Principles Of Professional Ethics Research Articles

The Rebirth of Medical Self-Government in Poland in 1989

The Polish Chamber of Physicians and Dentists (Naczelna Izba Lekarska) and the regional chambers of physicians and dentists (Okręgowe Izby Lekarskie) are the organisational bodies of the professional self-government of physicians and dentists in Poland. They are responsible for supervising the proper and conscientious exercise of the medical professions, determining the principles of professional ethics and deontology, and representing and protecting the medical professions. The history of Polish medical self-government dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. The development of the chambers was stopped in 1950 by the communist regime when the authorities decided to dissolve them. This article, which is partly based on unpublished sources, presents the efforts of Polish doctors to regain their professional self-government. It shows how these efforts were linked to the democratisation processes of Poland in 1989.

Inhibitors and facilitators of compliance with professional ethics standards: nurses’ perspective

IntroductionThe clinical practices of nurses should be in accordance with the principles of professional ethics. Respecting professional ethics principles depends on several factors. The present study was conducted to investigate the effective inhibitors and facilitators in compliance with professional ethics and their importance from the nurses’ perspective.MethodsDuring this cross-sectional descriptive study, 452 nurses were included by the census sampling method. The data were collected via the “inhibitors of compliance with professional ethics standards by the nurses’ perspective” and “facilitators of compliance with professional ethics standards by the nurses’ perspective” questionnaires. Additionally, by designing the “open-ended question” section, other inhibiting and facilitating factors of professional ethics standards from the nurses’ perspective were investigated. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon signed ranks test).ResultsThe individual care-related dimension as a facilitator had the highest mean score compared to the other dimensions (76.62 ± 4.92). Furthermore, seven items in the inhibitor section, 19 items in the facilitator section had higher scores. Among them, there were seven items in common. Strong or weak belief in compliance with ethical issues had the highest mean scores in the role of facilitator and inhibitor (90.54 ± 12.13 and 89.54 ± 14.88, respectively).ConclusionStrong or weak belief in compliance with ethical issues was the most important inhibitor and facilitator from the nurses’ perspective, which makes it necessary to examine individual beliefs about ethical issues among applicants to enter the nursing profession.

The importance of professional ethics of Prison Service officers

The article undertakes an in-depth analysis of the importance of the principles of professional ethics in regards to Prison Service officers and finding an answer to the question of what values and norms are crucial for the functioning of this formation. In addition, key threats to the professional ethics of officers and employees of the Prison Service were characterized.

Explaining ethical challenges and practical solutions from a nursing managements' perspective: A phenomenological study.

Ethical practice is a vital aspect of nursing interventions. Complying with the ethical aspects of the intervention procedure in a stressful nursing environment is not easy and nurse managers always face ethical challenges which are in conflict with their personal values and norms. Identifying and solving these challenges improves the efficiency and effectiveness of nursing care activities. Therefore, this research was done to explain the ethical challenges of nurse managers and practical solutions from their perspective. It is a qualitative study that was carried out based on the phenomenological method in 2022. The participants of this study were 20 nurse managers of Arak hospitals who were selected by purposive sampling until data saturation. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews for 30 to 90 minutes. Data collection was carried out with the participant's consent, using a digital recording device and verbatim transcription, and then it was analyzed using Van Manen's six-step hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The results of this study could provide a clear picture of ethical challenges and their practical solutions from the nurse managers' perspective in the form of four themes of managerial ethical challenges which include challenges facing physicians, organizations, employees, managers, and three themes for practical solutions, including organizational solutions, interpersonal solutions, and educational solutions which were manifested. Nurse managers are always faced with ethical challenges in their daily activities. To deal with these challenges, they must be familiar with the rules and principles of professional ethics, practical standards, and laws related to patients' rights. Ethical principles and awareness of the ethical decision-making process are useful and effective in having capable and ethical nurses who provide competent care. To deal with ethical challenges, it is suggested to consider self-care strategies and structural and specialized support in each center, which will ultimately lead to the improvement of service quality and the promotion of ethics in care-treatment environments.

ПРОЕКТ ЭТИЧЕСКОГО КОДЕКСА СУБЪЕКТОВ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩИХ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ПО СОЗДАНИЮ, ПРИМЕНЕНИЮ И УТИЛИЗАЦИИ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ БИОПРИНТНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ, ПО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЮ С ПАЦИЕНТАМИ И ДОНОРАМИ КЛЕТОК, ПО ОБОРОТУ ДОНОРСКИХ КЛЕТОК, БИОЧЕРНИЛ И БИОПРИНТНЫХ ТКАНЕВЫХ (ОРГАННЫХ) КОНСТРУКТОВ

The draft Code of Ethics of Entities Engaged in the Creation, Use and Disposal of Medical Devices Based on bioprint technologies, interaction with patients and cell donors, turnover of donor cells, biochernils and bioprint tissue (organ) constructs (hereinafter — The Code of Ethics), is a set of general principles of professional service ethics and basic rules of official conduct, which should guide the subjects engaged in the creation, use and disposal of medical devices based on bioprint technologies, interaction with patients and cell donors, turnover of donor cells, bio-ink and bioprint tissue (organ) constructs. The presented draft Code of Ethics is aimed at strengthening the authority of medical professionals, increasing patient confidence in bioprinting technologies and preventing potential negative consequences as a result of their use. The principles reflected in the Code of Ethics serve as the basis for improving the system of legal regulation of bioprint technologies. The digital development of the healthcare system will inevitably entail a change in the regulatory regulation of bioprint technologies, therefore, the proposed draft Code of Ethics is an attempt to form ethical foundations that can be laid in the basis of the law-making process of this digital technology and its practical implementation in clinical medicine. The ethical principles in the code are divided into information blocks formed based on the stages of the implementation of bioprint technology. The draft Code of Ethics is intended for lawyers, scientists and practitioners, medical professionals, members of clinical ethics committees, medical ethics specialists, representatives of law–making bodies, government departments, the business community and public organizations, patients, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the digital ransformation of the healthcare system

Study of the Implications of Professional Ethics in the Application of the Latest Laws in Medical Practice

This research investigates the impact of the implementation of recent laws related to medical practice on doctors' views and actions in facing ethical dilemmas. Through a combined approach of literature study and case analysis, we evaluate how new legal regulations influence professional ethical principles in medical decision making. The results show that changes in legal regulations give rise to ethical conflicts in medical practice, requiring a delicate balance between compliance with the law and maintaining moral integrity in healthcare services to patients

Общение в образовании и работе врача с позиций педагогической и биомедицинской этики

The authors analyze the ethical aspects of communication in the training and practice of a doctor from the point of view of pedagogical and biomedical ethics. The following research methods were used in the work: study and analysis of specialized literature, synthesis, modeling, comparison, generalization, observation, system analysis and theoretical knowledge. The higher the spiritual and moral culture of the doctor-teacher and medical student, the fewer ethical, deontological and psychological mistakes they make. The future and practicing doctor must prepare to communicate with the patient. Using the basic principles of professional (pedagogical and biomedical) ethics, a doctor-teacher and a medical student can treat each other and their patients with respect and humanity.

Threats and Safeguarding Measures Related to the Activity of Accounting Professionals

Integrity, objectivity, the acquisition of specialized competence and professional behaviour are some of the fundamental elements of the professional ethics principles that must be considered by a future professional accountant. At the same time, he or she should encounter the challenges that are specific for this activity. These can be self-interest, self-review, representation, familiarity, intimidation, etc., which must be identified and handled with great care by a professional accountant, so as to ensure the credibility of the chosen profession. The aim of the research is to highlight the types of threats that can affect the work of accounting professionals, as well as the protective measures that could eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable level. In order to achieve the goal set, the author used the research, qualitative methods, in particular, observation, analysis and documentation.

Investigation of the Relationship between Coaches’ Professional Ethical Principles and Self-Control and Self-Management Skills

Investigation of the Relationship between Coaches’ Professional Ethical Principles and Self-Control and Self-Management Skills

Professional Ethics, Medical Experts and the Famine of 1932-1933 in Soviet Ukraine

ABSTRACT The article studies the state-induced famine of 1932-1933 in Soviet Ukraine as a public health crisis and explores the interplay between medical ethics and medical practices. As state employees and agents of the state, medical professionals participated in organization of the healthcare system and construction of a new, Soviet society. Among other spheres, the revolutionary change concerned medical ethics. Officially, pre-Soviet principles of professional ethics were rejected, and new ethical concepts were determined by class interest and class consciousness. The rapid industrialization, forced collectivization and food requisitions and seizure of the late 1920 and early 1930s resulted in the catastrophic famine and deaths of millions of Soviet citizens. Ukraine was one of the most affected regions, and the explosive spread of epidemic diseases followed mass starvation. In their efforts to cope with this crisis and stop the spread of epidemics from the countryside to urban centres, the authorities imposed disciplinary public health orders that resulted in the intensification of state violence, and hundreds of thousands of rural and urban dwellers were treated by medical professionals. The article examines the role of Soviet medical professionals and their entanglement with ethical discourse and medical practice during the famine of 1932–1933.

Problem-based learning versus reflective practice on nursing students’ moral sensitivity

BackgroundMoral sensitivity is one of the prerequisites for nurses’ professional competency and patient care. It is critical to teach professional ethics in a student-centered manner in order to increase students’ moral sensibility. This study evaluated the effects of professional ethics education via problem-based learning and reflective practice on nursing students’ moral sensitivity.MethodsThis experimental study was performed on 74 nursing students who were randomly divided into three groups of problem-based learning, reflective practice and control. Principles of professional ethics were presented for the two intervention groups in four 2-hour sessions using ethical dilemmas scenarios. Participants completed the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire before, immediately, and three months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS16.ResultsDemographic characteristics of the three groups were similar (p > 0.05). The total moral sensitivity score significantly differed between the groups immediately and three months after the intervention (p < 0.001). The total mean score for moral sensitivity was significantly different between the two groups of problem-based learning and reflective practice, with the mean scores in the problem-based learning group being higher (p = 0.02). The mean score of moral sensitivity decreased statistically significantly in both experimental groups three months after the intervention as compared to immediately after the intervention (p < 0.001).ConclusionNursing students’ moral sensitivity can be increased through reflective practice and problem-based learning. While the results indicated that problem-based learning was more successful than reflective practice, additional research is recommended to confirm the influence of these two strategies on moral sensitivity.

Awareness of Ethical Principles, Professional Behavior, and Ethical Treatment of Patients Among Medical and Dental Students

As future healthcare professionals, medical and dentistry students have an ethical responsibility to establish higher standards of ethics and professionalism in their interactions with patients. Therefore, expanding their knowledge and awareness of ethical concepts, professional behavior, and ethical patient treatment is essential. The aim of this research was to gather information about general medicine and dentistry students' awareness of ethical concepts, professional behavior, and ethical patient treatment. The questionnaire included 16 questions divided into four sections. The study found that most students agreed with basic professional health ethical principles, and that there was no significant difference between the students' directions (general medicine or dentistry) and the year of study (first and fourth). In this research, general medicine and dental students, in general, indicated a good level of awareness of ethical principles, professional behavior, and ethical patient treatment.

Odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna radcy prawnego za złamanie tajemnicy zawodowej

In this research paper, the issue of disciplinary liability for breach of professional secrecy of attorney-at-law will be presented. The concept of the above ethical norm will be shown in a narrow way to the profession of attorney-at-law and the rules functioning on the basis of the Code of Ethics of Attorney-at-law and selected statutory regulations relating to this issue. This subject is fundamental issue for the activity of attorney-at-law, setting boundaries for their scope of operation and for the protection of rights of the subject of a legal action. Shaping the mechanisms of disciplinary responsibility is a guarantee of the proper performance of its functions by The National Bar of Attorneys-at-Law, which is an important part of the entire legal system in Poland and motivates an exhaustive analysis. Moreover this issue goes back to the primary aspects of the existence of disciplinary proceedings, i.e. the basis of attorney-at-law’s liability under professional ethical principles. The formation of mechanisms for the functioning of professional secrecy is guarantee of the above assumption and therefore deserves an exhaustive analysis. The above article will also point out the operation of troublesome discrepancies in the regulations on professional secrecy of attorney-at-law and liability for its violation.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЭТИКИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

The concept of professional ethics is considered, the problems of ethics of professional relations are indicated. The necessity of applying the principles of professional ethics in organizations is substantiated

THE ROLE OF PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS IN DEFINING THE PUBLIC RELATIONS PROFESSION. THE ROMANIAN CASE

Public relations professional associations around the world seek to enhance the professionalism of the field and to support the development of the profession and practitioners. They are aiming to promote professional standards and ethical principles, to provide a framework for discussing and finding a universally accepted definition and to increase the credibility of the profession. The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of which the objectives of professional public relations organizations in Romania are similar to those of associations in other countries and in what way, and if they contribute to the professionalization of the PR industry.

Bioethics and War.

War has major health consequences and poses significant ethical dilemmas for health professionals. In caring for victims of armed conflicts, health providers are obliged to put medical ethics before military aims. While the normative framework of warfare is clear and accepted by almost all countries, in practice, restrictions on violence are continuously broken, and the safety and independence of health professionals are not ensured. In bioethics, the issue of war has not been treated as a major concern. The field can do more to articulate the responsibilities of health practitioners and scientists, arguing that Red Cross founder Henri Dunant's principle of humanity and the principles of professional and global ethics reject the idea of military necessity. Bioethics should focus on strategies to prevent war, encouraging the collective action of health professionals. Bioethics should also stress-as, so far, one national medical association has-that war is a man-made public health problem.

Evaluation of Dentists’ Attitudes Towards Principles of Professional Ethics

The aim of this research was to investigate attitudes towards principles of professional ethics (PPE) amongst Iranian dentists working in Isfahan, Iran. This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 273 dentists in Isfahan, Iran. A validated, comprehensive questionnaire including principles of respect for patient autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice was used to evaluate dentistry professional ethics aspects. Age, gender, marital status, type of graduate university, level of education, specialised field of study, work experience, workplace, and participation in ethics workshops and courses were registered from participants. Total and domains scores of used questionnaires were calculated and compared across categories of study participants' characteristics. Mean ± SD age of participants was 35.4 ± 10.7 years, and 57% were female; about 73% graduated from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, and 65% were general dentists. The attitude total score of dentists towards PPE was 133.02 ± 13.16. Mean total score of the questionnaire and its domains was different significantly (P < .05) across categories of level of education, marital status, and passing the ethical courses. The attitude of dentists towards PPE was rated at a good level. However, improvement in attitudes of some specific subgroups such as general dentists and newly graduated ones is needed. Conducting specific workshops about professional ethics and incorporating these principles into university curricula can be beneficial.

Determinants of moral sensitivity of midwives and nurses – current state of knowledge

Abstract Introduction. Midwives and nurses experience ethical dilemmas during providing patient care. The manner of coping with them plays an important role in shaping the nature of care. Aim. The aim was to analyse the scientific literature on moral sensitivity characterising midwives, nurses and to answer the question of which determinants influence it. Method. A critical review of the literature was performed, using a combination of key words: moral sensitivity, nurses, midwives, work, hospital. Articles were identified using three databases (PubMed, CINAHAL Complete, SCOPUS). The results were narrowed to original articles in English published between 2011 and 2021. The analysis covered 15 articles. Summary. The moral sensitivity of midwives and nurses exhibits a correlation with sociodemographic variables such as age, education, job seniority, and the hospital’s ethical climate and decision-making which is consistent with the principles of professional ethics. An important task of the academic, managerial staff of hospitals is to shape nurses’ and midwives’ moral sensitivity during their education.

THE IMPACT OF PANDEMIC RESTRICTIONS ON MAINTAINING LOYALTY TO THE PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHIC IN AUDIT

Noticing the growing interest of the auditing profession in providing services to the users at the highest level of performance, it has appeared an increasingly stringent need for ethical standards, which purpose is to promote the ethics culture in the audit activity. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on all aspects of life, but also on the audit activity. This situation, required the auditors to review the audit process, and the resulting economic risks led to an increase in the auditor’s attention to obtaining reasonable assurance as to the continuity of his client’s business by providing sufficient adequate audit evidence. This is the reason why it is necessary that the auditor respect every time the ethical standards, decreasing in this way the audit risks and protect the image of audited entity. This scientific work seeks to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maintaining ethics in auditing. In this case, an online questionnaire covering the aspects of professional ethics was disseminated among the Moldovan auditors. The obtained answers show the fidelity of the auditors towards the principles of professional ethics in auditing and in unforeseen circumstances.

Museum of Arts and Crafts as a Generator of New Institutions in the Time of Director Vladimir Tkalčić (1933-1952)

Vladimir Tkalčić held the function of Director of the Museum of Arts and Crafts from the beginning of September 1933 to June 1952, which was the period of his vocational maturity – from age 50 until his retirement. The paper provides insight into Tkalčić’s vision of the development of the institution and into his achievements which allowed, already in his lifetime, that practice systems be derived from the Museum of Arts and Crafts and funds be formed as a baseline for the establishment of new institutions in Zagreb, such as the conservation and restoration workshop of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Museum of Serbs in Croatia, and the Technical Museum. Interpretations of certain achievements that Tkalčić accomplished in conditions of economic and political instability, in a whirlwind of confusion combined with the violence of wartime, are inevitably imbued with controversy. Examination of the documentation fund of the Museum of Arts in Crafts, in the first place Tkalčić’s legacy and registry books from years of his mandate, provides an insight into the contextual mosaic of his complex endeavours, as well as into the set of his character qualities that supported the principles of professional ethics.