Products In Different Countries Research Articles

Insights into Recent Updates on Factors and Technologies That Modulate the Glycemic Index of Rice and Its Products.

Rice is a staple food and energy source for half the world's population. Due to its quick digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, rice is typically regarded as having a high or medium-high glycemic index (GI); however, this can vary depending on the variety, nutrient compositions, processing, and accompanying factors. This report included a table of the glycemic index for rice and rice products in different countries, which could give an overview and fundamental information on the recent GI of different rice varieties. In addition, latest updates about the mechanism effects of rice nutritional profiles and processing techniques on GI were also provided and discussed. The influence of state-of-the-art GI regulation methods was also evaluated. Furthermore, the effectiveness and efficiency of applied technologies were also given. Furthermore, this review offered some aspects about the potential nutraceutical application of rice that food scientists, producers, or consumers might consider. Diverse types of rice are grown under various conditions that could affect the GI of the product. The instinct nutrients in rice could show different effects on the digestion rate of its product. It also revealed that the rice product's digestibility is process-dependent. The postprandial glucose response of the rice products could be changed by modifying processing techniques, which might produce the new less-digestive compound or the inhibition factor in the starch hydrolysis process. Because of the significant importance of rice, this paper also concluded the challenges, as well as some important aspects for future research.

Regulatory considerations of material used for medical devices and combination products in different countries: A review

Combination product can act as a medicine, medical device, or biological product that combines two or more regulated components. Combination products were originally described in 1991′s Title 21 3.2(e) of the Code of Federal Regulation i.e., CFR, under (21 CFR 3.2(e)). Combination products were originally described in 1991′s Title 21 3.2(e) of the Code of Federal Regulation i.e, CFR, under (21 CFR 3.2(e))currently enforced inthe U.S., European Union, South Korea, Malaysia, Japan, Canada.There are different regulations and approaches towards products inboth Europe and the United States. The definition differs from country to country when looking for the same term in other countries. The definition differs from country to country when looking for the same term in other countries. Contrarily, the European Union organises pharmaceutical combination products into a unit category and lacks a common definition of combination products.. As a result, the main variation in how combination products are defined across all nations is the regulatory framework.. While the US and Japan have similar definitions of combination products. The rules that should apply to combination products are outlined in the definition of a combination product. Efficacy is “the capacity of a medical instrument,” whereas safety is “Freedom from unacceptable risk. ”In products that are combinations, Interactions between various components must be taken into account first. For combination products, the biological assessment of the finished product shall be in accordance with the ISO 10993 family of standards.Countries all over the world place a high value on innovative combination items and have developed a number of strategies and directives to stimulate the development of innovative products. This article describes the Medicated Device Combination Product in various nations, along with its advantages over Medical Device and local medication therapy, the current market environment, and anticipated market trends.

A Review of Suckermouth Armoured Catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) Invasion, Impacts and Management: Is Its Invasion a Threat to Bangladesh’s Fisheries Sector?

Suckermouth armoured catfish of the genus Pterygoplichthys (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) are significant threats to aquatic biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats, and fishery production in different countries. Their unique characteristics and adaptive features help their successful invasion. These fish harm fish habitats, compete for food and space, prey on fish eggs, and displace the native fish populations. They erode river banks, alter benthic ecology, make holes in the river bank, and remove aquatic plants. Elimination, control, and intrusion prevention are possible management strategies. Utilising them as food and preparing value-added products and byproducts using them are viable ways to reduce their number. Management is challenging, owing to their tolerance and excellent adaptability. With severe dangers to Bangladesh's fisheries industry and aquatic environment, suckermouth armoured catfish have invaded natural waterbodies and aquaculture ponds. There is a lack of accurate information on invasion status, types of invading species, and potential dangers of invasion to create a management framework in Bangladesh. Therefore, this review introduces the key characteristics, habitats, invasion impacts, and management and utilisation aspects of suckermouth armoured catfish in different countries. The review may help in understanding how they affect native fish, aquatic organisms, habitats, and the aquatic environment globally. Finally, what kind of threats they may pose and how they can be managed sustainably in Bangladesh.

Genome Sequence Resource for Paramyrothecium foliicola, an Important Pathogenic Fungus Threatening Crop Production

Paramyrothecium foliicola is a species of ascomycete in the family Stachybotryaceae. In recent years, it has been reported as a threat to crop production in different countries. Because of its wide host range and high virulence, this pathogen may present as a major global concern in the near future. Despite its importance, there is no sufficient genomic information for P. foliicola. Our work introduces the initial PacBio-Illumina hybrid draft genome for TJWQPF1, the P. foliicola strain, together with the related annotations. This genome was assembled into 18 contigs, with the largest contig size of 8,042,417 bp. Genome annotation identified 13,330 protein-coding genes. The draft genome data will aid in understanding the pathogenic mechanism of P. foliicola, which is a valuable resource to explore the genetic diversity, pathogenicity, and evolution of this important pathogen. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Novel technologies for improving quality of tofu products and their packaging: A critical overview

AbstractThere are many kinds of tofu products, and they are mainly found in Asia. This paper mainly summarizes and classifies the tofu products of different countries through the analysis of the characteristics of different products and the differences between them. The storage conditions for most bean products are typically harsh, resulting in the shelf life of some fresh beans limited to 3–5 days. The new packaging technology avoids the shortcomings of traditional packaging, which makes it more effective to store. In this paper, biodegradable packaging materials, nanomaterials, active packaging, and intelligent packaging were reviewed. The significance of this review is to introduce various types of tofu products to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their advantages and disadvantages and to apply different packaging techniques to improve the preservation environment of tofu products. The purpose is to find suitable packaging technology, materials, and development route of tofu products.

Аnalysis of the consumption of tobacco products in the world and methods of its reduction applied in the EU and in Ukraine within european integration

In today's world, the health status of a society has become a real criterion for the level of socio-economic development. Many studies show that premature mortality from non-communicable diseases is usually accompanied by low or no economic growth and leads to macroeconomic problems. Combating tobacco use is one of the goals of sustainable development. The subject of this article is the consumption of tobacco products in the world and ways to reduce it. The purpose is to identify who is a consumer of tobacco products in different countries of the world, what gender, age, and income is a modern consumer, as well as to study the measures to reduce tobacco dependence that take place in the European Union, the experience of their adoption by Ukraine, and to identify the impact of these measures on smoking rates. Objectives: to investigate who the consumers of tobacco products are in different countries and what proportion of the population they represent, to identify whether there is a real relationship between income and consumption of tobacco products, to study how the portrait of a typical consumer changes with the introduction of innovative smokeless tobacco products, to determine whether legislative and fiscal methods affect the level of consumption of tobacco products. Methods: the historical method and comparative analysis were used to study the rollout of smoking cessation programmes and legislative changes related to this; statistical analysis was used to refute the hypothesis of a link between smoking and income in the country; the logical method was used to determine the factors that determine the level of consumption of tobacco products in different countries; correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between the growth of excise tax and the reduction of smoking in Ukraine. The following results were obtained: the hypothesis of a greater propensity to smoke in low- and middle-income countries was not confirmed; the level and manner of tobacco consumption in different countries is influenced by culture; a greater number of smokers live in low- and middle-income countries, as the majority of the world's population lives there; within a particular country, a higher proportion of smokers is observed in the poor compared to the rich (although there are exceptions); the reason for this may be the lifestyle and cultural environment of the poor; higher smoking rates among the poor are a problem because they redistribute their limited budget to addictive goods; changes in legislation have introduced the concept of smokeless tobacco products, which has allowed for various restrictions to be applied to them; it has been proven that there is an inverse relationship between the amount of excise tax and smoking rates in Ukraine, so fiscal measures are working. Conclusions: Governments and socially responsible tobacco corporations now face a new challenge: to eliminate the positive image of smokeless tobacco products in the eyes of children and young people, and to address the fact that these products are the first ones they start smoking with.

Analysis of the economic effect of RCEP under the “Indo-Pacific strategy”: the GTAP model

PurposeThis study reveals the economic impact of the Indo-Pacific Strategy on the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the GTAP model to analyze the economic effects of RCEP under the effect of the “Indo-Pacific Strategy” under different scenarios.FindingsThe results show that (1) with the improvement of the implementation effect of the US “Indo-Pacific Strategy,” the welfare level of China has gradually had a significant negative impact, while the welfare level of US Allies and partners has been further improved. (2) The implementation of the Indo-Pacific Strategy will further expand the import scale of Japan, South Korea and other Allies that are both RCEP members and the USA and slightly reduce the import scale of the European Union (EU) and other countries. (3) After the USA implemented the “Indo-Pacific Strategy,” its export scale has significantly improved, and it has been able to completely offset the adverse effects of the signing of RCEP on its exports. China's export scale has also gradually declined, and Japan has benefited the most.Originality/valueThere are three main possible contributions to this article: first, the authors combined geopolitical factors to simulate and evaluate the economic effects of RCEP under different Indo-Pacific Strategy implementation scenarios, which is more relevant than analyzing the economic effects of RCEP in a “vacuum.” Second, the standard static GTAP model can only measure the change of equilibrium state before and after the trade policy. At the same time, the dynamic GTAP model (GTAP-Dyn) introduces mechanisms such as capital flow and capital accumulation and treats time as a continuous variable affected by exogenous variables so that each variable has a time dimension so as better to simulate the medium- and long-term economic effects. This paper refers to the dynamic recursion method of Walmsley (2006) and Yang (2011) to update the base year of the GTAP version 10.0 database to 2020, that is the time when RCEP officially reached 2020. The simulation results of shock variables introduced into the baseline scenario are more reliable. Third, the authors analyze the welfare effect of RCEP and the impact on the import and export of relevant countries from the macrolevel and examine the impact on different products in different countries from the microlevel.

Analysis of the availability of health technologies for the treatment of phenylketonuria in Ukraine and the world

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare (orphan) disease characterized by a severe, chronic, progressive course. Patients' quality of life depends on timely detection (screening) and proper treatment - the use of special medical food products, and therefore, their availability and affordability. The goal (objective) of the study is to analyze the available health technologies for the treatment of PKU in Ukraine and the world. Materials and methods. Research objects: scientific publications, guidelines, statistical data, marketing information. Methods: analysis, comparison, generalization, system analysis. Results of the research. Guidelines and protocols for the treatment of patients with PKU/HFA define a diet as a key component, taking into account the age and features of the course of the disease. The analysis of providing patients with PKU with special medical food products in different countries shows significant differences in the approaches to their assignment and reimbursement. The quantity, availability, range and composition of these products vary significantly. In the UK, they are included in the national formulary, are available on prescription and are subject to reimbursement. In Ukraine, local authorities provide PKU patients with special medical food products by procurement through the ProZorro electronic system in accordance with the calculated need. In the domestic market, there is a wide range of specialized products for patients with PKU/HFA, mainly of imported production, which have a high cost and, accordingly, low accessibility for the population. Conclusions. The introduction of reference centers and extended neonatal screening, the creation of a register of such patients, the development of domestic production of products for PKU/HPA, and the creation of effective procurement and reimbursement mechanisms will contribute to increasing the effectiveness of treatment, the quality and life expectancy of patients.

Mobilizing participatory approaches to introduce transdisciplinary research elements when exploring the interface of commodity crop production and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa

The production of commodity crops such as oil palm, sugarcane, cotton or cocoa has important ramifications for sustainability at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Food security is among the most heavily debated impacts of commodity crop production, especially in developing regions characterized by high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity such as Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies have identified diverse pathways through which commodity crop production can have positive or negative impacts on the different pillars of food security. This Methodology paper outlines how different participatory approaches can be mobilized to introduce transdisciplinarity research elements when exploring the adoption and impacts of commodity crop production, especially in developing regions such as SSA. It draws from the lessons learned during the design and implementation of five research projects that explored the food security outcomes of commodity crop production in different countries of SSA. Collectively these research projects mobilized very diverse participatory approaches such as expert interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), participatory mapping, mediated modeling, and participatory scenario analysis. Beyond being instrumental for data collection, these participatory approaches served multiple other research functions. In particular they helped (a) identify research priorities, knowledge gaps, and underlying phenomena, (b) formalize impact mechanisms and develop methodology, and (c) interpret data and validate findings. Furthermore, they contributed to the credibility and relevance of the research, and to a lesser extent to the legitimacy and effectiveness, all of which are considered important principles of transdisciplinary research. Through these diverse contributions they were instrumental in integrating valuable insights from stakeholders holding very complementary expertise in commodity crop value chains at different scales. In this sense they can act as valuable entry points to introduce transdisciplinary research elements in projects exploring the interface of food security and commodity crop value chains (or food systems more broadly), especially in contexts that truly transdisciplinary research is not feasible or desirable.

Mission Accomplished? Balancing Market Growth and Moral Legitimation in the Fair Trade Moral Market

Mission Accomplished? Balancing Market Growth and Moral Legitimation in the Fair Trade Moral Market

Mission of International Agribusiness Insurance: Modern Challenges and Opportunities for Ukraine

An urgent problem today is the reproduction of a sustainable ability to meet the demand for food products in different countries of the world. The solution to this global problem lies in the search for optimal financial and economic tools for timely counteraction to agricultural risks. Many years of international experience prove that such a tool is insurance. The purpose of the study is to conceptualise the mission of international agribusiness insurance, specify modern challenges, and identify opportunities for Ukraine. The methodology of this study was based on the use of various methods, in particular: abstract and logical, epistemological, comparative, structural and functional, modelling, formalisation, induction and deduction, regression and system analysis. The uniqueness of insurance lies in its ability to accumulate the necessary financial resources and distribute them to the needs of compensation for losses in the case of insurance events distributed in space and time. Consequently, the conducted research is aimed at substantiating the mission of international agribusiness insurance, identifying current challenges and existing opportunities in Ukraine. The main advantages and disadvantages of various models of interaction of stakeholders in the international agricultural insurance market are established. The paper highlights the world experience in positioning classic and index insurance products on the market. It was found out that the current level of agribusiness insurance in Ukraine does not correspond to its potential opportunities. Based on the parameters of the constructed regression model, it is established that the basis for further expansion of insurance coverage of agricultural risks is an increase in the number of concluded and renegotiated agricultural insurance contracts, an increase in the liability limit (insurance amounts) of companies, ensuring actuarial balance, and an increase in the amount of state subsidies. The practical implementation of these measures should be considered in the context of food security at the regional, national, and global levels

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the coffee products: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Coffee is one of the most consumed products globally, and its contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) occurs throughout the production chain and production. Therefore, the current meta-analysis study aimed to estimate the concentration of essential elements (Cu and Co) and the contamination of PTEs (Ni, Cr, Pb, As, and Cd) in coffee. The recommended databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, were investigated to collect data regarding the contamination of PTEs in coffee products from 2010 to 2021. Among 644 retrieved citations in the identification step, 34 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled mean concentration of essential elements in coffee products is much higher than that of toxic elements (Co (447.106µg/kg, 95% CI: 445.695-448.518µg/kg) > Ni (324.175µg/kg, 95% CI: 322.072-326.278µg/kg) > Cu (136.171µg/kg, 95% CI: 134.840-137.503µg/kg) > Cr (106.865µg/kg, 95% CI: 105.309-108.421µg/kg) > Pb (21.027µg/kg, 95% CI: 20.824-21.231µg/kg) > As (3.158µg/kg, 95% CI: 3.097-3.219µg/kg) > Cd (0.308µg/kg; 95% CI: 0.284-0.332µg/kg)). Results showed high differences between pooled concentrations of all PTEs in coffee products of different countries.

The spatiotemporal patterns and network characteristics of emissions embodied in the international trade of livestock products

Livestock production is greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensive, and thus the increasing international trade of livestock products in recent decades has resulted in increased embodied emissions. Considering the varying emission intensity in production in different countries and the expected further increase in livestock product trade in the future, it becomes crucial to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of such embodied GHG emissions for climate change mitigation in the livestock sector. In this study, we aimed to address such gaps and analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns and network characteristics of GHG emissions embodied in the international trade of seven major categories of livestock products among 228 world economies during 1986–2017. The results showed that the total volume of GHG emissions embodied in livestock product trade reached 92.0 MT in 2017, accounting for 2.6% of the total emissions from livestock production. Sheep meat has replaced cattle meat as the major contributor to embodied emissions. In 2017, the largest flows of embodied emissions were within Europe, followed by the flows from Oceania to Asia. The fluxes in intra-upper middle and intra-high-income economies accounted for most of the total embodied emissions. Although the global average emission intensity of livestock production declined in these four decades, the trade flows from high to low emission intensity economies increased, especially for cattle and sheep meat. This resulted in an overall increase of contribution from the global livestock trade in GHG emissions from the global livestock sector. Therefore, effective measures and policies must be designed from both consumption and production perspectives to ensure proper accounting of these embodied emissions and maximize the reduction potential for a sustainable food system transition.

Diversity of Endophytic Yeasts from Agricultural Fruits Positive for Phytohormone IAA Production.

This study reports the diversity of cultivable endophytic yeasts from agricultural fruits that respond positively to the plant-promoting property of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. The IAA synthesis by the strains was quantified with an Agilent 1100 series liquid chromatography system. IAA was present in the culture liquid of 72% of all 97 strains examined after three days of cultivation. The most active endophytic yeast strains in this study belonged to the species Aureobasidium pullulans, Candida zeylanoides, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Meyerozyma caribbica, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and Yarrowia galli. The highest IAA production was observed in the endophytic strain of A. pullulans (9109.19 ± 146.02 μg/g). No significant differences were found between IAA production in strains from agricultural products of different countries. However, the level of IAA production was strictly strain-specific. Our results suggest that the internal tissues of fruits may be a promising source for the isolation of plant-beneficial yeasts that can be used to promote plant growth.

Modified aquila optimizer for forecasting oil production

ABSTRACT Oil production estimation plays a critical role in economic plans for local governments and organizations. Therefore, many studies applied different Artificial Intelligence (AI) based methods to estimate oil production in different countries. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) is a well-known model that has been successfully employed in various applications, including time-series forecasting. However, the ANFIS model faces critical shortcomings in its parameters during the configuration process. From this point, this paper works to solve the drawbacks of the ANFIS by optimizing ANFIS parameters using a modified Aquila Optimizer (AO) with the Opposition-Based Learning (OBL) technique. The main idea of the developed model, AOOBL-ANFIS, is to enhance the search process of the AO and use the AOOBL to boost the performance of the ANFIS. The proposed model is evaluated using real-world oil production datasets collected from different oilfields using several performance metrics, including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), coefficient of determination (R2), Standard Deviation (Std), and computational time. Moreover, the AOOBL-ANFIS model is compared to several modified ANFIS models include Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-ANFIS, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)-ANFIS, Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA)-ANFIS, Slime Mold Algorithm (SMA)-ANFIS, and Genetic Algorithm (GA)-ANFIS, respectively. Additionally, it is compared to well-known time series forecasting methods, namely, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA), and Neural Network (NN). The outcomes verified the high performance of the AOOBL-ANFIS, which outperformed the classic ANFIS model and the compared models.

The pH of bottled water commercially available in Australia and its implications for oral health.

With a higher pH level and being unlikely to erode the tooth, bottled water has been considered a safe alternative to acidic beverages. However, recent studies have reported some bottled water products in different countries to be acidic. The present paper aimed to examine the pH values of 42 bottled waters commercially available in Australia, using a pH meter and probe, and classify their risks to cause erosive tooth wear in comparison with the critical pH of enamel and dentine. Of the 42 bottled water samples collected, 81.0 and 73.8% were considered erosive to tooth dentine and enamel, respectively. Flavoured waters were the most acidic, followed by sparkling waters, spring waters, artesian waters, mineral waters, and alkaline waters. All sparkling waters and flavoured waters showed an erosive risk to the enamel and dentine. A portion of spring waters and artesian waters was also acidic enough to erode tooth structures. The findings of this work were of concern given the risk of sustaining erosive tooth wear from consuming bottled waters. Health promotion strategies including public awareness and education on oral health consequences related to the consumption of bottled water are needed. Future epidemiological and in vivo investigations are also warranted.

Mapping and Analyzing the Scientific Map of Knowledge Organization Using Research Indexed in the WOS Database

Scientometrics has found many applications in describing, explaining and predicting the scientific status of researchers, educational and research groups, universities, organizations and countries in various national and international arenas. By studying the scientific products of different countries, their status in the production of science can be evaluated. Present study was conducted using a scientometrics approach and using co-word analysis and social network analysis (SNA) to investigate relationships in the field of know­ledge organization. In this regard, research indexed in web of science on the topic of “know­ledge organization” has been analyzed using software including VOSviewer, Gephi, Publish or Perish. The findings of the study show that the most frequently used topics and words are know­ledge organization and classification. Also, the most valuable subject areas were identified based on the maps drawn using the closeness and centrality of indexes, taxonomy, ontology and know­ledge organization systems. Co-authorship analysis revealed that the co-authorship network is discrete and has low-density, with a total of 12,491 citations in all articles. Also, the most prolific author is Hjorland, followed by Smiraglia and Dahlberg. using the co-word map of know­ledge organization, policymakers can plan appropriately through the know­ledge of the research and thematic status of know­ledge organization.

Мировой рынок цифровых учебных изданий: перспективы развития

The article discusses the changes in the educational publications market under the influence of digital transformation. Expansion of the diversity of digital devices, changes in the needs of the target audience, and the development of new educational practices contribute to the emergence and growth of new niches in the global market of educational publications. The study of the market of digital educational products in different countries shows that many factors influence the level of its development. These factors are the government policy, the level of IT technology in the country, and the competitive environment in this niche in the market of a particular country. Moreover, the quality of the competitive environment and the interest of technology companies have a greater impact than the government policy. Two strategies for the production of electronic educational products in the modern world market stand out and are illustrated by examples: publishing isolationism and production tandems with technology companies. A classification of three models of electronic textbooks is proposed based on the analysis of educational publications in the natural sciences representing countries with emerging markets for electronic textbooks: the United States, Russia, and Finland. The first model is the presentation of electronic textbooks in PDF format. Textbooks in this version are the original mockup of a printed textbook. The second model is based on the printed form of the textbook, distributed in EPUB 3 format through the publisher’s own publishing software or affiliate applications. Multimedia and interactive materials in such textbooks are not mandatory, but complementary, and they are included in the textbook via pop-ups. The third model is a publication that was originally created only in electronic format. Often, such textbooks are components of a digital educational environment that provides electronic exchange of tasks, collective performance of laboratory works, interdisciplinary connection of educational material in various disciplines, etc. The study of the most relevant and innovative offers on the market of such countries as the USA, the UK, Spain, Denmark, Russia, and Finland shows four promising areas in the preparation of textbooks in the EdTech field. These are (1) artificial intelligence manuals, (2) tools of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, (3) computer games with educational potential, and (4) programming platforms. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Aspects of Electrochemistry in The Development of Russian Energy

Today, due to the negative transformation processes that have affected the management system of the Russian industry, government regulation does not bring the desired effect in the chemical industry. This leads to the fact that the rates of development of hydrogen energy are significantly lower than the potential ones. In this work, the development of the chemical industry in the twentieth century and its role in the Russian industry were investigated. During the twentieth century, this industry went through several important levels and in the 1960-1970s a global revolution took place in it. The article describes the structural changes that took place from 1965 to 1980, when, with the help of L.A. Kostandov, the most powerful and gigantic state chemical concern was created. The authors also studied the methods of hydrogen production in different countries, presented the advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis, the use of energy from nuclear power plants during the period of low loads in the USA, Europe, and Japan. During the study, the problems of the chemical sector in Russia were identified and the negative consequences that can result from ignoring them. Also, the main factors hampering the development of the chemical industry were identified, which determined the relevance of considering the issues of reforming the Russian chemical complex.

Development of Solid Biomass Production in Poland, Especially Pellet, in the Context of the World’s and the European Union’s Climate and Energy Policies

The aim of this research was to present the changes in biomass production, especially pellets in Poland, in the context of world’s and European Union’s (EU) climate and energy policy, compared to other renewable energy sources. We also analyzed the law concerning the biomass production in the EU. Finally, we have elaborated the prognosis of the pellet production on the world scale. We have used different methods to achieve the goals, among which the most important are the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH model) and prognosis. We also compared the results of pellet production in different countries in the European Union. The results were presented in tabular and graphic form. We have received the data from Eurostat and the Main Statistical Office (MSO) in Poland. Our research proves the increase of biomass and pellet production on the global scale. Moreover, global wood pellet production increased by 972% in the years 2005–2018. We can conclude that this increase was the result of increasing demand for renewable energy sources. The first research hypothesis assumed that the changes in the European Union Policy have impacted the increase of biomass production in the world. Our prognosis confirmed the second hypothesis that the development of pellets will increase as the result of increasing global demand. The use of more renewable energy sources is necessary to decrease the degradation of the environment.