Production Of Maize Plants Research Articles

Potential Impacts of Certain N2-Fixing Bacterial Strains and Mineral N Doses for Enhancing the Growth and Productivity of Maize Plants.

The enhancing effect of N2-fixing bacterial strains in the presence of mineral N doses on maize plants in pots and field trials was investigated. The OT-H1 of 10 isolates maintained the total nitrogen, nitrogenase activities, IAA production, and detection of NH3 in their cultures. In addition, they highly promoted the germination of maize grains in plastic bags compared to the remainder. Therefore, OT-H1 was subjected for identification and selected for further tests. Based on their morphological, cultural, and biochemical traits, they belonged to the genera Azotobacter. The genomic sequences of 16S rRNA were, thus, used to confirm the identification of the genera. Accordingly, the indexes of tree and similarity for the related bacterial species indicated that genera were exactly closely linked to Azotoacter salinestris strain OR512393. In pot (35 days) and field (120 days) trials, the efficiencies of both A. salinestris and Azospirillum oryzea SWERI 111 (sole/dual) with 100, 75, 50, and 25% mineral N doses were evaluated with completely randomized experimental design and three repetitions. Results indicated that N2-fixing bacteria in the presence of mineral N treatment showed pronounced effects compared to controls. A high value of maize plants was also noticed through increasing the concentration of mineral N and peaked at a dose of 100%. Differences among N2-fixing bacteria were insignificant and were observed for A. oryzea with different mineral N doses. Thus, the utilization of A. oryzea and A. salinestris in their dual mix in the presence of 75 followed by 50% mineral N was found to be the superior treatments, causing the enhancement of vegetative growth and grain yield parameters of maize plants. Additionally, proline and the enzyme activities of both polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (PO) of maize leaves were induced, and high protein contents of maize grains were accumulated due to the superior treatments. The utilization of such N2-fixing bacteria was, therefore, found to be effective at improving soil fertility and to be an environmentally safe strategy instead, or at least with low doses, of chemical fertilizers.

Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Application and Compost Fertilizer on the Growth and Production of Maize Plants (Zea Mays L.) on Yellow Red Podzolic Soil

The production of corn plants grown on yellow red Podsolik soil is still low due to low soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of compost type and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi application and their interaction on the growth and production of corn plants in yellow red podsolik soil. The study was a factorial experiment consisting of two factors, namely compost enriched with Trichoderma sp, EM4 compost and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal treatment in the form of factorials in a Randomized Group Design. The first factor is the application of compost and the second factor is the application of mycorrhiza, each of which consists of three levels. The results showed that the interaction between the treatment of compost fertilizer and without Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in corn plants only gave a real effect on plant height and 90% mycorrhizal infection, and the single factor of compost gave a real effect on the number of leaves 10.39 strands, stem diameter 0.66 cm, fruit weight without colobot 88.92 grams, biomass 122.00 grams and root weight 45.00 grams. The application of compost enriched with EM4 without the application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi gave the best results for plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, fruit weight without kolobot, root weight, biomass and root infection. While the compost treatment enriched with Trichoderma sp without the application of Arbuscular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza gave the best results for corn fruit weight.

Use of Trichoderma as an Effort to Increase Growth and Productivity of Maize Plants

Climate change is one of the obstacles that must be faced in agricultural development because it impacts decreasing soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Therefore, efforts are needed to maintain and even increase productivity, one of which is utilizing microorganisms that function as biological fertilizers to keep the soil environment and support the expected results. This study aims to examine the potential of Trichoderma in increasing the growth and productivity of maize plants. This research was conducted using the Randomized Block Design method, nine treatments (A= Control, B= standard NPK, C=¼ NPK + 1 PT, D=½ NPK + 1 PT, E=¾ NPK +1 PT, F= 1 NPK + 1 PT, G=¾ NPK + PT, H=¾ NPK + PT, I=¾ NPK + PT) with three replications, so there were 27 experimental plots. The results showed that using Trichoderma accompanied by NPK fertilizer affected increasing plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter) and maize plants. The use of Trichoderma at various doses can increase the productivity of maize plants.

METODE APLIKASI BORON UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) HIBRIDA

Boron (B) is a micronutrient that has an important role in increasing corn production. Application method B can have different effects on B uptake and crop yield. This study aims to analyze application method B which is more effective in increasing the growth and production of maize plants and to analyze the response of growth and production of Nasa-29, Bisi-2, and Bima-19 URI hybrid maize to application method B. The research was carried out in the experimental garden of Balitserial Bajeng. Gowa Regency. The study was designed using a split-plot design (RPT) with three replications. The main plots were varieties, namely Nasa-29, Bisi-2, and Bima-19 URI, while the subplots were application B through the soil and spraying through leaves. The results showed that the application of B through the soil and the leaves did not show a significant difference in all observed parameters, but the application of B through the soil showed better results. The Nasa-29 variety produced significantly better cob length and cob diameter when given B through the soil, while the Bisi-2 and Bima-19 URI varieties gave no different responses to the B application method for all parameters observed. The application method of B through the soil or the leaves on the three varieties tested did not show a significant difference in yield so the two methods could be an alternative for maize with similar soil conditions in Bajeng, Gowa Regency, and application during the dry season

Фотосинтетична активност и продуктивност на царевица (Zea mays L.), изложена на симулиран дрифт oт хербицида имазамокс и лечебно приложение на протеинови хидролизати

The use of herbicides is а traditional method for weed control in crop-producing systems. Along with the high effective weed control, herbicides might cause phytotoxicity for crop plants, due to insufficient herbicide selectivity, combining herbicide treatment with unsuitable meteorological conditions, long-term persistence of herbicide in the soil or off-target transfer of the herbicide – drift. Imazamox is a selective herbicide of imidazolinone group, used to control annual and perennial weeds in imidazolinone-resistant (IMI-R) crops. Protein hydrolysates (PHs) are a group of plant biostimulants containing small peptides and free amino acids, reported to ameliorate plant abiotic stress tolerance, including herbicide phytotoxicity. This report evaluates the damaging effect of simulated imazamox drift on growth, photosynthetic performance and productivity of maize plants as well as the efficiency of foliar application by protein hydrolysates as therapy means. The received results demonstrated that the simulated imazamox herbicide drift has a strong inhibiting effect on maize plants. This is well illustrated by the retarded growth of maize plants, their disrupted photosynthetic activity and productivity losses. The foliar supply of PHs to imazamox damaged maize plants ameliorates their photosynthetic performance, growth and crop productivity.

Soaking Maize Seeds in Zeatin-Type Cytokinin Biostimulators Improves Salt Tolerance by Enhancing the Antioxidant System and Photosynthetic Efficiency.

There is an urgent need for innovative strategies to raise the performance of environmentally stressed plants. The seeds of single-cross yellow Zea mays (L.) hybrid Giza-168 were soaked in Cis-(c-Z-Ck) or trans-zeatin-type cytokinin (t-Z-Ck) solutions at a concentration of 50 or 40 µM, respectively. Salinity stress was imposed at 0, 75 or 150 mM NaCl in the Hoagland nutrient solution (full strength) used for irrigation. The total carotenoids content was negatively affected by only 150 mM NaCl, while both 75 and 150 mM NaCl negatively affected the growth and yield components, relative water content, membrane stability index, photochemical activity, gas exchange, K+ and chlorophyll contents, K+/Na+ ratio, and photosynthetic efficiency. However, all of these traits were significantly improved by c-Z-Ck pretreatment and further enhanced by t-Z-Ck pretreatment compared with the corresponding controls. Furthermore, the contents of proline, soluble sugars, ascorbate, and glutathione, as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities, were significantly elevated by both salt stress concentrations and increased more by both biostimulators compared to the control. Compared to c-Z-Ck, t-Z-Ck was superior in mitigating the harmful effects of the high H2O2 levels caused by salt stress on the levels of malondialdehyde and ion leakage compared to the control. Under normal or stress conditions, t-Z-Ck pretreatment was better than c-Z-Ck pretreatment, while both positively affected maize hormonal contents. As a result, t-Z-Ck is recommended to enhance the growth and productivity of maize plants by suppressing the effects of oxidative stress caused by saline water irrigation.

THE POLICY IMPACT OF INCREASING CORN PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY ON FOREST AREA IN NTB PROVINCE

Increased production and productivity of maize is a strategy for agricultural development inmeeting food needs which is directly proportional to the increase in population. The expansionof agricultural land is a strategic choice to increase production and productivity, especially incorn. As a result of this expansion, farmers began to encroach on forest areas. Agriculturalactivities are still carried out on land with a slope of> 30º. Forest rehabilitation has increasedfrom 2013-2017 in West Nusa Tenggara Province, increasing production and productivity ofmaize plants should pay attention to land suitability as the basis for cultivation. This studyexamines how programs to increase production and productivity of maize have an impact onforest areas. This research used a qualitative descriptive method with data sources orinformants selected purposively (selected by researchers as key informants) and snowballsampling. Data collection techniques are how to approach subjects, ask questions, observe,read documents and observe the surrounding environment, with criteria of credibilityt,transferability, dependability and confirmabillity.

Bioinoculation using indigenous Bacillus spp. improves growth and yield of Zea mays under the influence of nanozeolite.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02561-2.

Silicon Defensive Role in Maize (Zea mays L.) against Drought Stress and Metals-Contaminated Irrigation Water

Irrigation water rarity and its contamination with toxic metals are increasing gradually and have become imperious issues for the environment at personal and governmental levels. Silicon (Si) can increase plant tolerance to abiotic stressors and beneficially affect plant growth and productivity. The main purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of Si as a foliar application on growth, photosynthetic efficiency, plant-water status, metals accumulation, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of maize grown under drought and metals-contaminated irrigation water stresses. We conducted two-season field experiments in 2017 and 2018 summer seasons on maize grown under two irrigation regimes (Full irrigation (FI = 100%) and deficit irrigation (DI20% = 80%) of crop evapotranspiration) combined with 0 (Si0), 2 (Si2), and 4 (Si4) mM of Si in form of Na2SiO3 applied at 40 and 60 days after planting as a foliar application. In both seasons, maize plants were irrigated with metals-contaminated redundant water (Ni2+; 5.5 ppm, Cd2+; 0.27 ppm, and Cr3+; 5 ppm). Exogenous application of Si increased drought stress tolerance in maize by enhancing photosynthetic efficiency, stomatal conductance (gs) and cell membrane integrity as evaluated by membrane stability index. These results were positively reflected in improving plant growth, WUE, and productivity along with decreasing accumulation of Ni+2, Cd+2, and Cr+3 in leaves and grains under drought stress by metals-contaminated irrigation water. Deficit irrigation and metal-contaminated irrigation water conditions reduced growth and productivity of maize plants. However, foliar application of Si was effective in enhancing the physiological performance, water use efficiency, and productivity of maize under drought and/or contaminated irrigation water conditions. Therefore, Si may, in future, find value as a potential plant growth stimulant under different abiotic stresses.

𝘉𝘢𝘤𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘶𝘴 𝗌𝗉. RZ2MS9 AND THE BACTERIA-FREE FILTRATE IN THE SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF MAIZE SEEDLINGS

Seed vigor and seedling growth directly impact the early stages of maize production. These traits might be improved with the use of bioinoculants. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9 and its bacteria-free filtrate in the seeds’ germination rate (G) and speed (GSI) and seedlings’ length (SL) and dry mass (SDM) of two maize hybrids. After receiving experimental treatments, seeds of maize hybrids DKB390 and 30A37PW ® were grown at a germinator at 25 o C and 90% humidity. GSI was evaluated daily while G (%), SL (cm) and SDM (mg.10 seeds -1 ) were evaluated after 7 days. GSI and SDM were higher in both hybrids treated with Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9. The bacteria-free filtrate produced higher GSI in the 30A37PW ® hybrid only in comparison to the control treatments. Thus, the Bacillus sp. RZ2MS9 and its extracellular secreted compounds might comprise alternative tools to improve development and production of maize plants.

Expert system for corn plant disease diagnosis with the breadth-first search method

Corn is one of the most important carbohydrate-producing food plants in the world, besides wheat and rice. But farmers often experience crop failures caused by disease attacks on corn plants. Some diseases that interfere with the productivity of maize plants are downy mildew, leaf spot disease, leaf rust disease, dwarf virus disease, midrib rot, stem rot and swollen burns. If the disease in corn plants is not known quickly, then the handling will be too late so that the plant will not develop, stop producing even the corn plants can die. This can lead to reduced yields and also cause crop failure. To overcome this problem, an expert system application for diagnosing maize diseases was made by adopting expert knowledge into the system using the breadth first search method that provides information about plant diseases and can diagnose symptoms of plant diseases, especially corn plants, while providing a solution to overcome them, which can later be used to reduce or reduce the risk of damage plant.

Effect of post-silking drought stress on the expression profiles of genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism during leaf senescence in maize (Zea mays L.)

Drought stress during reproductive growth stages greatly affects the growth and productivity of maize plants. To better understand the metabolic regulation during post-silking drought (PD) stress, an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was performed at the late stage of leaf senescence in maize. Physiological measurements showed that PD stress reduced both leaf carbon and nitrogen levels. A total of 4013 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found based on RNA-Seq analysis, 115 of which were identified to be involved in photosynthesis and in the metabolism of sucrose, starch, and amino acids. Among these DEGs, 14 genes involved in photosynthesis were down-regulated. The genes coding for sucrose and pectin synthesis were up-regulated under PD stress. The two genes of asparagine synthetase (ZmAS3 and ZmAS4), which are responsible for nitrogen remobilization in leaves, were also significantly induced by the drought treatment. The expression profiles of these genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism suggests their regulatory roles during drought-induced leaf senescence.

Adubação fosfatada na cultura do milho no nordeste paraense

In Brazil, the maize crop has high production volume, and the State of Para has the potential to become major center for grain production. However, it consists of tropical soils, which are acidic and low phosphorus availability. The aims of this study was to evaluate the growth and productivity of maize plants exposed to different rates of phosphorus in typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol in Capitao Poco city, Northeastern Para State, in 2011. In the experimental area, soil correction was performed by liming, increasing the base saturation to 60%. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates, in which the treatments were: 0; 45; 90; 135 and 180 kg ha-1 of P2O5 applied at sowing, using triple superphosphate source (46% P2O5). The variables: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and number of ears showed a better adjustment of quadratic equation to application of P2O5 in sowing furrow with maximum technical efficiency obtained at rates of 142.1 kg ha-1; 114.62 kg ha-1; 130.59 kg ha-1 and 145 kg ha-1 of P2O5, respectively. The application of 179.87 kg ha-1 of v in corn crop (BR 5102 variety) in a typical dystrophic Yellow Latosol promoted yield of 6.58 t ha-1 of grains under the soil and climatic conditions of Capitao Poco region.

Physiological Effects of Salicylic Acid and Thiourea on Growth and Productivity of Maize Plants in Sandy Soil

This study aimed to investigate the response of vegetative growth, yield, and some metabolic constituents of maize grains cv. Single Cross 124 to foliar applications of salicylic acid (SA; 100, 200, and 400 mg L−1) and thiourea (TU; 500, 1000, and 1500 mgL−1), two bioregulators, either alone or in combination. The foliar application of SA and TU alone significantly increased stem diameter, number of leaves / plant, leaf area, total dry weight / plant, leaf area index, net assimilation rate, specific leaf weight, and yield (i.e., ear length, ear diameter, number of grains / row, number of rows / ear, 100-grain weight, grain yield / plant, grain yield / fed (1 feddan = 4200 m2), harvest index, and shelling percentage) by increasing SA or TU concentrations up to 200 and 1500 mg L−1, respectively. Salicylic acid and TU, when applied alone, significantly improved the nutritional value and quality of maize grains by increasing crude protein, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, and total soluble phenols.

The relationship of proline content and metabolism on the productivity of maize plants

The free proline content in maize ear-leaves, silk and pollen were analyzed in field grown plants which had matured to the pollination stage. Using maize hybrids PR34F02, PR35P12 and PR36B08 field trials were set up at two locations in eastern Croatia in two different years. Two enzymes of proline metabolism were analyzed in the same leaf samples and specific activities of synthetase (P5CS) and proline dehydrogenase (PDH). Plant productivity was evaluated at harvest by the estimation of total and fully developed grain number per ear and per plant, the mean single grain mass, and the mass of grain per plant. The year in which the plants were grown had a very significant effect on the free proline content in the leaf and pollen, as well as on the enzyme activities assayed. The differences between the plants from the two localities were very significant in all tested parameters of plant grain productivity. There was a significant genotype effect on proline content and P5CS total activity in leaf and on all the productivity parameters. Some of the correlations established suggest that the rate of proline synthesis and degradation in maize ear-leaf at pollination might contribute to the final grain production of the maize plant. Multiple regression analyses was used to further analyze the relationship between proline and grain productivity, but it is clear that future work should include other environmental conditions, plant species and organs such as roots.

EFFECT OF BIO AND ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN NEWLY RECLAIMED SOIL

Two field experiments were carried out during two seasons of 2004-2005 to study the effect of inoculation with biofertilizers combined with different types of composts on the growth vigour and productivity of maize plants (Zea mays) grown in sandy soil. Some chemical and biological properties of the used soil after maize cultivated were concerned. Results of two seasons showed that inoculation with Serratia sp ., Trichoderma sp . or their mixture exhibited the higher values of dry weight of shoot and roots as well as grain and stalk yields. Grains percentage of the mean of the two seasons increases over uninoculated plants were 17.1, 11.2 and 24.5%, respectively. There are significant increases in plant height, shoot dry weight due to bio-compost or town refuse application compared to unamended soil. The increases in shoot dry weight were 47.1 and 16.1 % for biocompost and town refuses application, respectively against the unmanured soil. The increasing in grain yield over the mean of the two seasons were 28.9 and 17.7% at the same order. Data general!y showed a slight effect of inoculation on pH, EC, organic matter and total nitrogen content of soil under investigation. On the other hand, application of organic materials displayed great effect on all investigated soil properties. Using of 5 ton compost followed by using of 5 ton town refuse, strongly affect soil properties. The season of 2005 recorded the higher values of the parameters than season 2004.

EFEITOS DE DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE DESPENDOAMENTO NA PRODUÇÃO DE MILHO

Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de despendoamento no desenvolvimento de plantas e produção de sementes de milho, foi conduzido, um ensaio durante três anos agrícolas. Esse trabalho consistiu de cinco tipos de despendoamento (manual, macho-estéril, arranquio do cartucho, mecânico e testemunha) e três genótipos (linhagens A e B e o híbrido CMS 355), em suas versões férteis e estéreis. Esses tratamentos foram combinados num fatorial 5x3 com quatro repetições, num delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso. As variáveis avaliadas, após a imposição dos tratamentos foram: altura da planta, área foliar e peso da matéria seca total. Na colheita, foram avaliados: altura de inserção de espiga, índice de espiga e produção de sementes. Os resultados revelaram que num campo de produção de sementes híbridas o despendoamento manual ou o uso de macho-esterilidade são as técnicas recomendadas. Arranquio do cartucho e despendoamento mecânico afetam negativamente a produção de sementes.

Productivity of maize related to the contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and chlorophyll

Abstract Contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and chlorophyll in whole leaves were measured, and the productivity of maize plants was analyzed in relation to the content of these photosynthetic components. Results were as follows. 1. A very high grain yield (1,140 g m-2 on dry weight basis) was achieved using high-yielding variety and slow-release fertilizer. In this treatment, the total dry weight and the amount of nitrogen absorbed in plants were also highest, and the dry matter increasing rate and nitrogen accumulation rate remained high during the maturation stage compared to other treatments.2. High-yielding variety accumulated a larger amount of chlorophyll than variety with standard yield. On the other hand, the amount of Rubisco was affected by the nitrogen application, and the amount of PEPC was almost the same in both high yielding and variety with standard yield regardless of nitrogen application rate. Thus, to achieve high yield, chlorophyll content is the most important factor.3. Amount of Rubisco and chlorophyll were higher in the case of slow-release fertilizer application than in rapid-release fertilizer application.