physical Education students of universities in Lampung. Currently, students at university are taught about general English and it stimulates the writers to conduct a research to reveal their need of ESP as the answer of the current issues. This research is conducted in two universities, namely Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia and Universitas Lampung. The participants are 50 students, and 10 lecturers of Physical Education study program from both respective universities. The data are in the form of qualitative data which are taken from the interview and the questionnaire to students and lecturers which cover topics needed, and teaching method. The findings reveal the Physical Education students’ need of ESP in varied range of topics. The highly desired topics are English for sport journalism, English for professional athlete/referee/coach. Furthermore, based on the perspective of lecturers, they believe that students’ speaking, and writing must be well developed in order to compete in international level as professional athlete, coach, journalist, and etc. The result of analysis concludes the importance of ESP for Physical Education’s students. Further research shall be conducted to test the effectiveness of the English topics constructed based on this current research.

Testing the Causal Link Between Anti-Graft Agencies Practices and Good Governance in Nigeria Using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach(ARDL)

The study examines the causal link between the anti-graft agencies practices and good governance in Nigeria. We employed purposive sampling technique where 400 copies of questionnaires were distributed to professional accountants, bankers, journalist and lawyers. The data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. We seek to find out if there exist, significant or causal relationship between our exogenous variable, antigraft agencies practices, proxied by admin/professional etiquette (LAPE) and Efficiency on prosecution and obedience to the rule of law (LEPL); and our endogenous variable, good governance(LGGP). By using autoregressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) and Granger causality test, we aim at establishing which of our exogenous variable has significant or causal effect on good governance in Nigeria. The analysis of the outcomes led to the conclusion that none of our exogenous variable has significant relationship with good governance but though, there exist a uni-directional causality from admin/professional etiquette to good governance practices. The study also revealed the existence of a long run relationship among the variables under study. The study recommends amendment of the extant laws establishing the anti-graft agencies for operational efficiency in prosecution, responsiveness to the constitution and adequate training for officials in order for the Nigerian state to benefit maximally from these agencies. Keywords: Rule of law, Anti-graft agencies, Government, Corruption, ARDL DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/11-10-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

The Political Reform and the Amharic Biweekly Reporter: The Editorial Contents of the Reporter Newspaper in Ethiopia from 2017 to 2019

This research examines the agenda and frames used by the Reporter newspaper editorial coverage of issues and actors before and after the reform in Ethiopia. The study applies quantitative content analysis method and examined 99 (Period 1 = 57 and Period 2 = 42) editorials in all periods. The source of data and the period of data collection were purposely selected. The results indicated that societal issue, government and party issues were frequent in both periods. Professional journalist was the only Author in both periods. More government criticism and more reforms were mentioned before the reform. Compared with editorials published before and after the reform, noticeable changes were observed in government critique, attribution of responsibility frames, human interest frames and economic issue frames. However, content selection, sources of information, mentioned reforms, conflict relationship frames and ideological frames didn’t have relationship with date of publication. Finally, the Reporter editorials coverage did change significantly in many respects, although it is difficult to determine the causes of the changes-economic factors, reduced political control, social changes or globalization forces.

Evaluating Anti-Graft Agencies Governance Practices in Nigeria

The Nigerian state has witnessed exponential increase in corruption and various anti-graft agencies have been established by government to curb this malaise which has branded the Nigerian state and its citizens all over the world as corrupt. The agencies have over the years been criticized as not being effective and a militia of government in power in the way they prosecute anti-corruption wars. The study evaluated the anti-graft agencies and their governance practices, their effectiveness in addressing the cankerworm in the country by employing the purposive sampling technique where 400 copies of questionnaires were distributed to professional accountants, bankers, journalist and lawyers. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed inadequate capacity of the workforce, non-commitment to integrity, ethical values and the rule of law, lack of openness, lack of transparency and accountability. The study recommends amendment of the extant laws establishing the anti-graft agencies for operational efficiency in prosecution, responsiveness to the constitution and adequate and targeted training for officials.

Print Media and the Political Reform in Ethiopia

This research examines the agenda and frames used by the Reporter newspaper editorial coverage of issues and actors before and after the reform in Ethiopia. The study applies a quantitative content analysis method and examined 99 (Period 1 = 57 and Period 2 = 42) editorials in all periods. The source of data and the period of data collection were purposely selected. The results indicated that societal issues, government, and party issues were frequent in both periods. The professional journalist was the only Author in both periods. More government criticism and more reforms were mentioned before the reform. Compared with editorials published before and after the reform, noticeable changes were observed in government critique, attribution of responsibility frames, human interest frames and economic issue frames. However, content selection, sources of information, mentioned reforms, conflict relationship frames, and ideological frames didn’t have relationship with the date of publication. Finally, the Reporter editorials coverage did change significantly in many respects, although it is difficult to determine the causes of the changes—economic factors, reduced political control, social changes or globalization forces.

Changing by the Click: The Professional Development of UK Journalists

Changes in technology, audience engagement, the business model and ethical requirements have greatly expanded the skills required to be a professional journalist in the UK. At the same time, the esteem in which the profession is held by the public has diminished. This research used the UK journalism profession as a case study of change in a profession. It asked what were the changes in the profession since 2012. The research method includes an in-depth survey of 885 UK journalists, two previous similar surveys, interviews with stakeholders, national data and documentation. The study finds that UK journalist numbers, their educational attainment and workload has increased significantly in the period. The majority have become multiplatform journalists—working across at least two mediums like print and online. There has been a significant shift of job roles from traditional newsroom to a wide range of other organizations and some 36% of journalists are now self-employed. Diversity continues to be an issue with the profession having a white middle-class bias. The implications of these changes for future professional UK journalism education were then analyzed. They include the need to develop a national continuous professional development framework, better cooperation amongst competing accrediting bodies to enhance the public trust in journalists and greater flexibility on the professional pathways to senior qualifications.