Professional Ethical Standards Research Articles

Effect on auditors' ethical behavior: Understanding the accountant's code of ethics, internal locus of control, and emotional intelligence

This study aims to empirically prove the influence of understanding the accountant's code of ethics, internal locus of control, and emotional intelligence on the ethical behavior of auditors in Public Accounting Firms in Bali Province. The population used was 123 auditors working in 19 Public Accounting Firms in Bali Province. The sampling technique in this study was the nonprobability sampling method using the purposive sampling technique. The number of samples used and had met the sample criteria was 60 auditors as respondents. The analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of the data analysis, it was found that understanding the accountant's code of ethics, internal locus of control, and emotional intelligence had a positive effect on the ethical behavior of auditors. The implication is that it can be an input for Public Accounting Firms in Bali Province to improve the quality of audit practices, manage risks better, and build a strong reputation by carrying out actions according to professional ethical standards to create ethical behavior in carrying out professional responsibilities.

Normative Legal Analysis of Notary Code of Ethics: Improving Legal Professional Ethical Standards

Normative Legal Analysis of Notary Code of Ethics: Improving Legal Professional Ethical Standards

A cross-sectional study of the relationship between missed nursing care and conscientious intelligence in hospital nurses.

To examine the relationship between missed nursing care and conscientious intelligence. Missed nursing care is a globally common patient safety issue that threatens quality nursing care. Current studies mainly focus on the relationship between missed nursing care and external factors such as nurse, unit and hospital characteristics. However, internal factors, such as the conscientious intelligence of nurses, are also very important for missed nursing care. Moreover, the relationship between missed nursing care and conscientious intelligence has not been examined so far. This study will contribute to filling this gap in the literature. This is a descriptive correlational study. The study sample consisted of 514 nurses working in a city in the southeastern region of Türkiye, reached by convenience sampling method. Study data were collected between 30 January and 30 June 2021. Descriptive statistics, difference statistics, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. Nurses missed nursing care at an occasional level (1.66±0.63), and their conscientious intelligence score was high (131.26±19.24). Conscientious intelligence alone accounted for 10.6% of the variance in missed nursing care. As nurses' conscientious intelligence levels increase, the level of missed nursing care decreases. Gender, education level, satisfaction with being a nurse and patient-to-nurse ratios had a statistically significant effect on missed nursing care scores. Missed nursing care decreased as nurses' conscientious intelligence increased. Although nurses need to be knowledgeable and competent in caregiving, it is also necessary to consider their conscientious intelligence in patient care. Organizations and nurse managers could improve nursing care by implementing strategies to increase nurses' conscientious intelligence. For this, they would need to encourage nurses to receive training on sensitivity, awareness, ethical decision-making and ethical sensitivity. Moreover, nurse managers should be role models and leaders in compliance with personal and professional values and ethical standards to improve nursing care.

Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Orientation and Professionalism of Human Resource for Business Sustainability in the Digital Era

Business model innovation has provided a new space for the dynamic development of networks driven by the evolution of digital technology as a modern approach to the realisation of business sustainability (BS). Specifically, in modern business, technology supports the new digital economy, which places increasing demands on human intelligence. However, BS should be seen in the context of efforts to build competitive advantage by using an ethical approach to support innovative solutions that have a positive impact on society. The achievement is not only the result of careful analysis but also 'responsibility'. Consequently, in the digital era, professionalism is not only in terms of knowledge or skills related to technology adoption; professional ethical standards determine BS. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which EO (EO), through its components, formulates BS in the digital era through the role of professionalism in human resource as a mediator. A literature review method was applied in this study to provide a new model for the issue discussed. This study implies that EO encourages businessmen to become successful entrepreneurs in establishing BS in the digital era, mediated by the professionalism of human resource. Finally, this study provides a new approach to business problems as a strategy for anticipating the current dynamic environment. Besides, this study presents literature on the concepts of EO and BS for preparing professional human resource in the business sector to face the high competition in the digital era.

Exploring Engineering Philosophy from an Epistemological Perspective

This study explores engineering philosophy from an epistemological perspective, aiming to improve students' critical thinking skills, foster interdisciplinary understanding, promote ethical reflection, and deepen engagement with the philosophical foundations of technology. The study uses a comparative analysis and critical review of the literature on the philosophy of engineering. The results are as follows: First, the essence of engineering knowledge lies in practical application, problem-solving orientation, and interdisciplinary integration. Second, epistemological methods in engineering emphasize the importance of balancing intuition and analysis, critical thinking, rigorous experimental design, and verification and validation processes. Third, while experience and expertise are certainly crucial in shaping engineering knowledge, it is necessary to critically examine the potential biases and limitations inherent in this process. Fourth, the epistemological challenges of interdisciplinary engineering necessitate humility, open-mindedness, and interdisciplinary integration. Finally, the ethical and social dimensions of engineering knowledge are essential considerations for responsible and sustainable engineering practices. Integrating ethical reflection into decision-making and embracing social responsibility and community involvement can enable engineers to contribute to social advancement while upholding professional integrity and ethical standards. Future research suggestions include conducting a meta-epistemological analysis to study the fundamental assumptions, methodologies, and conceptual frameworks employed in engineering philosophy research from an epistemological perspective. It can explore the intersection of epistemology, ethics, and social theory in engineering practice and education. Finally, conducting historical and comparative studies of engineering epistemology in diverse cultural, historical, and technological contexts can offer meaningful insights.

Genealogical Ethics in the United States and the Popularization of Genealogical Research in the Digital Age

This article examines genealogical ethics in the digital age. At a time when more resources for research are available digitally than ever previously, digital media also pose challenges for the large-scale dissemination of false or misleading information as well as the incautious presentation of more careful research that then might be misconstrued by some. This article first reviews the literature about the development of academic genealogy and professional ethical standards. It then provides a series of case studies, each of which examines particular situations in which ethical questions have arisen about the presentation of research findings. This article argues for a greater need among lay researchers to pursue careful research and for a greater need among commercial genealogical databases to foster that. It also argues for the need, grounded in the ethical respect for human dignity, to recognize the individuality and to respect the dignity of the life stories of those whom we study and about whom we write, which should undergird the research process and the presentation of findings. In a concluding section, this essay presents several suggestions that could be used by commercial genealogical companies and researchers to promote more careful investigation and to improve the presentation of findings in commercial databases, online trees, genealogical websites, and other genealogical works that do not routinely undergo peer review.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Laba Sebuah Studi Kajian Literatur

This research examines the influence audit quality in the context of audit practice. Audit quality plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of financial information presented by business entities. Therefore, a profound understanding of the factors influencing audit quality, including auditor competence, time and cost pressure, professional ethical standards, internal supervision and review, as well as regulations and standards, is essential for practitioners, regulators, and relevant stakeholders. This literature study summarizes previous research findings and explores the relationship between these factors and audit quality. The study was conducted by reviewing 13 previous studies related to audit quality, with articles from both within and outside Indonesia published between 2020 and 2023. The results are expected to provide insights into the impact of these factors on transparency and honesty in audited financial reporting, with potential implications for regulatory policies and business practices. The study highlights the importance of mitigating audit quality.

ANALISIS PERAN NOTARIS DALAM PEMBUKTIAN DOKUMEN DAN PERJANJIAN DALAM HUKUM PERDATA

The notary's role in legal documents has significant credentials to the practice of law and the interested parties involved in the transaction. Notaries not only witness the creation of documents and agreements, but are also responsible for validating, notarizing, and storing those documents. The presence of a notary is key in maintaining the validity and legal force of documents and agreements, providing legal certainty for the parties involved. This research aims to analyze the role of notaries in proving documents and agreements in civil law and identify related practical obstacles and applications. Qualitative research methods were used, involving in-depth interviews with experienced notaries and concrete case study analysis. The research results show that the role of notaries is very important in maintaining the integrity of the civil legal system by providing legal certainty and protecting the interests of the parties involved. However, challenges such as high costs and procedural complexity, as well as adaptation to technological developments and a dynamic legal environment, highlight the need for efforts to increase the accessibility of notary services and maintain high standards of professional ethics. Therefore, this research provides a basis for developing relevant and effective legal policies in strengthening the role of notaries as guardians of fair and effective legal certainty for society

Inhibitors and facilitators of compliance with professional ethics standards: nurses’ perspective

IntroductionThe clinical practices of nurses should be in accordance with the principles of professional ethics. Respecting professional ethics principles depends on several factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the effective inhibitors and facilitators in compliance with professional ethics and their importance from the nurses’ perspective.MethodsDuring this cross-sectional descriptive study, 452 nurses were included by the census sampling method. The data were collected via the “inhibitors of compliance with professional ethics standards by the nurses’ perspective” and “facilitators of compliance with professional ethics standards by the nurses’ perspective” questionnaires. Additionally, by designing the “open-ended question” section, other inhibiting and facilitating factors of professional ethics standards from the nurses’ perspective were investigated. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon signed ranks test).ResultsThe individual care-related dimension as a facilitator had the highest mean score compared to the other dimensions (76.62 ± 4.92). Furthermore, seven items in the inhibitor section, 19 items in the facilitator section had higher scores. Among them, there were seven items in common. Strong or weak belief in compliance with ethical issues had the highest mean scores in the role of facilitator and inhibitor (90.54 ± 12.13 and 89.54 ± 14.88, respectively).ConclusionStrong or weak belief in compliance with ethical issues was the most important inhibitor and facilitator from the nurses’ perspective, which makes it necessary to examine individual beliefs about ethical issues among applicants to enter the nursing profession.

Relations of the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia with the mass media and the means of increasing the effectiveness of information and propaganda work

The object of the study is public relations that develop in the process of interaction between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the mass media. The subject of the article is the rights and responsibilities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the media sphere, practical aspects of their implementation in the process of administrative activities of the police. The rights granted by the legislator allow the Ministry for the proactive formation of the information agenda. The novelty of the research is expressed in the results and conclusions obtained. For the first time in domestic jurisprudence, a classification of the rights and duties of the police implemented in the media sphere has been developed, and a criterion has been identified that served as the basis for the classification. The current legal instruments and their importance in media communications have been analyzed. Information and business letters, previously overlooked by researchers, have been considered as an institution for forming partnership relations with the media. Evidence has been presented of the need to follow professional ethical standards and the editorial board's interest in observing them. Practical recommendations aimed at forming truly partnership relations with the media have been proposed. A promising topic for further study has been identified, namely, the development of a methodology for responding to negative, untrue aspects of police activity demonstrated in films. The results obtained are intended for use in practical activities by specialists of media relations departments and heads of territorial internal affairs bodies. The implementation of rights and responsibilities allows the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to act as a full-fledged subject of the media sphere, manage media processes, and solve a wide range of operational and service tasks.

EARNING MANAGEMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INSAN KAMIL

This article aims to analyze earnings management actions from the perspective of Insan Kamil, characterized as an ideal and perfect human figure. In the portrayal of Insan Kamil, there exist strength, insight, deeds, and wisdom. The interpretative method is employed to analyze earnings management actions ontologically, epistemologically, and axiologically. From an ontological standpoint, earnings management is regarded as a science that can be observed and measured based on empirical evidence. In the epistemological context, Insan Kamil is considered to have a profound understanding of ethical and moral values, such as honesty, integrity, transparency, and adherence to professional ethical standards. Earnings management practices involving manipulation or concealment of information are viewed as violations of these values. Axiologically, earnings management actions may be considered as a potential failure to align rationality with moral values, unless such practices do not violate principles of morality and ethics.

Institutionalizing Agricultural Ethics

When something is institutionalized, it is established as a convention or norm of an organization or culture. Most professional disciplines have institutionalized and published their professional ethical expectations. Universities routinely include ethical study in the curriculum for medicine, law, business, and the environment. The agricultural science curriculum lacks consideration and study of the effects of agriculture’s ethical dilemmas on society. Moreover, agriculture, the essential human activity and the most widespread human interaction with the environment, needs a defined moral foundation. Ethics has not been institutionalized in US land-grant universities with agricultural colleges,2 colleges of agriculture in other countries, agricultural professional organizations, or the agribusiness industry. That is not to say there are no professional ethical standards.

Proactive personality, transformational leadership and ethical standards: influences on radical creativity

PurposeThis study aims to investigates the influence of proactive personality on employee radical creativity through transformational leadership, professional ethical standards and creative self-efficacy.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from 343 superior–subordinate dyads in China. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed to measure the validity of the variables. A regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between model assumptions.FindingsThe results showed that: (1) Proactive personality was positively related to employee radical creativity. (2) Transformational leadership and professional ethical standards moderated the relationship between proactive personality and radical creativity. Specifically, the relationship between proactive personality and employee radical creativity was strong, as expected. It was the strongest in the presence of high transformational leadership and high professional ethical standards. (3) Creative self-efficacy acted as a mediator in this interaction.Originality/valueThis study is a pioneering investigation in the Chinese context. It empirically examines the interactive relationship between proactive personality and radical creativity through transformational leadership and professional ethical standards. Additionally, it substantiates creative self-efficacy as the psychological mechanism behind this interaction. Consequently, this study offers a comprehensive framework with potential implications for personality assessments in the workplace, leadership training, criteria formulation and enhancement of radical creativity.

言传身教：中国教育中的历史传承及当代价值

The professional ethical standards for university teachers explicitly outline the requirements for ‘teaching and educating’, yet challenges persist in actual teaching practices. This paper delves into the historical legacy of teaching by verbal instruction and personal example within the Chinese education domain, examining its role and significance in contemporary higher education. It commences by investigating the cultural underpinnings of teaching by verbal instruction and personal example and highlights the symbiotic relationship between ‘teaching’ and ‘learning’ as espoused by ancient educators. This underscores the impact of educators’ words and actions on students and showcases the constructive influence of educators’ moral character and elevated moral values through historical exemplars and educational instances. In the contemporary educational environment, education is not only about imparting knowledge, but also guiding students’ values and personality shaping. In the era of digitization and networking, the role of teachers in teaching by verbal instruction and personal example remains crucial. Teachers are entrusted with the task of molding students through their own conduct and attitudes, both within and beyond the classroom, fostering their virtuous character and values. Ultimately, this paper proposes avenues to attain the objective of teaching by verbal instruction and personal example. Beyond the personal development and introspection of educators, it underscores the necessity for schools and society to collaborate in crafting an inclusive educational environment conducive to nurturing individuals possessing both professional competence and noble moral character.

FEATURES OF LANGUAGE MEANS OF ROLE MODELS IN DIGITAL JOURNALISM OF KAZAKHSTAN

Over the past decades, the development of the digital system has gradually led to the transformation of the information and communication space and interactive interaction with the audience. As a result, traditional journalism is being replaced by digital journalism with a new communication model. The structure of traditional journalism is undergoing changes under the influence of the introduction of digital technologies. The paper most widely covers the key aspects of the activities of a digital journalist, many of which have not yet been described in academic publications. A new phenomenon is considereddigital journalism, and new role models in the socio-cultural status are studied. The goal is to describe the features of the language means of role models in digital journalism in Kazakhstan. According to the author of the study, the neo-digital environment has enriched the communicative space of journalists, which manifests itself primarily in the deviation from the professional ethical standards of traditional journalism. The study of the features of the language means of the role models of communicants in digital journalism makes it possible to create the prerequisites for the formation of a new formula for virtual communication in the process of covering events. The scientific findings and practical significance of this paper lie in the presentation of new role models in modern digital journalism and their application in the study of media discourse in digital format. In the process of writing the paper, the following methods were used: analysis and review of individual cases in the digital space. Based on the results of individual cases in social networks, the following conclusions were made: role models in the digital environment will continue to change, as the digitalization of media is developing at a rapid pace; given the new trends in the transition of traditional journalism to the digital space, Kazakhstani journalism should adopt the experience of advanced countries in training personnel, namely, master new functions of digitalization; language means of digital journalism must meet the standards of new media and train personnel, taking into account the features of the role models of modern digital journalism; various language means are described on the example of cases of digital communication of journalists and network users, forming public consciousness. The study results can be a theoretical foundation for further research in the field of media and linguistics.

The main elements of bar self-government, as one of the types of regulation of the bar in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main elements of the self-government of the bar in the context of the regulation of the bar in Ukraine. Lawyer self-governance is an important mechanism that allows lawyers to independently solve issues of organization and regulation of their professional activities. Key elements of bar self-governance include bar self-governance bodies, bar councils, bar assemblies, bar disciplinary commissions, and the collegial decision-making process.Bar self-governing bodies are key structures responsible for the regulation and supervision of legal practice. Bar councils perform important functions, providing representation and protection of the interests of lawyers, as well as considering ethical issues and regulating disciplinary cases. Bar meetings are a forum for discussing important issues of the bar community and solving collegial problems.An important aspect of lawyer self-governance is the self-regulation of lawyer activity, which ensures compliance with professional ethical standards and ensures the quality of legal aid.Bar self-government is an important element of the regulation of the bar in Ukraine. The effective work of the self-governing bodies of the bar, such as councils, meetings and commissions, contributes to ensuring professional ethics, self-regulation and the quality of the bar’s activity. An important component of bar self-governance is the adoption of collegial decisions that reflect the opinion and interests of the bar community.However, there are certain challenges and aspects that require attention in the context of self-government of lawyers in Ukraine. For example, the problem may be the issue of financing the legal profession and attracting budget funds. The transfer of powers to administer the system of free legal aid to the self-government of the bar may affect its financial independence and violate the legal status of the bar as an independent self-governing institution.

The concept of responsible artificial intelligence as the future of artificial intelligence in medicine

Active deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in medicine creates many challenges. Recently, the concept of responsible artificial intelligence (RAI) was widely discussed, which is aimed at solving the inevitable ethical, legal, and social problems. The scientific literature was analyzed and the possibility of applying the RAI concept to overcome the existing AI problems in medicine was considered. Studies of possible AI applications in medicine showed that current algorithms are unable to meet the basic enduring needs of society, particularly, fairness, transparency, and reliability. The RAI concept based on three principles accountability for AI activities and responsibility and transparency of findings (ART) was proposed to address ethical issues. Further evolution, without the development and application of the ART concept, turns dangerous and impossible the use of AI in such areas as medicine and public administration. The requirements for accountability and transparency of conclusions are based on the identified epistemological (erroneous, non-transparent, and incomplete conclusions) and regulatory (data confidentiality and discrimination of certain groups) problems of using AI in digital medicine [2]. Epistemological errors committed by AI are not limited to omissions related to the volume and representativeness of the original databases analyzed. In addition, these include the well-known black box problem, i.e. the inability to look into the process of forming AI outputs when processing input data. Along with epistemological errors, normative problems inevitably arise, including patient confidentiality and discrimination of some social groups due to the refusal of some patients to provide medical data for training algorithms and as part of the analyzed databases, which will lead to inaccurate AI conclusions in cases of certain gender, race, and age. Importantly, the methodology of the AI data analysis depends on the program code set by the programmer, whose epistemological and logical errors are projected onto the AI. Hence the problem of determining responsibility in the case of erroneous conclusions, i.e. its distribution between the program itself, the developer, and the executor. Numerous professional associations design ethical standards for developers and a statutory framework to regulate responsibility between the links described. However, the state must play the greatest role in the development and approval of such legislation. The use of AI in medicine, despite its advantages, is accompanied by many ethical, legal, and social challenges. The development of RAI has the potential both to solve these challenges and to further the active and secure deployment of AI systems in digital medicine and healthcare.

“ALL TRUTH IS RELATIVE” OR HOW TO NOT BE FOOLED IN THE POST-TRUTH AGE?

The term “fake news” is not a new phenomenon. Before the advent of the Internet, people read news from reliable sources which were required to adhere to strict standards of professional ethics. However, due to the ease of access to the Internet and social media there have emerged new ways of publishing, sharing and consuming news and information, in the meanwhile, the control over the quality and editorial norms have declined significantly. This has changed the way fake news is created and distributed. People now prefer to read the information on social media and other online sources. However, it is not always easy to determine which content is true and which is not. The paper argues that fake news employs specific language and graphic patterns which are meant to generate an emotional response. Knowing the language features of fake news may help readers become less susceptible to fake content. The study is built on the hypothesis that a critical analysis of how the information is represented activates a process of reasoning that helps spot fake content.

Spanish psychometric properties of the moral distress scale—revised: a study in healthcare professionals treating COVID-19 patients

BackgroundMoral distress appears when a healthcare professional is not able to carry out actions in accordance with their professional ethical standards. The Moral Distress Scale-Revised is the most widely used to assess levels of moral distress, but it is not validated in Spanish. The aim of the study is to validate the Spanish version of the Moral Distress Scale – utilised within a sample of Spanish healthcare professionals treating COVID–19 patients.MethodsThe original (english) and the portuguese and french versions of the scale were translated into spanish by native or bilingual researchers and reviewed by an academic expert in ethics and moral philosophy as well as by a clinical expert. Research design: Descriptive cross-sectional study carried out using a self-reporting online survey. The data was collected between June- November 2020. A total of 661 professionals responded to the survey (N = 2873). Participants: healthcare professionals with more than two weeks of experience treating COVID–19 patients at the end of their life and working in the public sector of the Balearic Islands Health Service (Spain). Analyses included descriptive statistics, competitive confirmatory factor analysis, evidence on criterion-related validity and estimates of reliability. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Balearic Islands.ResultsAn unidimensional model in which a general factor of moral distress explained by 11 items of the Spanish version of the MDS–R scale was an adequate representation of the data: χ2(44) = 113.492 (p 0.001); Comparative Fit Index = 0.965; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.079[0.062,0.097]; and Standarized Root Mean-Square = 0.037. Evidence of reliability was excellent: Cronbach’s alpha = 0.886 and McDonald’s omega = 0.910. Moral distress was related to discipline, with nurses having statistically significant higher levels than physicians. Additionally, moral distress successfully predicted professional quality of life, with higher levels of moral distress being related to poorer quality of life.ConclusionsThe Spanish version of Moral Distress Scale–Revised can be used as a reliable and valid measurement tool for the evaluation of moral distress experienced by health professionals. This tool will be highly useful for managers and applicable to a variety of healthcare professionals and settings.

The United States Navy and Employees with Cancer: The Time for Change Is Now.

The US Navy, including the US Marine Corps and Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program (NNPP), has a robust radiological protection and monitoring program meeting (and typically exceeding, in the name of conservatism) federal law requirements. The program covers the variety of ways in which the Navy produces and uses ionizing radiation and radioactive sources: in medicine, nuclear ship propulsion and repair, industrial and aircraft radiography, and myriad other unique uses in carrying out its vital mission. In executing these programs, thousands of people across the world are employed as active-duty Sailors and Marines, government civilians, and government contractors. These workers include physicians, reactor operators, radiation safety officers, and nuclear repair workers, to name but a few. The health protection standards for these workers are promulgated in the publicly available Navy Medicine P-5055 Radiation Health Protection Manual (NAVMED P-5055), published February 2011 with Change 2 published December 2022, and are applicable to Navy and Marine Corps and NNPP radiation protection programs. The NAVMED P-5055 outlines the individual medical requirements for those qualified and able to receive exposure to ionizing radiation as part of their duties and requires that "Radiation workers receive focused medical examinations to establish whether or not cancer is present which would medically disqualify a person from receiving occupational radiation exposure." Additionally, without scientific or medical basis, the NAVMED P-5055 requires disqualifying those employees who have a history of cancer, cancer therapy, radiation therapy including radiopharmaceuticals received for therapeutic purposes, or bone marrow suppression from drawing dosimetry, entering radiation areas, or handling radioactive material. This policy, which exists regardless of lifetime occupational radiation dose or projected future radiation dose, applies to all cancers except adequately treated basal cell carcinoma. The policy is not supported by relevant scientific and medical literature; does not align with reasonable professional ethical standards; does not conform to US Navy radiological training, which stipulates the assumed increased risk of developing cancer from Navy and Marine Corps and NNPP occupational radiation exposure is small; and removes critical leadership and mentoring capability from the workforce unnecessarily. This article discusses in detail (1) this policy and its ramifications to the Navy and Marine Corps and NNPP workforce and (2) recommendations, benefits, and impacts for the Navy and Marine Corps and NNPP to remove this policy and still maintain a robust radiation protection program.