Industrial Products Research Articles

The Development of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Assessment of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in the Italian Adult Population: Protocol for a Validity and Reproducibility Study

Background: Over the last decade, while studies on the detrimental effects of ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption have increased, methodological limitations on the quality of available evidence have emerged. Starting from a critical reassessment of the NOVA classification, this project will aim to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which is based on the processing of consumed foods and specifically designed to estimate the UPF consumption and total dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients in the Italian adult population. Methods: This study will take place in selected workplaces and include healthy males and females aged ≥18 years, residing in Italy and with Italian citizenship. The FFQ will be online, voluntary, self-administered, semi-quantitative, and designed to assess food intake over the past year and distinguish between industrial, artisanal, and home-made products. This project will consist of two phases. First, a pilot study will be conducted to obtain the final version of the FFQ. The current food consumption of the target population will be investigated, through a 24 h dietary recall, and the face validity of the new tool will be tested. The second phase will involve at least 436 participants. To assess reproducibility, the FFQ will be administered twice (at an interval of 3–10 months), and the test–retest method will be used. A 7-day weighed dietary record (WDR) will also be completed after each FFQ administration. To evaluate criterion validity, data from the two WDRs will be compared against those from the first FFQ administration. Conclusions: The results will provide a new valid tool focused on food processing, potentially useful for future studies.

Phthalate esters in baltic lagoons: Spatial distribution, ecological risks, and novel insights into their fate using transcriptomics.

Plasticizers such as phthalate esters (PAEs) are organic compounds widely used in various consumer and industrial products, raising strong environmental concerns due to their pervasive presence and potential adverse effects. Lagoon ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to PAE pollution as they are semi-enclosed and receive high loads of organic materials. The present study investigates the distribution of seven common PAEs in three large European lagoons (Curonian, Vistula and Szczecin) in the southern Baltic Sea. The concentration levels of PAEs in the water column, encompassing both the dissolved and particulate-bound phases, and in sediments were assessed to elucidate distribution patterns and potential ecological risks within these lagoon ecosystems. The average concentration of total PAEs in the water column ranged from 0.03 to 1.45 μg L-1, whereas sediment concentration varied from 0.008 to 1.06 μg g-1, levels comparable to or lower than those found in other European coastal areas. Distribution patterns of PAEs in sediment showed notable similarity across all three lagoons, whereas variations were observed in the water column. Notably, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) emerged as the most concerning congeners in studied lagoons, all of which pose a moderate risk to aquatic organisms. This study applied shotgun transcriptomic analysis to field samples, revealing active microbial communities involved in PAEs degradation in the Baltic lagoons for the first time. The degradation of phthalic acid (PA) into intermediate compounds such as protocatechuate was not identified as a rate-limiting step in the studied environment. The degradation activity was primarily localized in the sediment layers, with Gram-negative bacteria playing a major role, while Gram-positive bacteria appeared incapable of degrading PA. These findings provide valuable insights into the distribution and transformation mechanisms of PAEs in estuarine environments.

Advances in 3-D printing: polymers, fabrication mechanisms, mass balance models and applications

AbstractIn Science and Engineering, additive manufacturing, which is synonymously known as 3-D printing is a layer-by-layer computer-aided approach that is used to produce high precision commercial industrial products. So far, 3-D printing techniques, which translate computer-aided virtual 3-D models into physical objects, are gaining traction globally. However, the current evolution from conventional molding and machining to rapid prototyping followed by rapid additive manufacturing prompts new challenges for engineers and scientists alike. This review is particularly prompted by novel innovations in 3-D printing with respect to emerging fabrication designs and mechanisms, printable polymeric materials, and current applications. Central to all spotlights is the discussion on 3-D printing techniques discussed under 3 broad categories; (i) extrusion-based methods, (ii) powder binding technologies and (iii) photopolymerization methods and corresponding polymer design aspects, processing parameters and mass balance models. Aspects of mass-balance models addressed in this review include models of multimaterial 3-D printing of viscoelastic inks, Newtonian fluid in extrusion, the Gaussian Beam model and multiscale computational simulations for prediction of macroscale properties of various polymeric materials. This review also highlights selected applications that demonstrate how polymer-based 3-D printing is being exploited in industry, and future perspectives.

Analysis of Energy-Related-CO2-Emission Decoupling from Economic Expansion and CO2 Drivers: The Tianjin Experience in China

Cities are key areas for carbon control and reduction. The study of the decoupling between CO2 emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) and the drivers of CO2 emissions in cities facilitates the reduction of CO2 emissions to safeguard the development of the economy. This paper first calculates the CO2 emissions in Tianjin, China, from 2005 to 2022, then uses the Tapio decoupling index to quantify the decoupling status, and, finally, explores the energy-CO2-emission drivers through the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) model. The findings indicate that (1) the decrease in CO2 emissions from industrial products and transport is the main reason for the decline. (2) During the period under investigation, the predominant condition observed was a state of weak decoupling. (3) Given the economic-output effect is the primary and substantial driver of energy CO2 emissions, it is essential to harmonize the interplay between economic-development approach and CO2 emissions to foster sustainable development in Tianjin. The industrial structure plays the most critical role in hindering the reduction of CO2 emissions; therefore, optimizing industrial structure can help achieve carbon reduction and control targets. These findings enrich the study of CO2 emission factors and can also interest urban policymakers.

Methodology For Extracting Poplar Planted Fields From Very High-Resolution Imagery Using Object-Based Image Analysis and Feature Selection Strategy

Abstract. Poplars (Populus sp.), a tree that grows rapidly species, are significant as industrial forest products. The delineation and monitoring of poplar cultivated areas are invaluable for decision-making processes. With the remote sensing technology, accurate detection of poplar planted areas could be determined much faster, more economically, and with minimum labor requirements. The objective of this research is to create a map of poplar plantations in the Sakarya region of Turkey utilizing Worldview-3 satellite imagery. Object-based image analysis (OBIA) through the application of the multi-resolution segmentation method (MRS) was employed to generate image segments, and then three prevailing machine learning algorithms, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF) and Rotation Forest (RotFor) were implemented to produce LULC maps of the study area including 11 landscape features. The most effective and contributing object features that assure high separability between landscape features were determined using a filter-based Chi-square algorithm for the prediction models constructed with SVM, RF, and RotFor classifiers. Results revealed that the SVM classifier achieved the highest overall accuracy (91.73%) with 38 features out of 88 features, about 3% improvement compared to the other algorithms. According to the SHAP analysis, the IHS feature was the most effective one in the constructed RF model, followed by the CI (red edge), NDVI-1 and NDVI-2 vegetation indices.

RJ-TinyViT: an efficient vision transformer for red jujube defect classification.

Compared to the surface defect detection of industrial products produced according to specified processes, the detection of surface defects in naturally grown red jujubes poses unique and significant challenges for researchers. The high diversity of surface defects, subtle distinctions from the background, low contrast, varying scales, and the presence of high levels of noise in images are among the factors that greatly amplify the complexity of defect detection tasks. Existing methods show some deficiencies in addressing these issues, mainly due to insufficient feature extraction capabilities and overly complex network structures, leading to limitations in model efficiency and practical application performance. To tackle the challenges associated with red jujube surface defect detection, this study proposes an optimized Tiny Vision Transformer (TinyViT) network structure, named RJ-TinyViT. This method refines the TinyViT-5m network structure to reduce network burden and introduces an improved Multi-Kernel Block (MK Block) and an improved Mobile Inverted Bottleneck Convolution Block (MBConv Block) to enhance feature extraction capabilities. Additionally, we have integrated the Coordinate Attention (CA) module to enhance the model's capacity for recognizing and focusing on features of surface defects on red jujubes. Experimental results show that RJ-TinyViT achieved a classification accuracy of 93.38%, marking an improvement of 1.84% over the original TinyViT network. At the same time, its Floating-point Operations (FLOPs) and Parameters (Params) were reduced to 58.97% and 39.84% of the original TinyViT network, respectively. These results not only demonstrate that RJ-TinyViT achieves model lightweighting while maintaining high accuracy but also highlight its value in practical industrial applications.

Effect of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin on antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of refrigerated low-fat yogurt and cream cheese.

Cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins, such as phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC), are colored potential bioactive proteins that have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we formulated a new food prototype based on PE and PC-fortified low-fat yogurt and cream cheese. Four distinct low-fat yogurt and cream cheese products were manufactured, including a control group (No PE and PC), samples produced with phycoerythrin (+ PE), samples produced with phycocyanin (+ PC), and samples produced with both phycoerythrin and phycocyanin (PC + PE). Afterwards statistically compared the physicochemical composition, colorimetric properties, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and sensory profile of the fortified foods at 4°C and 8°C for 28 and 42 days. Additionally, we confirmed that PE and PC are not toxic to Caenorhabditis elegans at concentrations up to 1mg/mL. The results showed that the MIC of PE and PC against E. coli was significantly higher than against S. aureus (3.12 ± 0.05µg/mL vs. 1.56 ± 0.01µg/mL, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the maximum diameter of the inhibition zone of PE and PC against S. aureus was significantly higher than against E. coli (6.6 ± 0.011mm vs. 11.66 ± 0.02mm, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Results of color parameters showed that the control group had significantly higher L* values than the samples enriched with PE and PC. Moreover PE and PC significantly increased the a* and b* values respectively. The amount of ΔE in the control yogurts and cream cheese was higher than in the samples with PE and PC. Overall, the results showed that adding PE and PC had a significant effect on all measured factors (p < 0.01). Cream cheeses and low-fat yogurts enriched with either PE or PE + PC had the greatest antioxidant activity and the lowest number of psychrophilic bacteria and mold, and yeast counts at the end of the test period. Therefore, low-fat yogurt and cream cheese containing cyanobacterial PE and PC can be considered an innovative dairy product for the food industry. This study marks the initial effort to employ PE and PC derived from Nostoc sp. and Spirulina sp. as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in the food industry.

Utilization of Fly Ash and Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Cement and Sand along with Waste Plastic in Paving Blocks

The rapid development of housing and infrastructure from last one decade continuously takes place in India. Along with that naturally, the product required to overcome this development produce in mass quantities like Pavement blocks, which are known as industrial products of precast made up by concrete, having various shapes and sizes utilizes in huge quantity in housing and infrastructure construction. The conventional materials to manufacturing these blocks utilize in large quantity, which may create an impact on natural recourses. Paver blocks unit generally used for diverse traffic classes i.e., Non-traffic, Light-traffic, Medium-traffic, Heavy-traffic and really important traffic. Most concrete block paving created in country has performed satisfactorily but there are two main areas of concern: occasional failure thanks to excessive surface wear, and variability inside the strength of blocks. To overcome this impact, we can use different materials such as, Fly Ash, Quarry Dust, Waste Plastic’s, etc. Fly ash and Quarry dust are the industrial outgrowth which we used in these projects. Using these byproducts, the pollution and disposal problems of materials be reduced. Concrete paving blocks are exemplary materials on the footpaths for easy laying, better look and finish. Key Words: Conventional materials, Compressive strength, tensile strength, workability.

Closed-Loop Process of Extracting and Separating Zinc Impurities from Industrial Cobalt Products—Pilot Test Study

The cobalt-containing products of an enterprise were selected as the object of this study. The separation effect of Cyanex 272 on Zn and Co was studied through a pilot test. The results showed that Cyanex 272 had a high extraction rate for Zn at pH 3–3.4, up to 99.8%. The extracted Zn2+ was enriched in the organic phase, and the Zn2+ in the organic phase was extracted back into the aqueous phase in the stripping stage by adding strong acid. Addition amounts of strong acid of 50 g·L−1, 80 g·L−1, and 100 g·L−1 were set. The results showed that the addition amounts of 80 g·L−1 and 100 g·L−1 could significantly reduce the pH of the back-extraction solution and effectively enrich Zn2+ in the solution. There was a large amount of Zn2+ in the back-extraction solution, which could be used twice to prepare zinc carbonate products through neutralization and precipitation. By comparing the extraction effect, economic cost, and resource loss under different strong acid addition amounts, it was found that the 80 g·L−1 strong acid addition amount was more suitable for the actual production process. This study provides data support and practical evidence for the selection of industrial extraction process parameters for Zn2+ separation in actual cobalt products.

Exploring the Features and Trends of Industrial Product E-Commerce in China Using Text-Mining Approaches

Industrial product e-commerce refers to the specific application of the e-commerce concept in industrial product transactions. It enables industrial enterprises to conduct transactions via Internet platforms and reduce circulation and operating costs. Industrial literature, such as policies, reports, and standards related to industrial product e-commerce, contains much crucial information. Through a systematical analysis of this information, we can explore and comprehend the development characteristics and trends of industrial product e-commerce. To this end, 18 policy documents, 10 industrial reports, and five standards are analyzed by employing text-mining methods. Firstly, natural language processing (NLP) technology is utilized to pre-process the text data related to industrial product commerce. Then, word frequency statistics and TF-IDF keyword extraction are performed, and the word frequency statistics are visually represented. Subsequently, the feature set is obtained by combining these processes with the manual screening method. The original text corpus is used as the training set by employing the skip-gram model in Word2Vec, and the feature words are transformed into word vectors in the multi-dimensional space. The K-means algorithm is used to cluster the feature words into groups. The latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) method is then utilized to further group and discover the features. The text-mining results provide evidence for the development characteristics and trends of industrial product e-commerce in China.

Dynamic impact of different human activities on the distribution of organic ultraviolet absorbers in coastal aquatic environments: A case study in Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

The increasing environmental concern surrounding organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVAs) has prompted heightened attention, particularly their presence in personal care products (organic ultraviolet filters, OUVFs) and industrial products (organic ultraviolet stabilizers, OUVSs). This study investigates the impact of human activities and environmental factors on the occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risk of eight commonly utilized OUVFs and OUVSs in the coastal region of Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. The study area is characterized by multiple functional zones with distinct human activities. Results reveal elevated concentrations of OUVAs during summer compared to winter, attributed to increased residential usage, tourist activities, industrial releases, and intensified ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Interestingly, the proportion of OUVFs increases during summer, while OUVSs decrease. Correlation analysis between OUVAs and sampling sites reveals that tourism and domestic wastewater are the main contributors to OUVF contamination in summer, whereas mariculture and port trade significantly impact OUVS contamination in winter. The ecological risk assessment indicates predominantly low or medium risk levels for most OUVAs in both local seawater and freshwater ecosystems. Nevertheless, OUVFs, with a particular focus on 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), and OUVSs, specifically 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl) benzotriazole (UV-P), exhibit a heightened risk compared to alternative substances. These findings provide crucial insights into the development of targeted mitigation strategies for OUVAs, taking into account the varying contamination levels of OUVFs and OUVSs resulting from diverse human activities, aiming to protect the health of aquatic ecosystems in diverse functional zones.

Valorization of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) testa as a biocolourant

IntroductionCoconut testa, a by-product of the coconut processing industry, is currently underutilised. This study aimed to extract a coconut testa-based food colourant using various organic solvents and physical methods, and to utilise this colourant in food product preparation.MethodsDifferent organic solvents, along with various time and temperature combinations, were employed for colourant extraction using both a laboratory-scale water bath and ultrasonication. The colour coordinate values (CIELab) of the testa-derived colourants were measured, and the colourants were screened for various phytochemicals. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the testa colourant was assessed by quantifying total phenolics, and the phytochemical composition, including monomeric anthocyanins, was evaluated.ResultsThe study determined the optimal combinations of organic solvents, temperature and time to obtain extracts with maximum antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC). Acidified ethanol-based extracts of testa colourants yielded highest polyphenol content (154.39 ± 2.63 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids content (53.65 ± 0.62 mg QE/g). Similarly, ethanol-based extractants of coconut testa produced high anthocyanin content [823.02 ± 1.81 mg Cy-3-glc equivalents (C3GE)/100 g]. Acidified (0.3 M HCl) solvents at relatively high temperature and time combinations exhibited high antioxidant potential of testa colourant, as measured by CUPRAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays. Following the foam mat drying process of the colourant, a mature coconut water-based jelly was prepared by incorporating the testa colourant extracted with acidified ethanol.DiscussionThis study highlights the biochemical and antioxidant potential of the food colorant derived from coconut testa and explores its suitability for functional food applications. Therefore, coconut testa extract serves a dual purpose: it enhances the aesthetic appeal of food as a colourant and provides significant health-promoting properties due to its high anthocyanin content. Insights from this study could help in promoting the valorization of one of the beneficial by products of coconut industry.

A Novel Methodology to Quantify the Slag Protective Effect on the Oxidation Behavior of Oxide‐C Refractories

Preventing the oxidation of oxide‐C refractories used as working linings in steelmaking vessels is crucial for maintaining their performance and extending their lifetime. This study introduces a novel methodology for evaluating and quantifying the protective effect that adhered slag can have on the oxidation of the refractory lining of steelmaking ladles. The article details the ad‐hoc methodology itself, including the technique for adhering the slag to the refractory sample and the specifically developed equipment used. The proposed experimental approach includes the evaluation of how the environmental degradation of the slag layer affects the protection it provides to the refractory against attack by environmental oxygen. Finally, the methodology's ability to provide reliable and reproducible results is shown by its application on MgO–C refractories, the most widely used type of oxide‐C products in the steelmaking industry.

Jc(B) transformer rectifier flux pump optimisation via simulation

Abstract Superconducting power supplies commonly known as flux pumps are becoming viable products in various industries. In this work we investigate magnetically switched ( J c ( B ) ) half-wave transformer rectifier flux pumps (TRFPs) via a simulation previously validated against an experimental system. Upgrades to the model are introduced, namely the transition to a fully hysteretic transformer reluctance model and the introduction of a conduction cooling thermal model. The conduction cooling model allows direct comparison between liquid cryogen and conduction cooled systems, highlighting the distinct variations in response. This study focuses on parameter sweeps over some of the most important aspects of a TRFP such as; input power, cooling paths and switch length. The findings from these variable sweeps shed light on how to best design the different aspects of a TRFP for most applications and the conclusions drawn throughout this work can be applied to most TRFP types. Some of the major findings from this work are; i. the need for dedicated cooling busses in TRFP switches, ii. that increased switch lengths increase voltage generation but negatively impact cooling effectiveness iii. that the reduction of the metallic coatings surrounding commercial coated conductors results in larger switch voltages.

Antioxidant Potential Evaluation at Various Stages of Black Cumin Oil Production.

Nigella sativa L. seeds and their industrial process products, oils, cake, and meal, are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. In this work, the effect of technological processes on the antioxidant capacity (AC) and total phenolic content (TPC) in the black cumin oils obtained by cold pressing and solvent extraction, as well as the by-products, were evaluated. The AC values of black cumin seeds (BCS), cold-pressed black cumin oil (BCCPO), black cumin oil extracted from seeds (BCEO-S), black cumin oil extracted from cake (BCEO-C), black cumin cake (BCC), and black cumin meal (BCM) were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, whereas TPC in these samples was analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method. Two applied conventional oil extraction methods, screw pressing and solvent extraction, significantly affected the AC and TPC in the obtained black cumin oils and by-products. The solvent-extracted black cumin oils revealed higher antioxidant properties (DPPH = 4041-16,500 μmol TE/100 g, CUPRAC = 1275-4827 μmol TE/100 g) than the cold-pressed black cumin oil (DPPH = 3451 μmol TE/100 g and CUPRAC = 3475 μmol TE/100 g). In addition, the oil yield (20.92-48.86%) and antioxidant properties of BCCPO (DPPH = 2933-5894 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 135-199 mg GAE/100 g) and BCC (DPPH = 1890-2265 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 284-341 mg GAE/100 g) closely depended on the nozzle diameters (5, 8, and 10 mm) mounted in a screw press. Although both by-products were a rich source of antioxidants, BCM had significantly lower CUPRAC (1514 μmol TE/100 g) and TPC (92 mg GAE/100 g) values than BCC (CUPRAC = 3397 μmol TE/100 g and TPC = 426 mg GAE/100 g). Nevertheless, acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis of BCM extracts significantly increased their antioxidant potential. However, the DPPH (35,629 μmol TE/100 g), CUPRAC (12,601 μmol TE/100 g), and TPC (691 mg GAE/100 g) results were higher for the BCM extract after acid hydrolysis than those for alkaline hydrolysate (DPPH = 2539 μmol TE/100 g, CUPRAC = 5959 μmol TE/100 g, and TPC = 613 mg GAE/100 g). Finally, the generated AGREEprep metrics highlighted the sustainability and the greenness of the cold pressing of oil from BCS.

Inovasi Schotel Tape di Desa Banjarsari sebagai Strategi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dan Penciptaan Alternatif Produk Turunan Industri Layak Hilirisasi

This article discusses the innovation of Schotel Tape in Banjarsari Village as a strategy for community empowerment and the creation of viable downstream industrial derivative products. This community service program aims to enhance the skills and knowledge of the community in processing tape into high-value-added products. The methodology includes training, mentoring, and program effectiveness evaluation. The results indicate that the Schotel Tape innovation successfully increases community income and creates new business opportunities. Additionally, the program facilitates collaboration among residents and raises awareness of the importance of product diversification. In conclusion, the Schotel Tape innovation provides a positive contribution to community economic empowerment and can serve as a model for the development of other derivative products.

Techno-functional, physicochemical and thermal characteristics of black chickpeas aquafaba under ultrasound pre-processing

Aquafaba is the liquid that remains from the cooking of beans in the canning industry, generally discarded as wastewater. This research aimed to optimize ultrasound pretreatment to enhance this by-product and introduce it as a high-added value product (known as liquid gold) in the food industry. The results showed that with the increase in the sonication time and amplitude, the extraction efficiency, soluble protein content, the density, and dry matter content of black chickpeas aquafaba increased significantly (p<0.05). The results also demonstrated that foaming ability (in short ultrasonication times) and foam stability significantly increased with higher amplitude. The results of numerical optimization showed that ultrasound pre-treatment for 30 minutes with an amplitude of 72% on black chickpeas before the cooking process created the best conditions for aquafaba extraction. Under these optimized conditions, the results yielded the highest values so that extraction efficiency, protein content, density, dry matter, foaming ability, and foam stability were 212.07%, 3546.7 mg/kg, 1.038 g/mL, 4.76%, 243.57%, and 44.50% respectively. Thermogravimetric and FT-IR analysis showed that the pre-sonication process not only makes aquafaba thermally stable, but also does not cause any structural changes in its chemical components. According to the favorable physicochemical characteristics of aquafaba, this product can benefit the food industry. It can be a material with high added value, profitable for the canning industry.

Kinetics of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) production with two β-galactosidases: Metallic ion effect and mathematical model

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are functional carbohydrates produced from different lactose sources like cheese whey. They are relevant products in the dairy industry. However, its enzymatic production implies a challenge due to its inhibition by metallic ions presence. Enzymatic production of GOS from lactose using β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae were studied in the presence of metallic ions (calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium). Also, a kinetic enzymatic model was proposed and correlated to explain the metallic ion effect in the GOS production. For both enzymes, stronger inhibition effects were observed when calcium was present, followed by potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Consequently, additional efforts must be made for the calcium remotion before the enzymatic reaction for industrial applications. Moreover, the second-order kinetic model proposed in this work describes the GOS production using both enzymes with metallic ions presence. It was stablished that for GOS production using β-gal from K. lactis and A. oryzae with various salts, calcium showed the strongest inhibition for both enzymes, followed by potassium and sodium. A second-order kinetic model accurately described GOS production, better reflecting hydrolysis inhibition than transgalactosylation inhibition

Основные направления и инструменты политики низкоуглеродного развития Бразилии

Brazil has a strong potential to achieve national climate goals and can also be an important decarbonization partner for other countries, especially in the supply of green hydrogen and critical raw materials for the production of new climate- neutral technologies. This article highlights the main tools and policies for Brazilʼs decarbonization and identifies potential areas in which the country can not only achieve its nationally determined contributions (NDCs), but also ensure innovative green economic growth. Low carbon intensity energy sources can ensure a low carbon footprint for industrial products, which can make goods more attractive in the face of increasing requirements and the introduction of measures such as the European Unionʼs (EU) carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM). Extensive deployment of renewable energy creates opportunities for the country to produce sustainable hydrogen, which will be in demand both domestically and globally. The main challenge for Brazilʼs decarbonization is its extensive agriculture, as well as widespread deforestation, the rate of which increased under the Bolsonaro administration. For agricultural products,which make up a large share of exports, deforestation regulations like those adopted in the EU would be a real barrier and could close European and other markets. The min- ing and processing of critical raw materials could be a potential breakthrough for the countryʼs economic growth due to the widespread decarbonization of the global economy. The low carbon intensity of the countryʼs industry, including mining, due to renewable energy sources appears to be a significant advantage. Lulaʼs return has given the international community hope that, at least in forestry and agriculture, significant efforts can be expected from Brazil, including international support, financing, and auditing.

Design of cold storage as a storage space for animal vaccines at PT. XYZ

A refrigeration system is a system used to cool a room or an industrial product in the food, pharmaceutical, beverage, vegetable, fruit, and other industries to maintain product quality. One of its uses is as storage for various kinds of pharmaceutical needs, including vaccines for both animals and humans. The problem with cold storage is that existing vaccine storage has been in operation for a long time so it is necessary to study whether it is still able to maintain the vaccine storage temperature, namely -80C. The aim of designing cold storage is to maintain a stable vaccine storage temperature. Because vaccines consist of various kinds of microorganisms that are easy to activate. To maintain the quality of the vaccine, cold storage is needed. The research methodology for writing this thesis is to collect design data from one of the vaccine storage industry companies, and literature studies, then analysis of cooling load planning studies, vaccine storage capacity in cold storage measuring 10 x 10 x m 3 meters and determine the power of the cooling machine using a system. standard vapor compression cooler. The results of the analysis of the refrigeration system planning study showed that the indoor vaccine capacity was 30,600 bottles or 2056,701 lbs (822,680 kg), storage temperature -80C, cooling load 308,133 Btu/hr, or 90,283 W, this system uses R 134 A refrigeration. Using refrigerant, power compressor 23.32 kW, or 32 HP, COP 3.9.