Agricultural Production Research Articles

Effects of Various Herbicide Types and Doses, Tillage Systems, and Nitrogen Rates on CO2 Emissions from Agricultural Land: A Literature Review

Although herbicides are essential for global agriculture and controlling weeds, they impact soil microbial communities and CO2 emissions. However, the effects of herbicides, tillage systems, and nitrogen fertilisation on CO2 emissions under different environmental conditions are poorly understood. This review explores how various agricultural practices and inputs affect CO2 emissions and addresses the impact of pest-management strategies, tillage systems, and nitrogen fertiliser usage on CO2 emissions using multiple databases. Key findings indicate that both increased and decreased tendencies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were observed, depending on the herbicide type, dose, soil properties, and application methods. Several studies reported a positive correlation between CO2 emissions and increased agricultural production. Combining herbicides with other methods effectively controls emissions with minimal chemical inputs. Conservation practices like no-tillage were more effective than conventional tillage in mitigating carbon emissions. Integrated pest management, conservation tillage, and nitrogen fertiliser rate optimisation were shown to reduce herbicide use and soil greenhouse gas emissions. Fertilisers are similarly important; depending on the dosage, they may support yield or harm the soil. Fertiliser benefits are contingent on appropriate management practices for specific soil and field conditions. This review highlights the significance of adaptable management strategies that consider local environmental conditions and can guide future studies and inform policies to promote sustainable agriculture practices worldwide.

Valuable Data "Gain" and "Loss": The Quantitative Impact of Information Choice on Consumers' Decision to Buy Selenium-Rich Agricultural Products.

Biotechnology assumes a paramount role in addressing micronutrient deficiencies. The promotion thereof and the augmentation of public awareness are indispensable for implementation. The advancement of big data presents challenges due to the plethora of information and the constrained processing capacity, thereby inducing difficulties in consumer decision-making. The study is obliged to intensify information dissemination to empower consumers to apprehend the value of selenium-enriched products as an integral constituent of positive nutrition guidance. The study undertook an experiment related to nutrition information acquisition, in which participants provided relevant interferences. The study utilized the structural equation model (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyze the data. The study arrived at three research conclusions. Firstly, the furnishing of valuable information constitutes a significant factor in motivating consumers to purchase selenium-rich agricultural products. Secondly, the communication of brand information holds crucial significance in shaping the perception of product advantages and plays a salient role in the promotion and construction of selenium-rich agricultural products. Finally, the dissemination of health information can be incorporated into the process of promoting selenium-rich agricultural products. This conforms to the urgent necessity to address hidden hunger and establish a value identity.

Assessment of a LPG hybrid solar dryer assisted with smart air circulation system for drying basil leaves

The fluctuation of solar radiation throughout the day presents a significant obstacle to the widespread adoption of solar dryers for the dehydration of agricultural products, particularly those that are sensitive to high temperatures, such as basil leaf drying during the winter season. Consequently, this recent study sought to address the limitations of solar-powered dryers by implementing a hybrid drying system that harnesses both solar energy and liquid petroleum gas (LPG). Furthermore, an innovative automatic electronic unit was integrated to facilitate the circulation of air between the drying chamber and the ambient environment. Considering the solar radiation status in Egypt, an LPG hybrid solar dryer has been developed to be suitable for both sunny and cloudy weather conditions. This hybrid solar dryer (HSD) uses indirect forced convection and a controlled auxiliary heating system (LPG) to regulate both temperature and relative humidity, resulting in increased drying rates, reduced energy consumption, and the production of high-quality dried products. The HSD was tested and evaluated for drying basil leaves at three different temperatures of50, 55, and 60 °C and three air changing rates of 70, 80, and 90%, during both summer and winter sessions. The obtained results showed that drying basil at a temperature of 60 °C and an air changing rate of 90% led to a decrease in the drying time by about 35.71% and 35.56% in summer and winter, respectively, where summer drying took 135–210 min and winter drying took 145–225 min to reach equilibrium moisture content (MC). Additionally, the effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 5.25 to 9.06 × 10− 9 m2/s, where higher values of effective moisture diffusivity (EMD) were increased with increasing both drying temperatures and air change rates. Furthermore, the activation energy decreased from 16.557 to 25.182 kJ/mol to 1.945–15.366 kJ/mol for the winter and summer sessions, respectively. On the other hand, the analysis of thin-layer kinetic showed that the Modified Midilli II model has a higher coefficient of determination R2, the lowest χ2, and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) compared to the other models of both winter and summer sessions. Finally, the LPG hybrid solar dryer can be used for drying a wide range of agricultural products, and it is more efficient for drying medicinal plants. This innovative dryer utilizes a combination of LPG and solar energy, making it efficient and environmentally friendly.

Characterization of Bacillus pacificus G124 and Its Promoting Role in Plant Growth and Drought Tolerance.

Drought represents a major environmental threat to global agricultural productivity. Employing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) offers a promising strategy to enhance plant growth and resilience under drought stress. In this study, the strain G124, isolated from the arid region of Qinghai, was characterized at the molecular level, and its ability to enhance plant drought tolerance was validated through pot experiments. The findings revealed that the strain G124 belongs to Bacillus pacificus, with a 99.93% sequence similarity with B. pacificus EB422 and clustered within the same clade. Further analysis indicated that the strain G124 demonstrated a variety of growth-promoting characteristics, including siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), among others. Moreover, inoculation with B. pacificus G124 resulted in significant enhancements in plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content, relative water content, and root development in both Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago sativa seedlings under drought conditions. Additionally, G124 boosted antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolyte accumulation, while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in M. sativa seedlings exposed to drought. These findings suggest that B. pacificus G124 holds significant promise for enhancing plant drought tolerance and could be effectively utilized in crop management strategies under arid conditions.

Water volumes and mulches affect plant growth, leaf nutrient status and orchard soil mineral content of sweet orange cv. Mosambi

Day-by-day increasing irrigation water scarcity requires the application of water-saving irrigation techniques to sustain agriculture production. A two-year field investigation was conducted during 2018 to 2020 to determine the effects of various mulches and irrigation volumes on the growth, leaf chemicals and soil properties of one-year-old sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis) cv. Mosambi. The study included three irrigation schedules, viz.100% ETc (I1), 80% ETc (I2), and 60% ETc (I3), and five different mulches were used, viz. without mulch, white polythene, coriander straw, dry grass and black polythene mulches, replicated thrice. Results demonstrated that drip irrigation with 100% ETc and mulching with black polythene mulch significantly increase the plant growth attributes like height of the plant (28.64%) (30.31%), rootstock girth (36.61%) (37.90%), plant canopy spread (E-W and N-S) (EW- 63.82%, NS- 63.87%) (EW- 67.56%, NS- 67.90%) and leaf area (2.4%) (2.34%). Furthermore, plant leaf chlorophyll content (2.41 mg g-1) (2.41 mg g-1) and leaf mineral content such as N (2.39%) (2.40%), P (0.16%) (0.165%), K (1.57%) (1.59%), Ca (47.34 g kg-1) (47.80 g kg-1), Mg (4.54 g kg-1) (4.57 g kg-1), Fe (120.51 g kg-1) (123.15 g kg-1) and Zn (39.00 g kg-1) (37.84 g kg-1) were noted to be significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in plants that received 100% (were ETc (I1) and mulching with black polythene mulch (M1) treatment. Taken together, the results suggested that treatments I1 and M1 have the potential to maximize plant growth, leaf chemicals and soil nutrients of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cv. Mosambi plants.

PELATIHAN PENGEMBANGAN AGRO EDU WISATA MENUJU SMART VILLAGE YANG BERKELANJUTAN PADA KELOMPOK MILENIAL

Agro edu-tourism is an alternative to community economic development, especially in rural areas, which can increase the income and welfare of local residents through the tourism and agriculture sectors. Sindulang Village is one of the villages that has great potential in the agricultural and tourism sectors. With this great potential, the Sangga Buana University Community Service team together with partners from local millennial groups aim to make the agricultural land area in Sindulang Village an Agro Edu Tourism object towards a sustainable Smart Village. One of the important factors to achieve the realization of the objectives of this activity is by improving the quality of human resources of partners. Several problems were found that became obstacles to the realization of agro edu tourism development in terms of knowledge about the agricultural production process, digital marketing-based marketing, and Tourism Awareness Groups. The method of implementation in this activity is by conducting training, demonstrations, and discussions with service partner participants. The results of the implementation of the training increased understanding and knowledge of the material raised from the obstacles experienced. So that after the training is carried out, agro edu tourism planning towards a smart village which is the goal of this activity can be continued by looking at various other factors, guidance on utilizing digital marketing, keeping financial records, photography, managing the development of tourism packages, and handling tourism risk management.

Effect of Plow Pan on the Redistribution Dynamics of Water and Nutrient Transport in Soils

Plow pans are an essential part of the agricultural soil structure. By adjusting the soil bulk density and plow pan height, the water and nutrient transport are dynamically redistributed. Plow pans play a crucial role in promoting crop growth, increasing yields, and supporting sustainable land management. In this study, a column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plow pan height (10 cm and 15 cm) and bulk density (1.2, 1.4, and 1.6 g cm⁻3) on soil nutrient and water leaching under high-volume (HV) and low-volume (LV) fertilizer applications. The results reveal that the leachate volume decreased by 61.9% at a plow pan height of 10 cm and by 96.2% at a plow pan height of 15 cm when the bulk density was increased from 1.2 to 1.4 g cm⁻3 under HV conditions. There was no leachate when the plow pan bulk density was 1.6 g cm−3. The reserved concentration of alkali-hydrolyzable N in the plow pan soils was the highest when the plow pan had a bulk density of 1.4 g cm−3 and a height of 15 cm. However, when the plow pan height was 15 cm, the available P content in the plow pan soils decreased by 27.0% and 21.0% at bulk densities of 1.4 g cm⁻3 and 1.6 g cm⁻3, respectively, when compared with 1.2 g cm⁻3. Furthermore, the available P concentrations in the plow pan and subsoil layers decreased with an increase in the plow pan height. The available K concentrations in the topsoil decreased by 26.8% and 24.0% when the plow pan bulk density was increased from 1.2 to 1.4 g cm−3 at heights of 10 and 15 cm, respectively. Thus, the optimal plow pan height and bulk density are closely related to the types of soil nutrients. However, it is clear that excessively high bulk densities (e.g., 1.6 g cm−3) negatively impact soil properties. For different nutrient requirements, a bulk density of 1.2 or 1.4 g cm−3 can be chosen, with each providing suitable options based on the specific nutrient needs. This research offers practical insights into changes in nutrient adsorption and fixation in agricultural production associated with alterations in plow pan bulk density.

GIS‐based surface irrigation potential assessment of Gololcha River Watershed, Awash Basin, Ethiopia

AbstractThe Gololcha River Watershed is lacking comprehensive assessment of land suitability for surface irrigation, available water potential, and prioritized irrigable areas. This study aims to evaluate the potential of land and water resources for surface irrigation in the Gololcha River Watershed. The study employed a multi‐criteria analysis approach using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and ArcGIS to assess land suitability, considering factors like slope, land use/cover, soil characteristics, and proximity to water sources. The observed mean monthly water flow potential for each sub‐watershed was statistically evaluated, and the area ratio approach was used to transfer discharges from gauged sites to the site of interest. Irrigation water requirements for three major crops in the study area were calculated using the CROPWAT8.0 model. The findings revealed an average water availability for irrigation of 2.70 m3/s/month, 1.10 m3/s/month, and 1.03 m3/s/month for the Kurkura, Midagdu, and Wefi sub‐watersheds, respectively, with a total annual river flow of 161 m3/s. Based on the suitability analysis, 2508 ha (7.27%) of the watershed area was classified as highly suitable for surface irrigation, 16,420 ha (47.565%) as moderately suitable, 1502 ha (4.35%) as marginally suitable, and 14,029 ha (40.71%) as unsuitable. The overall surface irrigation potential, aligned with available water, was estimated at 4872.58 ha. However, due to water limitations, only 14.15% of the total suitable land can be irrigated using existing flows. The study highlights the significant potential for expanding surface irrigation in the Gololcha River Watershed, particularly during the rainy seasons when substantial water flows are available. The findings provide valuable insights for developing sustainable irrigation strategies, enhancing agricultural productivity, and contributing to food security in the region.

Agricultural policy in the field of innovation and digitalization of agricultural exports: legal framework

The article highlights the issues of the state agriculturalpolicyonthedevelopmentofinformation and innovative agricultural relations in the field of digitalization of agricultural exports (hereinafter - agroexport). The peculiarities of the pilot project on verification of agro-industrial complex entities under martial law are clarified. It is emphasized that the verification of agro-exporters is aimed at developing agrarian information and innovation relations, widespread use of digitalization in the agricultural sector, strengthening the rule of law and overcoming bureaucratic obstacles in all areas of agricultural production, and minimizing the corruption element in agricultural export relations. To be included in the list of verified agricultural entities, an entity must have a special legal personality, the elements of which are: the status of an agricultural producer; experience in exporting agricultural products; registration in the State Agrarian Register; financial stability; and systematic economic activity. The author determines that the State Agrarian Register is an intangible asset in the form of a complex digital object which combines a computer program and a non-original database. It is accounted for and administered by the state. Intellectual property rights to this Register belong to the state. The registration of entities in the State Agrarian Register creates a potential opportunity for agribusinesses to timely submit applications for state support, as well as permits, conduct their own verification as an agro-export entity, etc. The digitalization of such data is the basis for the opening of electronic agricultural markets, including digital agricultural exports. Given the potential of digital trade, the author argues that it is expedient to support the further filling and functioning of the State Agrarian Register and verification of agro-exporters as prerequisites for the further development of digital agrarian legal relations. It is emphasized that the digitalization of agricultural production is an additional factor for expanding the markets for national agricultural products. Thus, due to the introduction of digitalization into the production process, a future consumer of agricultural products (regardless of their location in the world) can potentially track the entire process - from the selection of high- quality seeds to finished products.

Dual signal amplification strategy-based electrochemical aptasensor utilizing redox molecule/MOF composites for multi-pesticide detection

Electrochemical aptasensor is a great tool for simultaneously assessing harmful pesticide residues in agricultural products and foods. This study ingeniously designed an electrochemical aptasensor based on dual signal amplification strategies for concurrent detection of various pesticide residues. Firstly, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (PR) and Au-Pt-Pd trimetallic nanoflowers supported on HP-UiO66-NH2 were creatively employed together as substrates to load more aptamers, ascribed to the improved conductivity, abundant sites and a large electrochemical effective surface area. Secondly, ferrocene-cysteine gold nanoparticles supported on CeMOF(Ⅲ, Ⅳ) and methylene blue-loaded MOF235 were innovatively engineered to build two distinctive signal labels, which displayed comparable large and stable signal currents among other redox molecule/MOF composites. Additionally, PR contributed further signal amplification. Consequently, the constructed aptasensor showed superior performance for simultaneous detection of acetamiprid (AD) and malathion (ML), with linear ranges from 10 pM to 0.1 μM and detection limits of 4.8 pM for AD and 0.51 pM for ML. Moreover, the aptasensor performed well in the assay of AD and ML in Chinese cabbage samples with high accuracy compared with a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Overall, the strategies proposed herein provided a useful and potential route for general development of electrochemical aptasensors to simultaneously detect multiple pesticide residues.

Social and Economic Problems of Agricultural Enterprises: The Case of Bayburt

Agricultural enterprises are enterprises that make significant contributions to the economic, social and cultural development of countries by engaging in agricultural production, agricultural product processing and agricultural marketing activities. It can be said that agricultural enterprises in Türkiye face many problems because they are mostly SMEs. The aim of this study is to examine the social and economic problems of agricultural enterprises based on the Bayburt example. In the study, it was deemed appropriate to use face-to-face interview technique within the scope of qualitative research method. In the interview, a questionnaire containing 32 questions about the social and economic problems of agricultural enterprises was used in addition to questions about participants and agricultural enterprises such as position, sector experience, enterprise size, enterprise title. Data were collected from 27 agricultural enterprises engaged in production, processing and marketing activities in Bayburt province. Content analysis technique was used to analyze the data. The responses of the participants were processed in depth within the scope of the themes determined in accordance with the content analysis technique, and the social and economic problems of agricultural enterprises were identified and solution suggestions were developed. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that agricultural enterprises have various problems related to management, production, marketing, finance and risk management, accounting, human resources, R&D and infrastructure, and suggestions were made within the scope of each theme. In conclusion, it is thought that this study will shed light on all agricultural enterprises operating in the sector and relevant stakeholders by addressing the existing problems, identifying the obstacles and developing recommendations.

Analysis of the structure of Russian acreage within the framework of the concept of sustainable agriculture

The purpose of scientific work is a comprehensive analysis of the impact of changes in the structure of acreage and the land use system on ensuring the sustainability of the agricultural industry in Russia. The results obtained demonstrate that, despite the implementation of a number of legislative initiatives aimed at improving the efficiency and environmental orientation of agriculture, a number of unresolved problems remain in the Russian Federation that hinder the transition to a model of sustainable agricultural production. Inefficient use of land resources is a problem faced by many agricultural regions in Russia. Irrational structuring of land, unbalanced distribution of agricultural land, low efficiency of use of modern technologies and resources lead to the loss of land potential. This has a negative impact on the yield and quality of agricultural products. There may be insufficient attention to the environmental aspects of land management: conserving biodiversity, maintaining natural ecosystems, minimizing the ecological footprint of agricultural activities and applying methods that promote soil regeneration. The comprehensive improvement of land management mechanisms in the Russian Federation, taking into account the concept of sustainable agriculture, involves the development and implementation of policies aimed at stimulating sustainable agricultural practices, supporting innovative methods and technologies, as well as training and advising agricultural producers on sustainable agriculture. This approach will significantly improve land use efficiency and ensure the sustainable development of Russia's agricultural sector.

Research on the social functions of trade to support the development of marketability of farm products

In recent years, there has been a problem of reducing the marketability of agricultural products of farms for many types of goods. Among the key food products supplied by farmers, the negative dynamics of sales was noted for the sale of potatoes and vegetables. This situation is largely related to the annual fluctuations in agricultural production, which is especially evident in the cultivation of fruit and vegetable crops. Using econometric modeling based on the construction of regressions based on panel data, the article shows the negative impact of changes in production volumes on the percentage of marketability of farm products. Farmers, like other small-scale enterprises, do not have a developed marketing infrastructure, unlike agricultural organizations. Therefore, farms are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in production volumes, which create for them the problem of lack or excess of resources for sales. An important way to solve this problem is the activity of trade organizations aimed at implementing social functions to support the sale of farm products. In Russia, such social practices are being implemented by the largest representatives of the retail industry in a pilot mode in certain regions of the country. In particular, in some areas, agricultural aggregators are operating, launched by the “X5 Group” and “Magnit” retail chains, which perform technological and marketing functions to ensure the sale of farm goods. There are other social projects of trade organizations, for example, “Agrocontract” and “Farmer›s Island”, initiated by “X5 Group”, which involve the conclusion of direct contracts with farmers in order to reduce the purchase prices of goods and provide for the purchase of various unique goods from farmers. The expansion of the social functions of trade organizations will significantly overcome the existing problems of marketing farm products and provide such farms with sufficient income and profit for further self-development of activities.

Response Mechanism and Evolution Trend of Carbon Effect in the Farmland Ecosystem of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The farmland system in the global terrestrial ecosystem has dual attributes as both a carbon source and a carbon sink, playing a crucial role in controlling carbon emissions and mitigating global warming. Using carbon source and sink accounting of farmland ecosystems, we applied methods such as standard deviation ellipse, Tapio decoupling theory, and Markov chain to analyze the spatiotemporal changes, response mechanisms, and evolutionary trends of regional carbon effects. The results indicated that from 2011 to 2021, the farmland ecosystem in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River consistently acted as a carbon sink. However, the net carbon sink showed slight fluctuations and significant spatial differences. The migration range of the net carbon sink center in the farmland ecosystem of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was relatively small, ranging from 115.52 to 115.77° E and 30.14 to 30.27° N. The decomposition of the Tapio decoupling index between the net carbon sink of the farmland ecosystem and agricultural output value showed the order of effects on their coupling relationship as follows: agricultural mechanization level > agricultural mechanization efficiency > agricultural output value > planting scale. The probability of maintaining the original state of net carbon sink in various cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (over 77%) was much higher than the probability of transfer, making it difficult to achieve a leapfrog growth in net carbon sink. The net carbon sink at the city scale exhibits the Matthew effect and spatial spillover effect. The above research results clarify the spatiotemporal changes in carbon effects in agricultural production at multiple levels, including city, province, and region. They also provide a theoretical basis for formulating differentiated regional emission reduction and sink enhancement strategies in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, promoting the rapid development of low-carbon agriculture in China.

Agricultural resilience: Impact of extreme weather events on the adoption of rural insurance in Brazil

Brazil’s agricultural, livestock, and forestry production is essential, feeding more than 10% of the global population. However, climate change and extremes affect quality and production, challenging the Sustainable Development Goals of eradicating hunger and poverty. Extreme weather events generate economic and social costs, driving the use of adaptation strategies, with rural insurance being one of the main instruments to manage these risks. This study analyzes the impact of extreme weather events on rural insurance contracting in Brazil, using daily precipitation and temperature data to calculate extreme weather indices and perform panel regressions. The analysis of Minimum Comparable Areas (MCAs) between 2006 and 2016 showed that events such as “Frost” and “Hot Days” significantly increased insurance contracting, especially in the South and Central-West regions. The results highlight the importance of extreme variables and the need to consider regional differences and insurance alternatives. Despite the importance of insurance, increasing financial unviability suggests the need for additional strategies, such as crop diversification, community solidarity, and conservation of agricultural practices.

IoT-Enabled Air Irrigation: A Data-Driven Approach to Sustainable Agriculture in Water-Scarce Regions

The escalating water scarcity crisis, particularly in arid regions like Maharashtra, India, poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity. Traditional irrigation methods often face challenges related to water wastage and inefficient distribution. To address these issues, this study proposes an innovative IoT-enabled smart “Air Irrigation" system. This novel approach involves dispersing water into the air to create a microclimate with optimal humidity levels, promoting plant growth and reducing water consumption.

Bibliometric Analysis of Root Research under Drip Irrigation Based on Web of Science

The study delves into the prevailing focal points and developmental trends within the international sphere of crop root research under drip irrigation. It leverages the Web of Science core database and employs VOSviewer for a systematic review of the literature spanning 2001 to 2022. The analysis encompasses publication counts, publishing journals, contributing authors, research institutions, and keywords. Findings indicate that research on root systems under drip irrigation has become a notable area of interest in the field of irrigation, attracting global scholarly attention. There is a marked upward trend in publication output, with institutions in China and the United States taking on central roles. Journals like Agricultural Water Management and Acta Horticulturae are key publication venues, with Vadose Zone Journal being notable for high-impact articles. The research primarily involves agronomy, water resources, and horticulture, focusing on yield enhancement through drip irrigation, root distribution under various techniques, crop quality in response to partial root-zone drying, and irrigation scheduling model development. Scholars like Jiri Simunek and Yaohu Kang have made substantial contributions. The field’s established framework calls for continued international collaboration to drive further innovation. The identified trends and parameters can be a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, guiding efforts to optimize agricultural productivity and resource use.

Economic and biological assessment of a new medium-ripened variety of soft winter wheat Priazovye

Relevance. In the Russian Federation, winter common wheat is the main food and strategic crop. Permanent improvement of productivity and quality of wheat grain, reducing its production costs is the main task of agricultural production. To solve this problem, the leading place is given to the continuous and constant creation and introduction into production of new competitive wheat varieties, highly adapted to stress factors, with guaranteed high yields and high grain quality.Methods. The research was carried out in the southern zone of the Rostov region at the experimental sites of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution ANTS “Donskoy” in 2021–2023 in order to create a new variety of soft winter wheat capable of forming not only high yields, but also having high frost resistance, drought resistance, resistance to leaf diseases, possessing high rheological and technological properties of grain and flour.Results. The winter common wheat variety Priazovie was developed by stepwise hybridization using the varieties Voyazh and Tanya. This is a highly productive variety. On average, over three years (2021–2023) of study in the competitive variety testing, the productivity of the variety laid in green manure fallow was 9.88 t/ha, exceeding that of the standard variety by 1.56 t/ha. The variety is capable of producing high yields after various forecrops. The maximum productivity of the variety (12.23 t/ha) was obtained in green manure fallow in 2022. The variety forms a high stem capacity (up to 800 pcs/m²), and is characterized by high resistance to the main leaf diseases, such as powdery mildew, brown and yellow mildew, loose smut, leaf blotch, etc. According to the main indicators of grain and flour quality, it belongs to valuable wheat, in terms of frost resistance (73.3%) it surpasses the standard Ermak variety (69.2%).

Relationship between polymorphism of GDF5 and CAPN1 genes in kalmyk breed cattle with economic and biological traits

The article presents the results of polymorphism of the GDF5 and CAPN1 genes in cattle of the Kalmyk breed, owned by the agricultural production company “Plodovitoe” of the Maloderbetovsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia, in the amount of 60 heads. DNA samples were isolated from whole blood taken from the jugular vein by an automatic extraction method. A real-time polymerase chain reaction was carried out to determine the polymorphism T586C of the GDF5 gene and C316G of the CAPN1 gene. In the studied herd of cattle, animals with the TT genotype predominate - 68.3 % of the population, the number of animals with the TC and CC genotypes is 21.7 % and 10 %. When studying the polymorphism of the CAPN1 gene, it was revealed that 23.3 % of the bulls of the studied population of Kalmyk cattle have the desired genotype CC, while the heterozygous genotype is present in 16.7 %, and the recessive genotype GG is present in 60 % of animals. The frequency of occurrence of the T allele of the GDF5 gene is 0.792, which exceeds the indicator of the C allele (0.208) by 58.2 %, the observed frequency of TT and CC genotypes exceeds the expected indicator by 5.6 and 5.7 %, respectively, while the indicator of the TC genotype is lower than the expected frequency by 11.2 %. The frequency of occurrence of the G allele (0.683) is 36.6 % higher than that of the C allele (0.317) of the CAPN1 gene. It is noted that the GG genotype with an index of 0.600 occurs with the highest frequency, while the CG genotype has a frequency of 0.167 (43.3 % less), the CC genotype – 0.233 (36.7 % less). The indicators of the observed frequency of the CC and GG genotypes are 13.3% higher than expected, the heterozygous genotype has an excess of the expected frequency by 26.6 %. Bulls with the TT genotype of the GDF5 gene outperformed their peers with the TC and CC genotypes in all measurements. When studying the live weight of Kalmyk cattle at the age of 15 months, a positive effect of the CC genotype of the CAPN1 gene was revealed. Thus, the group of animals with this genotype had the largest live weight and surpassed their peers with the genotypes CG (by 9.9 %) and GG (by 11.1 %).

Socio-Economic Impact of Seasonal Migration on Tribal livelihood: A case study in Tribal areas of District Dare Ghazi Khan

The use of circular migration is done by Tribal households to diversify their income source and to cope with the seasonality of agriculture production, climate, political and/or economic changes. Temporary migration is a form of migration unpredictable and unidirectional in nature which occur where migrations take place for employment for a particular season of the year. This present study was conducted in Tribal areas of district D.G. Khan. The reasons and effects of tribal to urban migration in district D. G. Khan examined using descriptive survey research. The main objectives of the study are; i) to study the socio-economic characteristics of respondents; ii) to identify the causes of Tribal to urban migration in district D. G. Khan and; iii) to investigate the consequence of seasonal migration for livelihoods of migrants and their families. The result showed that 82.5% of the respondents was male, 33.3% respondents belong to age group between 18-25 years, 54.2% was married, while 31.7% income level was 10001-20,000, 80% respondents were strongly agreeing regarding consequence of seasonal migration is family care during extreme season, 65% were strongly agree, consequence of lack of facilities for their family they move to urban areas. Moreover 72.5% respondents were strongly agree regarding lack of education for their children they tend to move to urban areas, 51.6% were strongly agree regarding lack of basic needs for their family they get shelter in urban areas, 63% respondents were strongly agree, lack of source of income a big consequence to move urban areas, 56.6% were strongly agree increase in financial difficulties in winter season is a factor in seasonal migration, 54.1% were strongly agree regarding lack of agricultural tendency, 55% were strongly agree that secure extra income is driving of seasonal migration, 55% respondents were strongly agreed that lack of necessary infrastructure leads to seasonal migration, 60.8% were strongly agree that cause of seasonal migration is insufficient availability of food in winter season, 56.6% respondents were strongly agreed that seasonal migration is shortage of food tension, 60.8% were strongly agreed seasonal migration is lack of doctors or paramedical staff during illness, 55% respondents were strongly agreed that shortage of water for us cause to seasonal migration in winter season, 55% respondents were strongly agreed that shortage of water for us cause to seasonal migration in winter season, 59.1% respondents were strongly agreed that seasonal migration due to lack of suitable land, 54.1% respondents were strongly agreed that seasonal migration leads to an increase in cultural diversity, 55.8% respondents were strongly agreed that seasonal migration leads to a decline in agricultural cultivating.