Professional Golf Tournaments Research Articles

Reports of Tobacco Sales, Sponsorships, and Policies at Professional Golf Tournaments.

Reports of Tobacco Sales, Sponsorships, and Policies at Professional Golf Tournaments.

スポーツイベントにおけるプロデューサーの資質・能力についての研究－女子プロゴルフトーナメントを事例として－

The purpose of this study was to identify and clarify the qualities and abilities of sport event producers who plan and manage sport events from interview data obtained from producers. First, we conducted a preliminary survey on what kind of human resources sport event producers are, and narrowed down the research target to producers of women's professional golf tournaments. Nine respondents were selected by snowball sampling, and interviews were conducted, and the KJ method was used for analysis. The results revealed the ability to set up a competition venue and to build relationships with stakeholders, in addition to the qualities and abilities shown in previous studies. The results of this study suggest the possibility of developing human resources who can produce various types of sporting events beyond competitions, and contribute to the mobility and networking of producers.

Volunteer retention: Examining intentions and behaviours in the wrap-Up mode of a professional recurring small-scale sport event

ABSTRACT Research question The purpose of this study was to explore volunteers’ intentions and behaviours in the wrap-up mode of a professional recurring small-scale sport event. Research methods Thirteen volunteers completed an online self-administered questionnaire 10 months after the 2019 Osprey Valley Open, a professional small-scale golf tournament held annually in the Greater Toronto Area (Ontario, Canada) since 2015. The questionnaire included closed-ended and open-ended questions about volunteers’ intentions and behaviours. Data were thematically analysed in NVivo12. Results and findings All volunteers reported having positive intentions towards the 2020 Osprey Valley Open. Eleven volunteers continued their involvement with the event as they completed their application to participate again. The positive volunteer intentions among seven participants led to their participation as volunteers in other sport (e.g. organizations and/or events) and non-sport settings (i.e. organizations). The remaining participants indicated no involvement in additional volunteer opportunities after the event. Implications Findings demonstrate positive volunteer intentions can create different types of formal sport participation behaviours among volunteers in the wrap-up mode of the event lifecycle. Notably, legacies in small and recurring sport events occur via volunteers’ ability to repeat their involvement and pursue additional opportunities in and beyond sport.

Examining Changes in Sport Event Volunteers' Motivation, Satisfaction, Commitment, Sense of Community: Evidence from a Preevent–Postevent Design

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in sport event volunteers' motivation, satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community from preevent to postevent. Data were collected using preevent and postevent online self-administered questionnaires sent to 256 volunteers at the 2019 Osprey Valley Open: a professional golf tournament. One hundred sixty-one volunteers (65% response rate) completed both questionnaires. Data were analyzed using paired sample t tests. All constructs demonstrated positive changes from preevent to postevent. Sense of community had the most significant positive change, followed by satisfaction, and then commitment. Motivation did not have a statistically significant change. Results show researchers should move beyond crosssectional research designs to better understand differences in these constructs across event modes. Practitioners should tailor their strategies toward volunteers' satisfaction, commitment, and sense of community to enhance their experiences at different time points throughout their involvement with a sport event.

프로골프대회 관람요인과 관람객의 관계의 질, 충성도, 관람행동의도의 구조적 관계

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the spectating factor of women’s professional golf tournaments and to investigate the causal relationship among spectating factors, quality of relationship, and loyalty identified as factors influencing spectating behavior.BR Method: This study was conducted using questionnaires for 427 adults with experience in spectating the Women’s Professional Golf Association (KLPGA). This study performed frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling analysis.BR Results: 1) It was found that the spectating factors of golf competitions had a significant effect on the quality of the relationship perceived by visitors. 2) It was found that the spectating factors of golf competitions did not significantly affect the loyalty of visitors. 3) It was found that the spectating factors of golf competitions did not significantly affect the spectating behavior intention of visitors. 4) It was found that the quality of the relationship perceived by golf tournament visitors had a significant effect on loyalty. 5) It was found that the quality of the relationship perceived by golf tournament visitors had a significant effect on the spectating behavior intention. 6) It was found that the loyalty of golf tournament visitors had a significant effect on the spectating behavior intention.BR Conclusion: In summary, the factors inducing spectating of golf competitions form a solid relationship between golf competitions and visitors, and the formation of these relationships strengthens the loyalty of visitors and promotes spectating behavior.

Weather and Event Visitor Expenditures at a Professional Golf Tournament in the Netherlands

Most event organizers depend on visitor expenditures to generate revenue, yet the full economic potential of many events is not fully exploited. This unprecedented research examines if weather conditions contribute to greater visitor expenditures. Data were collected from 2,935 in-person administered surveys at a major golf tournament in the Netherlands over a period of 3 years and examined sociodemographic characteristics, behavior, motive variables, and weather conditions to determine their relationship with visitor expenditures. The results show that the amount of rain was related to visitor expenditures and not air temperature. To maximize the visitor expenditures for events like outdoor golf tournaments it is recommended to choose a dry over a warmer period.

Outcomes of the sport event volunteer experience: examining demonstration effects on first-time and returning volunteers

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine if sport event volunteers were inspired by their event experience to volunteer in the future.Design/methodology/approachA postevent questionnaire was administered to 161 professional golf tournament volunteers, in which 93 respondents were identified as first-time volunteers of the event and 68 as returning volunteers. A moderation analysis was conducted to assess if previous event-specific volunteer experience moderated the relationship between volunteers' inspiration and future volunteer intentions.FindingsFirst-time event-specific volunteers were significantly more inspired to volunteer again than returning event-specific volunteers. Findings indicate volunteers can be inspired from their event experience toward future volunteer intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study offers conceptual understandings and new application of inspiration–behavioral intentions by examining sport events' (in)ability to inspire first-time and returning event volunteers to volunteer in the future. Findings are limited to the sport event volunteers' intention discussion.Practical implicationsThis study demonstrates how event stakeholders can create positive future behavioral intentions for community members through hosting sport events. By positioning first-time event-specific volunteers within roles that can elicit inspiration (e.g. interacting with athletes), event managers can foster stronger future volunteer intentions.Originality/valueThis study extends the understanding of demonstration effects by moving beyond the traditional sport event spectators and sport participation intention foci. It demonstrates that sport events can inspire different spectator groups (i.e. event volunteers) toward different future behavioral intentions (i.e. volunteer intentions). Findings address previous sport event volunteer assumptions regarding intention, inspiration and volunteer segments.

Does a cool head beat a hot hand? Evidence from professional golf

This study draws upon psychological models of momentum to test for the existence of characteristics such as the hot hand and whether such characteristics predict better or worse overall performance. Using data from professional golf tournaments, we show that the negative emotions associated with poor performance (such as a loss of confidence) have a greater influence in the short run on scoring than positive emotions associated with prior success. We find that male and female golfers respond similarly to prior hole performance, while better players may be more prone to dips in performance after recent failures than other players. Overall, our results provide empirical support for the notion that performance training should incorporate psychological skills, including strategies for controlling emotional responses to success and failure in the short run.

Risk-taking dynamics in tournaments: Evidence from professional golf

• We analyze golfers’ risk-taking strategies using ten years of data from the PGA. • Golfers become more likely to adopt risky strategies as the value of risk-taking rises. • Golfers’ risk levels are discontinuous for those around the cut. • Golfers’ willingness to take risks changes with the presence superstars. • We find evidence that both stratigic decisions, as well as effort, matter in the superstar effect (Brown 2011). We use a unique dataset comprised of observations from ten years of professional golf tournaments to analyze golfers’ risk-taking strategies. We focus on analyzing the decisions golfers made when hitting their second shots on par five holes, a shot that often forces golfers to play daringly or conservatively, with little in between. Successful gambles often lead to profitable outcomes when executed well but leave golfers open to tail-end risks for poorly struck shots. Our analysis yields three interesting findings, all of which are closely related to previous studies of strategic risk. First, the strategies golfers adopt hew closely to the way economic agents in other settings cope with uncertainty. Second, golfers’ decisions are dynamic throughout tournaments, especially when playing relatively well early in a tournament and near the halfway mark of a tournament when the worst-performing half of the field is cut. We use regression discontinuity tools to show meaningful differences between the decisions made by golfers on either side of the cut score. Last, we argue golfers’ willingness to take risks was affected by Superstar Tiger Woods, a finding that suggests a strategic component of the Superstar Effect needs to be considered alongside the effort component, as discussed in Brown (2011).

Sport Spectatorship and Health Benefits: A Case of a Japanese Professional Golf Tournament.

It has been well-argued that professional sport or mega sport events could serve as a catalyst for sport participation behaviors through direct and indirect trickle-down effects. However, there is limited research exploring the impact of spectator services during sport events on personal and collective well-being. Elaborating on the social-ecological model and the concept of market demand, this study attempted to fill the gap in the literature by measuring core product (player attraction, event attractiveness, and course characteristics) and peripheral spectator services (event services, event information, event amenity, and parking and transportation) of a professional golf tournament hosted in Japan and examining how these services factors would influence spectators’ length of stay at a golf event, physical activity as measured by step counts, self-rated health, and life satisfaction. Following the administration of a questionnaire to spectators at a Japanese professional golf tournament (n = 306) and conducting confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses, research findings revealed that the tournament-related spectator services would have an influence on physical activity, which could in turn influence self-rated health and subsequently impact life satisfaction. That is, emphasizing the sense of accomplishment fulfilled in sport spectatorship is recommended for the well-being of the spectators. The findings of this study shed light on the significance of promoting golf spectatorship as an effective means to facilitate a healthy lifestyle and in the meantime provide golf event marketers with a unique, positive benefit through which their events can be promoted.

소셜 빅데이터를 활용한 한국 남녀 프로골프대회 텍스트마이닝 비교 분석

소셜 빅데이터를 활용한 한국 남녀 프로골프대회 텍스트마이닝 비교 분석

한국 남녀프로골프대회 경기장 유인요인 및 관람만족 비교분석

한국 남녀프로골프대회 경기장 유인요인 및 관람만족 비교분석

The Impacts of the Perceived Golf Course Brand Globalness on Customer Loyalty through Multidimensional Perceived Values

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationships among brand globalness, perceived values (i.e., functional, emotional, social, and altruistic values), and customer loyalty in the context of Korean professional golf tournaments. Data were collected from spectators (n = 198) of two golf tournaments organized by the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). The results showed that golf course brand globalness positively influenced perceived value (i.e., functional, emotional, social, and altruistic). Perceived value (i.e., functional, emotional, and social) was found to be related to customer loyalty. We also found a mediating effect of perceived value (i.e., functional, emotional, and social) on the relationship between golf course brand globalness and customer loyalty. Theoretical and managerial implications along with suggestions for future research are discussed.

To stay or not to stay? Japanese spectators’ event-related perspectives on a professional golf tournament

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of core product features and event operations on spectators’ desire to stay at professional golf tournaments held in Japan.Design: Spectators (N = 602) completed a survey on consumer demand for core product features and consumer assessment of event operation quality during a tournament.Approach/Findings: Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that three core product factors (game of golf, affection to player, and course setting) and two operational factors (event service and hospitality/amenity) significantly affected Japanese spectators’ desire to continuously stay at a professional golf tournament, which in turn affected their attendance of future tournaments.Implications: The promotion of golf tournaments with the unique characteristics of golf market demand factor may assist sport marketers in attracting and retaining their spectators. Similar studies in other types of golf tournaments and other sport contexts are suggested so as to increase the generalizability of the research findings and elevate the level of conceptualization for forming useful theories.

Customer-to-customer value co-creation and co-destruction in sporting events

ABSTRACT Previous scholars have examined value co-creation and co-destruction processes that take place between customers and service organizations or employees. Despite most service consumption situations occurring in the presence of other customers, few studies have examined customer-to-customer value co-creation and co-destruction. This lack of attention is particularly prevalent in sport service research. The purpose of the current study is to examine how other customers’ value creation (i.e. passion) and destruction (i.e. dysfunctional behavior) factors influence focal customers’ perceived value (i.e. economic, social, emotional, and epistemic), which in turn leads to customer citizenship behaviors (i.e. helping behavior and word-of-mouth). By using a convenience sampling method, data were collected from 318 spectators of professional golf tournaments. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that other customers’ passion had a positive influence on focal customers’ economic, social, emotional, and epistemic values (i.e. customer-to-customer value co-creation). Other customers’ dysfunctional behavior was negatively associated with customers’ emotional value (i.e. customer-to-customer value co-destruction). Emotional and epistemic values positively predicted helping behavior. Social, emotional, and epistemic values had positive effects on word-of-mouth. Overall, the present study contributes to value co-creation and co-destruction literature by highlighting other customers as potential value integrators. Further, the current work indicates that customer behaviors can serve as a double-edged sword, and it offers golf event practitioners novel insights regarding the necessity of strategic management aimed at facilitating customers’ passionate behaviors while protecting against the deleterious effects of dysfunctional behaviors.

Are the Most Competitive Men More Resilient to Failures than the Most Competitive Women? Evidence from Professional Golf Tournaments*

ObjectivesWomen are underrepresented in top positions and experimental evidence suggests that one explanation is gender differences in preferences for competition, that is, fewer women than men enter competition‐intensive careers. Less is known about whether there are remaining gender differences in competitiveness within the subpopulation of men and women that choose to pursue such careers, which creates further female underrepresentation in top positions. Studying a subcomponent of competitiveness, namely resilience to failures, this article provides quasi experimental evidence from the field on this issue.MethodsI study professional golfers’ resilience to failures by estimating the causal effect of a failure in one tournament on the performance in the next.ResultsThe results show that both male and female golfers respond negatively to failures, and that their responses are virtually identical.ConclusionThus, in this particular subpopulation of competitive men and women there seems to be no gender difference in resilience to failures.

Order of play advantage in sequential tournaments: Evidence from randomized settings in professional golf

In this paper we exploit naturally occurring randomized settings within a very large dataset of golf shots to test whether order of play matters in professional golf tournaments. We isolate two settings where professional golf competitors find themselves with virtually identical shots, implying the order of play is effectively random. These settings allow us to identify unbiased, causal estimates of the relevance of moving first or second in competition. We find robust evidence that the second-mover has a statistically (and economically) significant advantage, which we argue is consistent with a learning effect in competition.

Do golf fans walk the talk? Follow-up of spectators’ beliefs and self-reported physical activity 3 months after they attended a professional golf tournament in the UK

BackgroundPrevious research of spectators at professional golf tournaments has highlighted that obtaining exercise/physical activity (PA) can be a motivator to attend, and that spectators can engage in health-enhancing PA while...

Firms' Strategic Leverage of Unplanned Exposure and Planned Advertising: An Analysis in the Context of Celebrity Endorsements

Using data on advertising and sales of an innovative piece of golf equipment and the performance of its celebrity endorsers, the authors build a discrete-choice model that incorporates consumer awareness and preferences. They empirically investigate how celebrity endorsements affect consumer choices during new product introductions, the roles of planned advertising and unplanned media exposure, and how firms can strategically leverage the unplanned component. Model estimates reveal that wins in professional golf tournaments (which proxy for unplanned television exposure during weekly golf tournaments) affect awareness and that paid planned advertising impacts awareness and preferences. Focusing on Titleist equipment, counterfactual analysis demonstrates that the unplanned media exposure and planned advertising account for 22% and 24% of sales, respectively. The results also suggest that firms would benefit from coordinating the two. The planned portion should serve as a substitute for unplanned media exposure in the early stage and a complement as products age.

An analysis of critical success factors on hosting professional golf tournaments using analytic hierarchy process - Korean experts' perspective

The success of sports tournaments can be beneficial to organisations and event venues involved because of their potential to attract viewers, tourists, sponsors as well as investors. In relation to this, the study analysed critical success factors for hosting professional golf championships in Korea using the Delphi method which was facilitated by a panel composed of experts in the golf industry, with the resulting data undergoing further analysis through SPSS 18.0 and expert choice 2000. The top priority in the 1st order criteria for success factors on hosting golf tournaments was determined to be spectator dimension, followed by promotion, competition environment and operating dimensions. In terms of the operating dimension, the top priority in the 2nd order criteria was services. For the spectator dimension, the top priority was the presence of professional golfers. The promotion dimension's top priority was relay broadcasting while the competition environment listed location.