Industrial Products Research Articles

CR-YOLOv9: Improved YOLOv9 Multi-Stage Strawberry Fruit Maturity Detection Application Integrated with CRNET.

Strawberries are a commonly used agricultural product in the food industry. In the traditional production model, labor costs are high, and extensive picking techniques can result in food safety issues, like poor taste and fruit rot. In response to the existing challenges of low detection accuracy and slow detection speed in the assessment of strawberry fruit maturity in orchards, a CR-YOLOv9 multi-stage method for strawberry fruit maturity detection was introduced. The composite thinning network, CRNet, is utilized for target fusion, employing multi-branch blocks to enhance images by restoring high-frequency details. To address the issue of low computational efficiency in the multi-head self-attention (MHSA) model due to redundant attention heads, the design concept of CGA is introduced. This concept aligns input feature grouping with the number of attention heads, offering the distinct segmentation of complete features for each attention head, thereby reducing computational redundancy. A hybrid operator, ACmix, is proposed to enhance the efficiency of image classification and target detection. Additionally, the Inner-IoU concept, in conjunction with Shape-IoU, is introduced to replace the original loss function, thereby enhancing the accuracy of detecting small targets in complex scenes. The experimental results demonstrate that CR-YOLOv9 achieves a precision rate of 97.52%, a recall rate of 95.34%, and an mAP@50 of 97.95%. These values are notably higher than those of YOLOv9 by 4.2%, 5.07%, and 3.34%. Furthermore, the detection speed of CR-YOLOv9 is 84, making it suitable for the real-time detection of strawberry ripeness in orchards. The results demonstrate that the CR-YOLOv9 algorithm discussed in this study exhibits high detection accuracy and rapid detection speed. This enables more efficient and automated strawberry picking, meeting the public's requirements for food safety.

Injection molding of post-industrial recycled glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS GF40): industrial feasibility and material analysis

Polymer recycling has become increasingly important in recent decades due to economic and environmental benefits. Recycling provides a cost-saving material supply as well as avoids environmental spillage and enables resource conservation. Quantifying the changes in material properties due to recycling is a key aspect in establishing a circular economy, as it allows understanding the impact of using recycled materials on manufacturing and products. To date, research and industry have investigated the use of recycled materials for commodity and engineering polymers. For high performance plastics, this knowledge exists only at the laboratory scale. The present study comprehensively characterizes the properties of virgin and recycled glass fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide (PPS GF40) materials. The materials considered are commercially available to industry, and the recyclates have been reclaimed from post-industrial wastes by the material manufacturers. The results show that as the recycled content increases, the tensile strength of PPS GF40 revealed a similar value for a 50 % recyclate or decreases by 21 % for a regranulate due to both macromolecular shortening and fiber scission. In addition, the shrinkage of each material is quantified. Here, shrinkage increases with increasing result of recycled content. Increasing the amount of recycled material in the compound results in lower process forces in injection molding due to higher melt flow indices. With the help of these results, industrial products may be tailored to meet the properties of recyclate-based materials in order to conserve virgin material resources. In addition, material cost saving potentials are identified by economic calculations based on presently available industrial offers. In the light of the presented results, the introduction of recyclate-based PPS GF40 materials into industrial mass production can be assessed on the basis of mechanical and rheological properties as well as material costs. The overall objective of this study is to provide the aforementioned insights to exploit the economic and environmental benefits of polymer recycling on an industrial scale.

Trophic transfer of dechloranes in marine food webs in Dalian Bay, China

Dechloranes, including dechlorane 602 (Dec 602), dechlorane 603 (Dec 603), dechlorane 604 (Dec 604), dechlorane plus (DP, including syn- and anti-DP) and mirex, were determined in marine food web from Dalian Bay, Northeast China to investigate their occurrence andtrophic transfer. In all organisms, the detection rates were Dec 602 (99%) > mirex (95%) > Dec 603 (92%) > anti-DP (91%) > syn-DP (82%) > Dec 604 (9.6%). The concentrations were 0.92–16 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for mirex, 0.53–2.3 ng/g lw for syn-DP, 1.1–4.5 ng/g lw for anti-DP, 0.19–5.0 ng/g lw for Dec 602, 0.26–1.9 ng/g lw for Dec 603 and 0.020–0.33 ng/g lw for Dec 604. Significant positive relationships (p < 0.0001) were observed between lipid normalized concentrations and trophic levels for mirex (R2 = 0.80) and Dec602 (R2 = 0.82) in food webs, with the calculated TMFs values of 3.09 and 3.39, respectively, indicating the trophic magnification potential of these compounds. For syn-DP, anti-DP, Dec 603 and Dec 604, the similar significant relationships were not found, suggesting that these chemicals do not trophic magnification nor trophic dilution in the food web. With low log KOW values for mirex (7.01) and Dec 602 (8.05), these two compounds have the highest magnifications potentials, while the magnification potential of Dec 603, Dec 604 and DP dramatically decreased because of their extremely big log KOW values (higher than 10). The observed fractional abundance of anti-DP (fanti) ranged of 0.58–0.69, closing to the one in Chinese industrial products, indicating DP isomers had not undergone significant differences of physicochemical or biological process in the studied food web.

Fatigue Life Prediction of a Rubber Mount Considering the Self-Heating by the Hysteresis Loss of the Rubber Material Subjected to Cyclic Loadings

Failure analysis and fatigue life prediction are important steps in the design procedure of industrial products to assure the safety and reliability of their components. A model to calculate the heat generation by the hysteresis loss in natural rubber subjected to cyclic loads in a uniaxial direction was introduced and the fatigue life prediction model of the rubber was established based on the theory of continuum damage mechanics (CDM). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to measure the viscoelasticity of the rubber material. The heat generation in the rubber material was calculated using a subroutine with the programming software C++ and the temperature rise in the rubber material was analyzed by a thermal finite element analysis (FEA) method. Then static mechanical FEA models of a rubber mount were established and the strain contours of the rubber mounts at various loads were calculated. The total principal strain was used as the fatigue parameter to predict the fatigue life of the rubber mount. Finally, the fatigue lives of the rubber mounts at various loads were measured on a test rig to validate the accuracy of the prediction method. The test results indicated that the fatigue lives predicted considering the temperature rise agreed better with the test results compared with those not considering the temperature rise and we suggest our fatigue prediction method should be applicable to both rubber and other types of components.

Efficient selective adsorption of Cr(VI) by S-doped porous carbon prepared from industrial lignin: Waste increment and wastewater treatment

Industrial lignin is a waste product of the paper industry, which contains a large amount of oxygen group structure, and can be used to treat industrial wastewater containing Cr(VI). However, lignin has very low reactivity, so how to enhance its adsorption performance is a major challenge at present. In this study, a two-stage hydrothermal and activation strategy was used to activate the lignin activity and doping S element to prepare high-performance S-doped lignin-based polyporous carbon (S-LPC). The results show that the surface of S-LPC is rich in S and O groups and has a well-developed pore structure, which is very beneficial to Cr(VI) uptake -reduction and mass transfer on the material. In the wastewater, the utmost adsorption potential of Cr(VI) by S-LPC achieved 882.83 mg/g. After 7 cycles of regeneration, the adsorption of S-LPC decreased by only approximately 18 %. Ion competition experiments showed that S-LPC has excellent specificity for Cr(VI) adsorption. In factory wastewater, the adsorption performance of S-LPC for Cr(VI) remained above 95 %, which shows the excellent performance of S-LPC in practical applications. The results are of great significance for green chemical utilization of waste lignin, treatment of industrial wastewater and sustainable development.

Molecular Interactions of Perfluorinated and Branched Fluorine-Free Surfactants at Interfaces: Insights from a New Reliable Force Field.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a class of synthetic compounds with exceptional interfacial properties. Their widespread use in many industrial applications and consumer products, combined with their remarkable chemical and thermal stability, has led to their ubiquitous presence in environmental matrices, including surface water and groundwater. To replace PFAS with fluorine-free surfactants, it is necessary first to develop a deep molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the exceptional properties of PFAS. For instance, it has been shown that fluorine-free surfactants with highly branched or methylated chains can achieve low surface tensions at air-water interfaces and can provide highly hydrophobic surface coatings. Although molecular simulations combined with experiments are promising for uncovering these mechanisms, the reliability of simulation results depends strongly on the accuracy of the force fields implemented. At the moment, atomistic force fields are not available to describe PFAS in a variety of environments. Ab initio methods could help fill this knowledge gap, but they are computationally demanding. As an alternative, ab initio calculations could be used to develop accurate force fields for atomistic simulations. In this work, a new algorithm is proposed, which, built from accurate ab initio calculations, yields force fields for perfluorinated sulfonic and perfluoroalkyl acids. The accuracy of the new force field was benchmarked against solvation free energy and interfacial tension data. The new force fields were then used to probe the interfacial behavior of the PFAS surfactants. The interfacial properties observed in our simulations were compared with those manifested by two branched fluorine-free surfactants. The good agreement achieved with experiments and ab initio calculations suggests that the proposed protocol could be implemented to study other perfluorinated substances and help in the design of fluorine-free surfactants for targeted applications.

The Emerging Hemp Industry: A Review of Industrial Hemp Materials and Product Manufacturing

There is a growing need for resilient and renewable materials to aid society in global sustainability. It is incumbent upon the agricultural and manufacturing industries to work together to achieve this vision. In particular, the hemp plant has been identified as an emerging industrial crop that will be pivotal in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, this nascent industry has received an influx of research and development activity, resulting in various methods and practices globally, challenging the repeatability of results, research advancement, standards development, and sustainability assessment. A systematic literature review is conducted to identify and document (1) the various practices for harvesting and converting industrial hemp into materials and products and (2) existing hemp-derived products and those under development. Using the PRISMA methodology, 5295 articles were identified, and 109 articles were included for review. Unlike prior reviews focusing on specific hemp plant components, materials, or products, this study systematically evaluates the utilization pathways of the whole plant (stalk, flower, leaf, and seed) to traditional, industrial, and emerging products. Further, myriad opportunities for hemp material and product applications, sustainability performance assessment, and future research are discussed. This review will benefit future hemp research, advancing process technologies, developing novel products, establishing policies and standards, and assessing sustainability performance.

Implementasi Peraturan Bupati Nomor 41 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengelolaan Gerai dan Peberdayaan Industri Kecil dan Menengah di Kabupaten Tangerang

This study is about the Implementation of Regent Regulation Number 41 of 2016 Concerning Outlet Management and Empowerment of Small and Medium Industries in Tangerang Regency. The problems in this study include, the still minimal involvement of the small and medium industry business sector in supporting the implementation of policies, Socialization related to the existence and implementation of outlet management and empowerment of small and medium industries is still not optimal, promotion of small and medium industry products has not been carried out optimally, and cooperation has not been established with travel and travel agencies. The purpose of this study was to determine how the implementation of Regent Regulation Number 41 of 2016 on outlet management and empowerment of small and medium industries in Tangerang Regency. The research method is qualitative. The theory used is the implementation of public policy according to Van Metter and Van Horn. The results of this study are that the implementation of Regent Regulation Number 41 of 2016 concerning Outlet Management and Empowerment of Small and Medium Industries in Tangerang Regency is not optimal.

Statistical Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of Industrial Products in Erbil Governorate (Economic Geography Study)

Statistical Analysis of the Geographical Distribution of Industrial Products in Erbil Governorate (Economic Geography Study)

Intelligent spare ordering and replacement optimisation leveraging adaptive prediction information

Predicting system health using inspection technologies is crucial for efficiently managing the maintenance of various industrial products. This study introduced an innovative policy for intelligently ordering and replacing spare parts. It utilises real-time prediction data to make sequential decisions on whether to schedule spares and when to conduct non-immediate maintenance. A generalised non-linear stochastic process was established to capture the underlying degradation path, with a lifetime coefficient updated through Bayesian inference. Conditional reliability assessed during regular inspections determines when spare preparations and delayed replacements are warranted. Predictive replacements can also be postponed based on the expected remaining lifetime adjusted for safety factors and spare lead times. The model dynamically optimises operational costs by iteratively optimising spare-ordering times, postponement intervals, and adjustment coefficients. Numerical experiments on high-speed train gearboxes validated its superior cost-effectiveness compared to conventional approaches.

Complete genomes of two Variovorax endophytes isolated from surface-sterilized alfalfa nodules.

Variovorax species catabolize a wide range of natural and industrial products and have been shown to be integral rhizosphere inhabitants. Here, we report the complete genomes of V. paradoxus 2u118 and V. sp. SPNA7, which were isolated from alfalfa root nodules and possess plant growth-promoting properties.

Decolorization of Lignin for High-Resolution 3D Printing of High Lignin-Content Composites.

Lignin, one of the most abundant biomaterials and a large-scale industrial waste product, is a promising filler for polymers as it reduces the amount of fossil resources and is readily available. 3D printing is well-known for producing detailed polymer structures in small sizes at low waste production. Especially light-assisted 3D printing is a powerful technique for production of high-resolution structures. However, lignin acts as a very efficient absorber for UV and visible light limiting the printability of lignin composites, reducing its potential as a high-volume filler. In this work, the decolorization of lignin is presented for high-resolution 3D printing of biocomposites with lignin content up to 40wt.%. Organosolv lignin (OSL) is decolorized by an optimized low-energy process of acetylation and subsequent UV irradiation reducing the UV absorbance by 71%. By integration of decolorized lignin into bio-based tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA), a lignin content of 40wt.% and a resolution of 250µm is achieved. Due to the reinforcing properties of lignin, the stiffness and strength of the material is increased by factors of 15 and 2.3, respectively. This work paves the way for the re-use of a large amount of lignin waste for 3D printing of tough materials at high resolution.

Directions for the development of information and methodological support for industrial complex enterprises based on the uniform digital platform of the RF «Gostech»

The article presents the directions for the development of information and methodological support (IMS) for the activities of industrial enterprises on the basis of the unified digital platform "RosTech", which are of particular importance in the organization of innovative activities at the present stage, carried out in conditions of geoplastic instability and the influence of economic sanctions against Russia from unfriendly states. The article reflects that the GosTech platform is intended for the implementation of processes of the full life cycle of industrial activities of industrial enterprises, according to the developed methodology, features of the organization of technological processes, the use of digital services and platform products that ensure the formation and operation of platform information systems, for the purpose of methodological support of production activities of enterprises. The article substantiates that the essence of IMO in the activities of industrial enterprises, based on the GosTech platform, is represented by the formation and use of innovative technologies, digital services, business models of production, taking into account artificial intelligence objects available at enterprises. Also, IMO, lies in the development of individual competencies of enterprise employees, the implementation of new opportunities for implementing innovative activities in the production processes of the enterprise, increasing operating efficiency and competitiveness. The article reflects that the GosTech platform creates conditions for designing the architecture of the production technologies used, developing the operation of the information systems used, by providing instrumental services for automated software development, monitoring its quality, monitoring operating parameters, and ensuring the information security of the information systems used. The work presents that the main goal of creating IMO on the GosTech platform is: reducing the production time of industrial products, increasing the efficiency of processes for the development of information systems used in the enterprise, moving to a new level of their compatibility, ergonomics, security and reliability. As a result of the use of IMO based on the GosTech digital platform, the innovative activity of enterprises and the degree of interaction with government agencies and institutional entities increases. The effectiveness of IMO management decisions in the innovative activities of industrial enterprises is determined by the effectiveness of managing the services and artificial intelligence objects used, which are the main tools for ensuring innovative activities. Thus, IMO management decisions in innovation activities contribute to the formation of new innovative products and technologies.

Do early adopters raise barriers to the commercial take-up of strategic high-technology products?

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to investigate whether the behaviors and preferences of early adopters can potentially hinder the widespread proliferation of strategic high-technology industrial products. Through an extensive analysis of data collected from 1285 communication satellites, our findings reveal a significant pattern: when early adopters demonstrate a high demand for product diversity and elevated levels of innovation, this tends to delay the diffusion of these technologies to the mainstream commercial adopters. Early adopters undeniably play a pivotal role in directing the development pathways of strategic industries; however, their insistence on high innovation and diversity creates technological barriers. These barriers, in turn, slow down the mass adoption by commercial entities, which rely on more stable and universally accepted technologies. Our research enriches the existing body of diffusion literature by offering a fresh perspective, focusing on the dynamics of adopter orientation as opposed to the traditional producer-centric view. The results from our study highlight the urgent need for the implementation of targeted policy interventions and strategies aimed at fostering more equitable and widespread diffusion processes. This would ensure that the benefits of innovation are more evenly distributed across a broader range of user segments. Moreover, our findings suggest that innovation policies need to address systemic failures within the innovation ecosystem, such as the lack of a dominant design which can further facilitate diffusion. This insight is particularly beneficial for policy-makers, providing them with critical information to determine the optimal timing for transitioning from mission-oriented policies that are aimed at establishing new markets, to product diffusion policies focused on rectifying market failures.

A scalable and universal strategy for constructing long-term antibacterial coatings with lubricant property on medical catheters

Medical catheters might cause a high morbidity of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) because of the bacterial adhesion onto the surface. In addition, the inherent hydrophobicity of catheter materials exacerbates mechanical friction, leading to tissue damage. Therefore, coatings with integrated antibacterial and lubricative properties are appealing approaches to mitigate these challenges. In this study, a kind of polyurethane (PU)-based coatings were developed and prepared on medical catheters, which were modified with a cationic antibacterial agent, quaternized ammonium-modified methyldiethanolamines (QMDEAs). Due to the reaction among castor oil tertiary alcohols, isocyanates and QMDEAs, a polymer cross-linked network was fabricated, in which a hydrophilic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was added to form a semi-interpenetrating network. The structures of the coatings were regulated by adjusting the lengths of alkyl chain of QMDEAs, concentrations of pre-coated solutions, ratios of QMDEA:isocyanate, and parameters of preparation process. Among the coatings we prepared, PU-C10–46 possessed the optimized performances, which reduced the dynamic friction coefficient by 91.38 % and had the antibacterial efficiency of 99.9 % with good biocompatibility. The in vivo anti-infective properties of PU-C10–46 were also demonstrated by an infected animal model. Furthermore, PU-C10–46 was produced in an industrial equipment, and the large-scaled industrial products also had the same performances. This work could provide a promising strategy to deal with the challenges of medical catheter-associated infection.

Antioxidants as Protection against Reactive Oxygen Stress Induced by Formaldehyde (FA) Exposure: A Systematic Review.

Formaldehyde induces oxidative stress and is carcinogenic, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal area. Around us, in exhaust gases, cigarette smoke, and various industrial products, FA primarily affects the respiratory tract and other organs like the cornea, liver, kidneys, brain, and cardiovascular system. This study aims to determine if antioxidants can mitigate FA's harmful effects. Several databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Wiley, were systematically searched. Research publications on antioxidants mitigating FA-induced oxidative damage were included, but reviews and articles lacking complete texts were excluded. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies has been used. Tables were used for data synthesis. Out of 8790 articles, 35 publications detailing tissue homogenate for biochemical analysis, standard hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry markers for histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis were selected. Most studies were case-control studies, utilizing rat or mouse models. Additionally, one cohort study on industrial workers was analyzed. Antioxidants, including plant extracts, vitamins, and pigments, can prevent or heal FA-induced lesions. However, human studies, particularly biopsies, remain challenging, and animal trials are limited. Further research is needed to confirm FA's long-term effects and optimize antioxidant dosages.

Polybenzimidazole Membranes for Waste Stream Remediation to High Value Products

Electrochemical remediation of industrial waste products represents an economically attractive method to continuously convert waste streams to high value products. Electrochemical remediation has been more limited for processes that are very dry, very acidic, or a combination of both, because the most widely used polymer membranes (for example, Nafion™) need external humidification to maintain conductivity. We show that para-polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes can be used as an effective polymer membrane separator in these types of harsh environments, improving the performance of the current state-of-the-art aqueous HCl electrolyzer, enabling the first completely anhydrous gas-phase HCl electrolyzer, and pushing the electrolysis of SO2 in the Hybrid Sulfur (HyS) cycle to the point of economic viability. The discussion will also cover how PBI membrane preparation affects electrochemical performance and the development of a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model that both provides insight into the transport phenomena of the anhydrous electrolyzer and allows us to examine operating parameters that are dangerous experimentally.

Performance Optimization of Alkaline Water Electrolysis Via Catalyst Morphology Tuning and Novel Cell Design

Hydrogen is a basic energy carrier for numerous valuable industrial products. Green hydrogen produced using renewable electricity and water electrolysis is pivotal in advancing a decarbonized sustainable energy ecosystem. Two primary electrolysis technologies, alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), have demonstrated a viable commercial perspective. AWE is particularly well-suited for large-scale deployment, especially at the gigawatt scale, due to low capital cost and long lifetime. [1]. The performance of AWE is largely determined by the effectiveness of nickel-based oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts and PGM-based or PGM-free hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. To enhance the catalyst activity and cell performance, we meticulously control morphology and chemical composition of the catalysts. Cell testing was conducted in cells of various active areas (5, 25, and 50cm2) to demonstrate the result consistency and scalability. An innovative cell design, incorporating a reference hydrogen electrode in both cathode and anode, enabled the real-time acquisition of half-cell polarization curves during tests. This configuration proved valuable information to identify performance limitations in the single cells, thus guiding effective cell design and optimization. Furthermore, a cell comprising Ni-based anode and PGM cathode demonstrated remarkable stability.1. Schalenbach, Aleksandar R. Zeradjanin, Olga Kasian, Serhiy Cherevko, and Karl J.J. Mayrhofer, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 1173–1226 (2018).

Facile synthesis of soy protein adhesives with high cold-pressing bonding ability through waterborne epoxy resin and bifunctional branched structure system

Biomass high-temperature soy meal (HSM)-based adhesives are gaining significant attention in the green household industry. However, the low initial adhesion and poor bonding performances have limited their applications in actual production. In this study, a stable waterborne epoxy emulsion (WEU) crosslinker and polyethylenimine (PEI) toughener were synergistically used to modify the HSM matrix owing to their regulated covalent interactions and branched chemistry. The WEU was prepared using a synthetic emulsifier that featured flexible polyether and alternating amine group blocks, providing numerous hydrogen bond sites and a toughened entangled network. PEI, with a unique spatial structure, was introduced to facilitate the noncovalent interactions, and also acted as a curing agent under thermo-curing. The synthesized adhesives exhibited excellent cold-pressing bonding strength at 0.99 MPa, which is sufficient to meet actual needs. Under certain pressure and thermal conditions, covalent bonds facilitated the formation of the crosslinking network. The resulting cured adhesive exhibited improved toughness, which was attributed to the branched and multiple noncovalent energy dissipation network. The HSM15-P7 adhesive exhibited outstanding wet shear strength, which increased by 3675 % compared with that of the unmodified HSM adhesives. This HSM15-P7 adhesive exhibited outstanding results compared with other reported biomass wood adhesives. This study provides a facile and comprehensible method for developing other bioresources for high-value industry products with high performances.

Exploration of the rapid growth of high-molecular-weight oligomers in the later stage of diisocyanate self-polymerization

Diisocyanate trimers are important products in the polyurethane industry. Large amounts of high-molecular-weight oligomers, which change the physical and chemical properties of the final products, are generated in the later stages of the synthesis process. It is important to understand the self-polymerization of high-molecular-weight oligomers. The relationship between this phenomenon and the PDI monomer concentration was first experimentally demonstrated. Then the self-polymerization of pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) was investigated via Dmol3 calculations using the linear synchronous transition (LST) and quadratic synchronous transition (QST) methods. Calculations revealed a new synthesis pathway with a reaction energy barrier of 31.548 kcal/mol, leading to the conversion of pentamers into decamers. In the initial stage of the polymerization reaction, the PDI monomer concentration was high, and the reaction followed a step-growth polymerization. However, as the PDI monomer concentration decreased and the PDI pentamer concentration increased in the later stage of the reaction, a new synthesis pathway emerged, leading to the direct synthesis of high-molecular-weight oligomers from the available oligomers. This study further demonstrates the self-polymerization of diisocyanate and provides a comprehensive understanding of its synthesis process. By inhibiting this new pathway can reduce the content of high-molecular-weight oligomers, increase yields, and reduce the product viscosity, all of which are beneficial for chemical process optimization.