Products In Germany Research Articles

Advertisements for prescription-free drugs and dietary supplements in the Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung (German Pharmacist Journal).

The Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung (DAZ, German Pharmacist Journal) is an independent pharmaceutical newspaper focusing on science and practice, mainly for the profession of pharmacist. In this study, drug advertising in the DAZ was analysed. To our knowledge, there is little scientific data available on drug advertising in professional journals. We assumed that professional journals provide particularly good background information on the advertised drugs because they are targeted to specialists. All non-prescription medicines and preparations that fall under the Medicines Advertising Law (Heilmittelwerbegesetz, HWG) were studied. The Medicines Advertising Law regulates the legal procedure for advertising medicinal products in Germany. The 167 product advertisements from the 52 issues of 2021 were analysed and checked for compliance with the Medicines Advertising Law. We identified significant deficiencies in compliance with the legislation. These included the lack of mandatory information required by the Medicines Advertising Law, for example the indication of adverse drug reactions and the listing of contraindications. There are very few peer-reviewed references on the efficacy of the advertised preparations. A scientific validation was carried out using the PubMed database, with the result that scientific information was available only for 1/3 of the advertisements. In addition, the appearance and target groups as well as social structures, images and feelings conveyed by the advertising were analysed. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of drug advertising in professional journals, which have not yet been researched to any great extent. Even in professional journals, pharmacological evidence plays a much smaller role than marketing, psychology and traditional social values. It seems that drug manufacturers deliberately ignore the German Medicines Advertising Law to advertise their products in the best possible way. Stricter legal controls should be put in place to prevent this practice and protect consumers from misinformation. This will increase drug safety.

Environmental potentials from wood cascading: A future-oriented consequential yet dynamic approach considering market and time-dependent biogenic carbon effects for selected scenarios under German conditions

As sustainable forestry limits the roundwood supply, wood cascading emerges as a promising concept to meet the growing demand resulting from Germany's transition to a bioeconomy. To assess the environmental impacts of wood cascading resulting from shifting the incineration of recovered wood and the associated substitution of future energy mixes and materials, a consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) of a wood cascading system providing glued-laminated timber (GLT), particleboard, heat, and electricity is conducted. The assessment of environmental consequences requires a holistic approach, including future-oriented German energy and market scenarios. Furthermore, to analyze the impact of biogenic carbon dynamics, this CLCA was coupled with a dynamic life cycle assessment (DLCA) considering forest growth scenarios and temporal aspects. The results indicate a strong influence of market shifts related to material substitution, followed by energy substitution on the environmental impacts of wood cascading. In fact, the results endorse the implementation of the concept of high-quality wood cascading for substituting non-wood products in Germany, as a transformational path towards a bioeconomy and the achievement of net greenhouse gas neutrality. Compared to the effects of the material and energy substitution scenarios, the forest growth scenarios, which focus on tree species composition influenced by future temperature change and CO2 concentration scenarios, only show a minor influence on global warming impacts. As the findings from applying DLCA contrast with the static approach, it emphasizes the importance of a time-differentiated analysis of biogenic carbon in the evaluation of wood cascading.

In 50 Shades of Orange: Germany’s Photovoltaic Power Generation Landscape

Spatiotemporally resolved data on photovoltaic (PV) power generation are very helpful to analyze the multiple impacts of this variable renewable energy on regional and local scales. In the absence of such disaggregated data for Germany, numerical simulations are needed to obtain the electricity production from PV systems for a time period and region under study. This manuscript presents how a physical simulation model, which uses open access weather and plant data as input vectors, can be created. The developed PV model is then applied to an ensemble of approximately 1.95 million PV systems, consisting of ground-mounted and rooftop installations, in order to compute their electricity production in Germany for the year 2020. The resulting spatially aggregated time series closely matches the measured PV feed-in pattern of Germany throughout the simulated year. Such disaggregated data can be applied to investigate the German PV power generation landscape at various spatiotemporal levels, as each PV system is taken into account with its technical data and the weather conditions at its geo-location. Furthermore, the German PV power generation landscape is presented as detailed maps based on these simulation results, which can also be useful for many other scientific fields such as energy system modeling.

Yosi Kadiri: assessing smokers' perceptions of comparative health risks of cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products in Germany.

Yosi Kadiri: assessing smokers' perceptions of comparative health risks of cigarettes, e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products in Germany.

Towards a sector-specific CO∕CO2 emission ratio: satellite-based observations of CO release from steel production in Germany

Towards a sector-specific CO∕CO₂ emission ratio: satellite-based observations of CO release from steel production in Germany

Survey of Potato Growers’ Perception of Climate Change and Its Impacts on Potato Production in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria

Survey of Potato Growers’ Perception of Climate Change and Its Impacts on Potato Production in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria

Karst control on reservoir performance of a developed carbonate geothermal reservoir in Munich, Germany

The Upper Jurassic ‘Malm’ carbonates of southern Germany are currently the most developed reservoir for geothermal energy production in Germany. Although many studies have investigated the Malm carbonate reservoir, few studies have focused on the palaeokarst system – despite the fact that the reservoir is frequently referred to as ‘Malmkarst’. Data from 25 wells in the Malm reservoir, including well logs, seismic data and hydraulic information, systematically demonstrate the presence of karstification. This is apparent in the form of large sinkholes and amplitude anomalies on the seismic scale, as well as caves observed in the image log and caliper log data. Flowmeter logs correlated with the karstified section on the image log reveal thin zones of elevated permeability, contributing most of the flow at the wellbore scale. The comparison between measurements from core data and well tests provides evidence of the reservoir's excess permeability, exhibiting values several orders of magnitude higher than those measurable in cores. The stratigraphic record suggests that karstification occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, prior to the burial of the carbonates by the sediments of the alpine molasse basin.

Біологічний захист рослин в Європейському Союзі (на прикладі Німеччини)

The application of ecological plant protection products against diseases, pests, and weeds is relevant for modern science-provided crop production. Much attention is paid to this problem in the European Union, where the use of pesticides is strictly adjusted by the European Food Safety Authority. Great hopes are pinned on biological plant protection products. However, among the thousands of biological products included in the BioPesticide DataBase, only a small number are authorized for use in agriculture. The requirements for the use of biological protectants in organic farming are even more stringent, regulating not only the properties of the product but also the crops in which they can be used. The aim of the work was to present the main requirements for the safety of biopesticides in the EU countries and to give an overview of biopesticides authorized for use in traditional and organic farming using Germany as an example. Methods. Analysis of EU documents on the requirements for registration of active substances in biological products for plant protection, biopesticide databases, and the list of biopesticides approved for use in general and organic farming in Germany. Results. According to the EU requirements for biopesticide safety, registration of biological plant protection products based on bacteria, fungi, and viruses, individual microbial cellular components or metabolites, as well as insect predators, pheromones, and plant-origin substances is allowed. Among the biopesticides with bactericidal and fungicidal effects registered in Germany, the preparations based on microbial antagonizing plant pathogens are prevalent, as well as preparations elaborated on the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichoderma asperellum, Verticillium albo-atrum, Coniothyrium minitans, bacteria Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and also the preventive drug Cerevisan based on the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The following bioformulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Cydia pomonella Granulovirus, avermectin antibiotic Abamectine A, herbal products Azadirachtin A and Piretrin, and Maltodextrin are registered as insecticides. A bioformulation based on Bacillus firmus is authorized for use as a nematocide. Conclusions. Registration of biological plant protection products in Germany is carried out in accordance with the EU requirements for the safety of biopesticides. The list includes preparations based on antagonistic microorganisms, predatory microorganisms, microbial metabolites with antibiotic activity, substances for stimulation in plants nonspecific resistance to infectious agents. The fungicidal products are the widest represented. The number of products to control bacterial and nematode infections as well as the bioinsecticides spectrum is very limited. These are the well promising areas for further research and development of biological products.

Consumer Acceptance of Pesticide-Free Dairy Products in Germany: A Partial Least Square Model

A key challenge in this century is to ensure safe food for a growing global population while limiting environmental impacts and addressing climate change. Although pesticides ensure high yields, there are downsides to their intensive use, including negative effects on the environment, such as water, soil, and air contamination, as well as on biodiversity. To promote a sustainability transition, innovative farming systems that do not require the use of pesticides yet are non-organic can be part of the solution. To explore the attitudes toward a pesticide-free, but non-organic farming system, we examined attitudes and factors that drive German consumers to accept pesticide-free food products, using an online questionnaire to survey 1,010 German consumers. A range of hypotheses were evaluated to determine the factors that influence consumer decisions. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) served to assess consumer attitudes and acceptance of pesticide-free milk, butter, and cheese. The study results show that attitudes and acceptance for pesticide-free food products are driven by health consciousness, chemophobia, and perceived consumer effectiveness; they are inhibited by price sensitivity. We find attitudes towards pesticide-free food products to positively moderate the effect of health consciousness, while chemophobic attitudes and perceived consumer effectiveness positively moderate acceptance of pesticide-free food products. Our findings can support researchers, food industry professionals, and regulatory leaders seeking scalable pesticide-free agricultural production methods.

How – and How Much? An Analysis of Major Conflict Lines Regarding the Transformation of German Animal Farming

Based on the concept of a 'future workshop', this paper contributes to the understanding of major conflict lines and future pathways for animal farming in Germany. Participants in the future workshop were tasked with outlining their ideal vision of the future of animal farming, focusing on both its mode and quantity. We found three different types of visions differing in their motivation, farming methods, and the scale of envisioned animal farming: ‘Higher Standards’ (V1), ‘System Change and Reduction’ (V2), ‘Alternatives to Animal Farming’ (V3). V1 seeks to secure the quantities of supply and demand of animal products in Germany with minor adjustments towards improved animal welfare and investments in resource-efficiency and climate friendliness. V2 advocates for comprehensive social and environmental systemic changes throughout the agri-food sector, with substantially fewer animals involved. V3 aims to replace animal farming, with plant-based and other alternatives, whenever and wherever possible. Our findings suggest that there is little ground for a societal consensus on a single future mode and scale of animal farming. Stakeholder dialogues and policy initiatives should therefore allow for different pathways while focusing on compromises in the near future. Short-term solutions may be acceptable to supporters of all three visions, however, achieving this requires reframing the debate from ‘securing the future of animal farming’ to ‘guiding the future of animal farming’, acknowledging the potential – albeit partly – replacement of animal farming by suitable alternatives.

Intravesical oxybutynin treatment for neurogenic detrusor overactivity : Efficacy and safety data from clinical practice with the first intravesical oxybutynin treatment authorized in Germany

Existing therapies for neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO), i.e. oral anticholinergics and botulinum toxin injections, can be associated with serious adverse effects or are not always sufficiently effective. Therefore, there is aneed for alternative safe and effective treatment options for NDO. Intravesical oxybutynin has been successfully used for several years as a prescription drug in adults and children with spinal cord injury and spina bifida. In 2019, VESOXX® (FARCO-PHARMA, Cologne, Germany) became the first registered intravesical oxybutynin product in Germany, which is indicated for the suppression of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in children from 6years of age and adults, who are managing bladder emptying by clean intermittent catheterisation (CIC), if they cannot be adequately managed by oral anticholinergic treatment due to lack of efficacy and/or intolerable side effects. Overall, there are limited data regarding therapy with intravesical oxybutynin, with the majority of publications being retrospective case series. To date, there are limited data on the efficacy and safety of the newly approved intravesical oxybutynin therapy (VESOXX®) in NDO patients. This noninterventional case series from daily routine treatment which evaluated the physician reports of 38patients suggests that intravesical oxybutynin effectively improves maximum detrusor pressure (Pdet max) by decreasing it by 59% from 51.94 cmH2O ± 26.12 standard deviation (SD) to 21.07 cmH2O ± 17.32 SD (P < 0.001, n = 34). Maximum bladder pressure (MBC) increased by 34% from 260.45 ml ± 200.26 SD to 348.45 ml ± 175.90 SD. Positive or similar effects compared to previous therapies were seen in bladder morphology, number of incontinence episodes, urinary tract infections and adverse drug effects. This case series demonstrates that intravesical oxybutynin is an important addition to current therapies for the treatment of NDO and it is also efficacious in the rare setting of other underlying diseases beyond spinal cord injury or spina bifida. The approved intravesical oxybutynin preparation VESOXX® may be auseful alternative for patients who do not respond to other therapies or suffered side effects.

The Influence of GPV, Trust and Satisfaction on Intention to Buy Green Products in Germany and Brazil

The Influence of GPV, Trust and Satisfaction on Intention to Buy Green Products in Germany and Brazil

Cost-effectiveness of incentives for physical activity in coronary heart disease in Germany: pre-trial health economic model of a complex intervention following the new MRC framework

ObjectivesThe German Incentives for Physical Activity in Cardiac Patients trial is a three-arm, randomised controlled trial for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Guidance for developing complex interventions recommends...

Onshore versus offshore capacity factor and reliability for wind energy production in Germany: 2010–2022

AbstractSimilarities and differences between the features related to the productivity of onshore and offshore wind energy are developed with the aid of information theory techniques complemented by normal statistics. The data comes from the 13‐year period between 2010 and 2022 for the registered turbines in Germany (practically all). The information content of the generated power is dynamically measured by the mutability of the files storing the information. Monthly statistics show that in spite of the Summer months being relatively unproductive, the corresponding mutability shows the possibility of making use of short periods of intermediate productivity in the case of offshore plants. Favorable conditions for wind energy generation in Wintertime are reached for both onshore and offshore production, although the latter is favored. More homogeneity and stability in the data are still necessary to generalize algorithms, protocols, and criteria. This general study shows the success of the information theory techniques in describing wind ramps. Applications to specific zones could improve the efficiency and capacity factor of particular wind turbines depending on their exposure to wind streams or the blocking of nearby mountains and forestry. The information theory techniques presented here allow for a different and novel viewpoint to detect favorable and unfavorable wind energy periods.

Environmental Impact of e-Fuels via the Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (SOEC) and Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) Route for Use in Germany

This paper examines the current and prospective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of e-fuels produced via electrolysis and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the years 2021, 2030, and 2050 for use in Germany. The GHG emissions are determined by a scenario approach as a combination of a literature-based top-down and bottom-up approach. Considered process steps are the provision of feedstocks, electrolysis (via solid oxide co-electrolysis; SOEC), synthesis (via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis; FTS), e-crude refining, eventual transport to, and use in Germany. The results indicate that the current GHG emissions for e-fuel production in the exemplary export countries Saudi Arabia and Chile are above those of conventional fuels. Scenarios for the production in Germany lead to current GHG emissions of 2.78–3.47 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2021 as the reference year and 0.064–0.082 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2050. With a share of 58–96%, according to the respective scenario, the electrolysis is the main determinant of the GHG emissions in the production process. The use of additional renewable energy during the production process in combination with direct air capture (DAC) are the main leverages to reduce GHG emissions.

Biodiversity impact of food waste: Quantification for supply chain stages and products in Germany

AbstractReducing food waste could lower pressures on land resources and thereby contribute to the mitigation of global biodiversity loss. The reduction of food waste and biodiversity loss are also specified in the Sustainable Development Goals 12.3 and 15 of the United Nations. However, which supply chain stages and food products to target with policy measures is hardly known. Especially, a differentiation of the impact after sub‐stages and taxa is still missing and is therefore quantified in the present study. The food waste mass at five supply chain stages and seven sub‐stages in Germany was calculated and differentiated after 204 food products. All products were traced back to their countries of origin, in which their land use impact on mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and plants was quantified. A new approach was developed to calculate the detailed feed demand for animal products. Germany's avoidable food waste (food that was edible before its disposal) leads to 0.3 vertebrate and 1.5 plant species being potentially lost globally. Household‐level waste is responsible for 47% of this species loss, while food services show the largest impact per mass, with individual catering being as influential as one‐person households. The most influential products are obtained from pigs and cattle. Among vertebrate taxa, mainly amphibians are affected, occurring in the mainly affected country Brazil. The results can be used to formulate policies that target, for example, individual catering or display the impact of animal products and their feed demand.

Compliance of blood donors in Germany with non-sexual deferral criteria.

In addition to mandatory testing of blood donations, the deferral of donors in the case of various sexual and non-sexual risk exposures ensures the safety of blood products in Germany. The study aimed to quantify non-disclosure of non-sexual risk exposures, as no data are available so far. We conducted an anonymous online survey among whole-blood donors with successful donations between January and March 2020. Data on travel to countries with endemic malaria, recent mild or febrile infections, tattoos or piercings and drug use were collected. We analysed non-compliance in relation to donor demographics by multivariable analyses. Altogether, 5.4% of the donors were non-compliant. Non-disclosure was highest for mild infection with 3.3% of donors, followed by febrile infections (1.4%), travel to malaria endemic countries (0.7%) and body modifications (0.5%). Intravenous drug use was negligible in our study population. Age was a predictor for all investigated risks, with higher prevalence in younger age groups. Prevalence ratios for non-disclosure of body modifications and mild infection were higher in females than males. Donation in blood establishments with mobile services was associated with higher non-disclosure of mild infections. The considerable degree of non-compliance in some donor groups reflects the prevalence of risk factors in the underlying population (e.g., body modification) as well as probable tendency to socially desirable responding. Donor education should not focus exclusively on sexual risk behaviour, as undisclosed non-sexual exposures may bear risks for recipients and donors.

ПРИВЛАСНЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО ПРОДУКТУ: МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article was sanctified to research of international experience of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product. On the achievements of foreign experience of realization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product was accented. The prospects of implementation of partial conditions of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product from the European countries to realities of national economics of Ukraine were circumscribe. Analysis of evolution of product's of attribute of appropriation of intellectual product and specific of its deployment in the conditions of the Ancient World and in the epoch of European middle Ages was conducted. Significant differences in the evolution of such attribute of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in the European countries in New and Newest times were shown. To research of specific of exteriorization of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product in Germany was spared the special attention. Were found out the stages of fixing and legitimating of intellectual product, namely: symbol (to V of century), privileged (from V to ХVІІІ of century), legal (from ХVІІІ to ХІХ of century), sign-symbol (from the end ХІХ of century). On the exert of appropriation mainly not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product in the conditions of strengthening of tendency of transformation of large ownership in the largest at the Germany was accented. The functional of appropriation not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product was detected and formalized in the system of equalizations. The stimulus of the extended reproduction of actors of appropriation not own the created legitimate informatively-digital intellectual product were severed in next parts: the state-private partnership for subsidies to tuitions of skilled specialists, research-and-developments (in the cluster of creators); protecting of national inventions from the "unwanted copy" (in the cluster of producers); government stimulation by the subsidies of research-and-developments, and also structuring of relations between a bank and industry (in the cluster of mediators-entrepreneurs). Further researches must be directed on the search of prospects of implementation of partial conditions of appropriation of informatively-digital intellectual product from the European countries to realities of national economics of Ukraine. Practical importance of the paper was represented in an availability for government regulation of use of international experience of development of local types of industrial activity in Ukraine, and also them scientific accompaniment.

Smart Glocal Production – An Assessment Approach for the Readiness Level of Manufacturing Companies

Current challenges such as climate change, the limits of natural resources, and increasing customer-specific sustainability demands require a transformation of value creation. The aim is to move from global sourcing to more local value creation by creating synergistic energy and circular material flows and making better use of capacities while taking urban structures into account.This paper discusses an approach of Smart Glocal Production that combines spatially networked production in global enterprise networks. Based on a literature review, examples of Smart Glocal Production in Germany and Austria are presented. The core of the paper is a novel assessment approach for manufacturing companies to determine their readiness level for glocal production. On this basis, smart measures can be derived with special consideration of digitization initiatives to support manufacturing companies on their way to a more sustainable value creation in industrial areas.

German food security in times of crisis

The article deals with the German food security during the conflict in Ukraine. The study analyses the German food system resilience and the Ukrainian crisis impact on food security. The author aims to solve several scientific problems as well. The article examines the German understanding of food security and how the national concept corresponds to the approaches of international organisations. The author analyses the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products in Germany and the impact of the Ukrainian conflict on various imported food products. She examines official documents of the UN FAO, the government of Germany, and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food to identify the conception of food security in Germany. The researcher scrutinises statistic data provided by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, the Federal Office for Food and Agriculture, the Federal Statistical Office and concludes about the level of German self-sufficiency in food. The interpretation of data data of fluctuations in the supply of oilseeds and oil reveals the effect of Ukrainian crisis on German food security as well. Official papers and statistic data analysis shows that Germany achieved self-sufficiency in basic food. The country focuses on strengthening the sustainability of agriculture and improving food quality in its national strategic papers. The weak element of food security is imports of oil and oilseeds, the supply of which declined in 2022. At the same time, raising prices and declining supplies of gas and fertilisers can become a serious threat to food security.