Production Of Wheat Plants Research Articles

Deciphering the wheat seed core mycobiome of two Egyptian cultivars (Giza 171 and Sids 14) by using high throughput amplicon sequencing of the ITS2 region

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop throughout the world. The seed mycobiome is the primary inoculum affecting the overall health and productivity of wheat plants. Seed-borne fungi can have an impact on the production of wheat and cause health complications upon consumption. Therefore, for durable and sustainable wheat production, it is imperative to characterise the wheat mycobiome. The rationale of this study was to investigate the wheat seed mycobiome of two Egyptian wheat cultivars (Sids 14 and Giza 171) using a culture-independent technique. The fungal community in 6 wheat seed samples was identified by high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the ITS2 region using the Illumina MiSeq platform. A total of 162 genera, 111 families, 55 orders and 25 classes have been identified. The fungal communities detected varied between seed samples, with a higher abundance of Ascomycota followed by Basidiomycota. Potential beneficial and pathogenic genera could be detected. Interestingly, a higher abundance of Vishniacozyma, Epicoccum, Cladosporium, Blumeria, Stymphylium, Fusarium, Filobasidium, and Alternaria was observed in the samples. Both Anthracocystis and Nigrospora were detected exclusively in T. aestivum cv. Giza 171. These results open new avenues for further investigation on the role of the mycobiome in Egyptian wheat cultivars. Ultimately, precise identification of both beneficial and pathogenic fungal genera could be accomplished.

Effect of Rhizospheric Bacteria on the Productivity of Wheat Plants and Inflow of Elements from Contaminated Soils

Effect of Rhizospheric Bacteria on the Productivity of Wheat Plants and Inflow of Elements from Contaminated Soils

Streptomyces biostimulants: An effective sustainable approach to reduce inorganic N input and maintain high yield of wheat crop in different soil types.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize endophytic plant growth-promoting (PGP) actinomycetes from the wild medicinal plant Zygophyllum album. Eight actinomycetes were isolated, identified, and screened for their PGP activities to improve the growth and production of wheat plants under low N-inputs. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the isolated actinobacteria showed high diversity and had multiple in-vitro PGP attributes. In pot experiments, Streptomyces sp. NGB-Act4 and NGB-Act6 demonstrated the highest significant PGP activities to enhance the growth of wheat plants under reduced N-inputs. Under various field conditions (high-fertility clay soils and low-fertility sandy soils), in combination with 50% N-dose, the two streptomycetes showed significant increases in grain N% and grain yield of the wheat crop compared with the 50% N-fertilized treatment. Irrespective of soil type, wheat plants inoculated with strain NGB-Act4 produced grain yield and grain N% significantly greater than, or comparable to the full N-dose treatment. This is the first field report on the successful use of endophytic streptomycetes as an effective strategy to improve wheat yield and reduce the use of synthetic N fertilizers.

Response of wheat to cyanobacteria and compost tea applications as a tool to achieve bio-organic farming concept

Increasing wheat output while decreasing the usage of chemical fertilizers is a significant policy considering the current economic conditions the world is going through. Thus, there is necessity for encourage eco-friendly techniques to add benefits to wheat growth and productivity while also reducing chemical fertilizers requisite. The current study was carried out to evaluate the impact of a potent strain (Nostoc calcicola), its extract, and compost tea solely or in combination on growth and productivity of wheat plants. The results support our hypothesis that the combined treatment significantly enhanced wheat growth, nutrients uptake, photosynthetic pigments, yield, and its components as well as the nutritional value of wheat grains and straw by using 50% dose of the required quantity of chemical fertilizers. Our findings suggested that combining cyanobacteria and compost tea to improve wheat plant growth, productivity and yield quality attributes might be a simple and cost-effective strategy.

Growth and productivity of wheat plants under drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis

Aim. The goal of this work was to study the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis on the growth and productivity of breed winter wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Methods. Wheat plants of cultivars Darunok Podillya and Podolyanka were grown under optimal nutrition and well-water conditions until the earing-flowering phase, after that the experimental plants were transferred to drought regime for 8 days, after that the optimal water supply was restored to the end of vegetation. During the experiment, the leaf surface area, the mass of internodes and ear were determined. Ripened plants were analyzed according to the structure of the yield. Results. It was established that the effect of drought in the critical phase of ontogenesis the earing-flowering caused to the decreasing in leaf surface area, mass of internodes, ear, mass and number of grains in the ear and plant, weight of 1000 grains. Conclusions. Water deficit in the soil in the critical phase of earing-flowering led to a decrease in the productive of breed winter wheat plants due to the inhibition of growth of ear, decreasing grain number and the mass of ear and grains.
 Keywords: Triticum aestivum L., internode, ear, productivity, drought.

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) PLANTS TO POLYAMINES UNDER LEAD STRESS

Objective: The distribution, growth, development and productivity of wheat plants are greatly affected by various abiotic stresses such as lead (Pb) stress which become one of the most abundant toxic metal in the earth crust. Under the three applied polyamine (PAs) applications, the efficiency of wheat plants to tolerate Pb2+ stress in terms of growth and yield characteristics was noticed to varying degrees.
 Methods: The current study focused on the impact of 2.0 mM lead (Pb2+) on growth and performance of wheat plants before and after PAs applications. The sterilized seeds were soaked for 8 h at room temperature, either in distilled water (as a control), 0.25 mM spermine (Spm), 0.50 mM spermidine (Spd), or in 1.0 mM putrescine (Put).
 Results: Point out that, better growth and yield characteristics, chlorophyll “a” (Chl-a), chlorophyll “b” (Chl-b), soluble sugars, indoles, and enzymatic antioxidants (i.e., peroxidase (POX), catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, ascorbate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and glutathione reductase) and the enzyme α-amylase contents were obtained with seed soaking in 0.25 mM Spm, 0.50 mM Spd, or 1.0 mM Put than those generated with seed soaking in water under 2.0 mM Pb2+ stress. In contrast, the concentration of endogenous Pb2+ was significantly reduced.
 Conclusion: Among all tested PAs, 1.0 mM Put showed the best results and thus is recommended, as seed soaking, for wheat to grow well under Pb2+ stress.

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Potential improvement in antioxidant defense system and suppression of oxidative stress for alleviating salinity stress in Triticum aestivum (L.) plants

Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) can suppress salt stress effects and improve plant productivity. This study elucidated the mechanisms of growth medium-inoculated PGPRs (Bacillus cereus, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), which contribute to improving salinity tolerance in Triticum aestivum plants grown under two NaCl-salinity levels (150 and 300 mM). The objective was to assess the impacts of soil-inoculated PGPRs on physiological attributes, antioxidant system activities, and their implications for growth and productivity of wheat plants in a pot study. Salinity levels markedly decreased growth and output traits, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, membrane stability, plant water content, K+ and Ca2+ contents, and K+/Na+ ratio. While, proline and soluble sugars contents, Na+ and oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g., O2•− and H2O2), and antioxidant activities were increased by salinity compared to control. The adverse effects were more pronounced with 300 mM NaCl. However, PGPRs detoxified salinity stress effects and significantly improved all physiological attributes and further elevated antioxidant activities, while significantly reduced levels of Na+ and oxidative stress biomarkers, which were reflected in significant elevations in plant growth and production. These improvements using PGPRs were better under 150 mM NaCl. The growth-enhancing traits of these halo-tolerant PGPRs like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) productions, N2-fixation, and P solubilization, reported in this investigation not only helped wheat plants withstand salt stress but also facilitated their growth under varying concentrations of salts. Thus, the use of PGPRs can be an effective strategy to boost wheat growth and production in salt-affected areas.

Drought Stress and Nitrogen Fertilization Affect Cereal Aphid Populations in Wheat Fields

Water stress and nitrogen deficiency are two constraints that negatively affect growth and productivity of wheat plants. Moreover, the interaction between these two stresses could affect the susceptibility of wheat plants to insect attack. In order to examine the influence of drought stress and nitrogen fertilization on piercing-sucking insect pests, the population abundance of four cereal aphid species; English grain aphid Sitobion avenae, wheat aphid Schizaphis graminum, Bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, and corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis has been monitored in two water treatments (water stress and well-watered) and two nitrogen levels (120 and 180 kg N ha-1). Results revealed that S. graminum was the most dominant specie in all treatments, followed by S. avenae. The population of all aphids tends to increase in the second half of the season coinciding with the emergence of wheat spikes. Stressed-wheat plants attracted more aphids, especially when water deficit synchronizes with an increase in N fertilization. Aphids vigorously thrive better on stressed plants amended with high nitrogen level. Contrary, the lower infestation rate was observed in well-watered plots with lower nitrogen rate. Plant characteristics, such as days to heading, plant height, and chlorophyll content were significantly decreased in drought-stressed plants, while higher N rates increased such parameters. Grain yield and its components were reduced with drought stress and reduced nitrogen fertilization. The current study advocates avoiding severe drought concurrently with an increasing in nutritional augmentation which it might contribute in an increase in insect pest infestation and decreasing in wheat plant traits.

Influence of pre-sowing seed treatments with biologically active substances on spring wheat rhizosphere microbiocenosis

Aim of research. To evaluate changes in the spring wheat rhizosphere microbiocenosis at the pre-sowing treatment by citrates of biogenic metals, created based on nanotechnologies and inoculation of the consortium of root microorganisms in soil at the effect of these arrangements on the enzymatic activity of leaf tissues and productivity of wheat plants. Methods. Microbiological methods – inoculation on solid nutritive mediums for determining the content of main groups of soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants; biochemical – for determining the activity of antioxidant enzymes of catalase and peroxidase; biometric – for determining the mass of 1000 seeds and seed productivity on experimental areas; statistical.Results of research. Field experiments of crops of spring wheat Pecheryanka demonstrate that at the pre-sowing treatment of seeds by 1%-solutions of biologically active substances in the content of composite fields of citrates of nanoparticles of Ag+Cu and Co+Cu+Zn+Fe+Mn+Mo+Mg (Avatar-1) and ions I-Se and introduction of the consortium of soil-useful microorganisms (biopreparation BP Extrakon), there were observed changes of ratios of main microbial groups in the composition of soil microbiocenocis: aerobic nitrogen-fixers, actinomycetes, fungal microflora, oligotrophic bacteria, that in some way correlated with the seed productivity.Conclusions. 1. It has been established, that the ratio of microbial groups, especially the percent of groups of aerobic nitrogen-fixers increased in the wheat rhizosphere relating to the control in the following succession – in the earing phase: BP Extrakon˃Extrakon+I-Se, and in the milk ripeness phase – in the following succession: BP Extrakon+I-Se˃BP Extrakon˃Avatar-1˃Ag-Cu. Actinomycetes prevailed on the variant with the pre-sowing treatment by I-Se, and the fungal microflora – in the milk ripeness phase. 2. The activity of catalase ad peroxidase in leaf tissues at the pre-sowing treatment by biologically active substances was lower than in the control, except the variant of the pre-sowing treatment by citrates of nanoparticles of Ag-Cu, where the catalase activity a bit grew – by 7.9%.3. It has been revealed, that indicators of the seed productivity improved most essentially at inoculation of the consortium of root microorganisms in soil, and also at the treatment that favored the increase of aerobic nitrogen-fixers in the soil rhizosphere, thus the seed productivity increased on the variants in the succession: BP Extrakon˃BP Extrakon+I-Se˃Avatar-1˃Ag+Cu, decreasing at the variant with the treatment by I-Se

IMPROVEMENT OF SANDY SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT CROP USING ORGANIC AND MINERAL-N FERTILIZATION

A field experiment was carried out on sandy soil at the Farm of Ismailia Agric. Res. Station, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt (Latitude, 30o 35' 41.901 N and longitude, 32o 16' 45.834 E) during the two successive growing winter seasons, i.e., 2016 / 2017 and 2017 / 2018 on wheat plant ( Triticum aestivum L.) variety Misr 1, to study the individual and combined effect of organic fertilizers (farmyard manure or potassium humate) and mineral nitrogen fertilization levels ( 0, 50, 75 and 100 kg N fed.-1 as ammonium nitrate 33.5 % N) on plant growth, yield and its components as well as nutrient contents, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE) and agronomical efficiency, also on some chemical and physical properties of the studied soil. Application rates of farmyard manure (FYM) were 0 and 5 ton fed.-1, while potassium humate at rates of 0 and 5 kg fed.-1. The layout of the experiment was a split- plot design, with the main plots arranged in a randomized complete blocks design, with three replicates. The results showed that, there are a significant increases of the estimated growth parameters, i.e. plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of tillers/ plant, number grains/ spike as well as straw and grain yields of wheat plants and their content (concentration and uptake) of the determined macro- ( N, P and K) and micro- (Fe, Mn and Zn) nutrients and protein content as a result of N, FYM and K-humate applications in both individually and together. The highest values of these determinations were found in the plants fertilized by N + FYM followed by these resulted from the treatment of N + potassium humate, except weight 1000 grains, grain yield and K content which gave the highest values with the treatment of N + potassium humate. In addition, individual applications of N resulted in a decrease in the soil content of available macro- (N, P and K) and micro- (Fe, Mn and Zn) nutrients, but increased the soil content of available compared with the control treatment. On the other hand, there are an increase of soil content of available macro- and micro-nutrients under study as a result of individual applications of FYM and K-humate with the superior increase of FYM compared with that with K-humate, except the soil content of available K. Also, the soil content of OM was decreased with the increase of added N, but increased as a result of FYM and K-humate applications alone. Soil bulk density was increased in the fertilized by N alone and decreased in the soil fertilized by individual applications of FYM and K-humate. The obtained data from this study concluded that, under sandy soil conditions, organic fertilizers played a major role in sandy soil fertility and its productivity of wheat plants and it's become more efficiency if its application in combination with mineral nitrogen fertilization.

СВЯЗЬ ОСМОТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ПОБЕГОВ И КОРНЕЙ С РОСТОМ, ДРУГИМИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМИ ВОДНОГО ОБМЕНА И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬЮ РАСТЕНИЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

СВЯЗЬ ОСМОТИЧЕСКОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ПОБЕГОВ И КОРНЕЙ С РОСТОМ, ДРУГИМИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМИ ВОДНОГО ОБМЕНА И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬЮ РАСТЕНИЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

IMPACT OF SOME ORGANIC AND BIOFERTILIZERS SOIL AMENDMENTS ON THE FERTILITY STATUS, SOME SOIL PROPERTIES, AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SANDY SOILS

A field experiment was conducted on sandy textured soil under sprinkler irrigation system during the two successive agricultural growing seasons of (2009/2010) and (2010) at Ismailia Agricultural Research Station, AgriculturalResearchCenter. Ismailia governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of applying some organic soil amendments i.e.,compost at rates of (2.5, 5, and 7.5 tonfed-1), humic acid rate of (5l fed-1) and biofertilizer (Bacillus Polymxa) individually or incorporated with biofertilizer on the fertility status, some soil physico -chemical properties, and productivity of wheat plants (Triticumvulgare) C.V. Giza 168 and peanut plants (Arachishypogaeal.) C.V. Giza 4. The experiment was designed statistically as a split plots with three replicates. The main plots were located for the biofetilization and the sub plots were devoted for the organic amendments types. At the end of the growing seasons (i.e. after 6 and 4 months from plantation of wheat and peanut respectively) some hydro physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined The obtained results revealed that application of either organic amendments or bio fertilizer as individual or in combination improved fertility status of the soil as well as, the seed yields of wheat and peanut. These include, (a) Increasing available N, P, and K of the treated soil. (b) Increasing OM content in treated soil. Mixing soil conditioners together i.e. organic amendments and biofertilizer was more efficient in improving chemical properties of the soil than applying each of them alone. In this context, the maximum content of available NPK were (22.64, 13.23 and 68.41 mg kg-1 soil) and (24.14, 13.71 and 70.46 mg kg-1 soil) for N, P and K in the soil after wheat and peanut harvesting, respectively, resulted from the high rate of compost (7.5 ton fed-1) combined with biofertilizers. (c) Increases in the concentration of (N, P, and K) in the seeds as well as yields of seed. It's also noticed that yields significantly increased by increasing rate of organic fertilizer, which amounted to 1.50 times for wheat seed vs 1.95 times for peanut seed over control treatment by treating the soil with compost at rate of ( 7.5 tonfed-1), in sequence. Applied conditioners significantly improved the hydro physical properties of the soil. These include, (a) decreasing soil bulk density as well as macro porosity (drainage pores) on the expense of micro ones. Therefore, water holding pores were increased, (b) increasing retained moisture in the soil at field capacity, wilting point and available water because the increase in water retained in the soil at field capacity is far beyond that at wilting percentage, available water was highly increased. (c) Decreasing soil hydraulic conductivity. Generally, mixing both types of soil conditioners together i.e. organic amendments and biofertilizer was more efficient in improving physico- chemical properties of the soil than applying each of them alone.

THE LIPID-PIGMENT COMPLEX COMPONENTS OF WINTER WHEAT LEAVES AT INOCULATION WITH MICROORGANISMS POSESSING PHOSPHATMOBILIZATION ABILITY

The evaluation of the physiological condition of winter wheat plants inoculated with phosphate mobilizing microorganisms under the phosphorus deficiency conditions was performed. The influence of PaenibacilluspolymyxaKB,Rhizobiumradiobacter1333andRhizobium radiobacter 5006 on lipid-pigment complexes of plants was observed. The accumulation of the major photosynthetic pigments, increasing of chlorophyll (a+b)/carotenoids ratio and maintaining of high level of phosphatidyl glycerol and stable content of sulphoquinovosyl diacylglycerol was revealed. The inoculation of seeds with phosphate mobilizing microorganisms had significantly improved the productivity of wheat plants in all variants with its highest indices at seeds bacterization with Rhizobium radiobacter 5006.

EFFECT OF WELLS WATER QUALITY ON SOME SOIL PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTIVITY IN TOSHKA AREA.

The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the ground water quality of some wells in Toshka area comparing with the Nile water (Nasser Lake) as a control, during 2007-2008 season. Soil chemical properties; and soil productivity for wheat plants (Triticm aestivum L) Giza 168 were also observed. Data obtained from water samples of all wells show that, the pH values of irrigation water were in the normal range, the values of EC were ranged from 0.93 to 1.99 dSm-1, the values of total dissolved solid (TDS mgl-1) were ranged between 595.2 to 1273.6 mgl-1, and the cation values for water wells were found in the following order: Na > Ca > Mg than K. While anions were: Cl > SO4 more than HCO3. Meanwhile, the data obtained from soil samples show that, the soil texture was generally sandy loam, soil reaction is generally slightly to moderately alkaline, gypsum content were ranged from 0.80 to 6.43%, soil organic matter ranged between 0.14 to 0.93%, cation exchange capacity was ranged between 3.08 to 17.62 meq/100g soil, and the soluble cations are in the following order: Na > Ca > Mg than K., while soluble anions were Cl > SO4 more than HCO3. Finally, soils in Toshka area were very poor in there contents of available macro and micro nutrients; therefore, the productivity of wheat plants were recorded 10.75 ardab fad-1. Also, data revealed that the macro and micronutrients in wheat grains, straw and roots recorded lower values compared with the normal values.

Aftereffect of nitrogen fixed by different genotypes of macrosymbiont

The nitrogen regime of gray forest and meadow chernozem soils has been studied, with emphasis placed upon the genotype of macrosymbiont and the aftereffect of nitrogen fixed by it from the air. The pea precursors with more active, genetically conditioned, symbiotic nitrogen fixation show a high efficiency. The productivity of wheat plants increases, depending on foregoing crops possessing nitrogen fixing ability, by a factor of 1.4–2.6 in comparison with a mutant devoid of nodules. The aftereffect from various genotypes of pea was not observed in the second year of a green conveyor.

GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT PLANTS AS AFFECTED BY COMPLETE FOLIAR FERTILIZER COMPOUNDS UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS IN NEWLY CULTIVATED SANDY LAND

Two filed experiments were carried out at the New Salheyia Region, Sharkia Governorate, during the two successive seasons 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 to study growth and productivity of wheat plants as affected by complete foliar fertilizer compounds under water stress conditions in newly cultivated sandy land.

Effect of the culture filtrates ofStreptomyces on growth and productivity of wheat plants

Streptomyces olivaceoviridis, S. rimosus andS. rochei proved to possess a high capacity for the production of auxins, gibberellins and cytokinin-like substances, together with substantial levels of α-amylase and proteinase. Grain priming with culture filtrates ofS. olivaceoviridis, S. rimosus orS. rochei appeared to enhance growth vigor and crop yield of wheat plants. In the majority of cases, the culture filtrate ofS. olivaceoviridis appeared to be the most effective in this respect. The present results are discussed in relation to the indirect role played by these bacteria in producing plant growth-regulating substances and their effects on growth and yield of wheat.