Diversity Of Products Research Articles

Young Australian drinkers' awareness, perceptions and behaviours towards low alcohol beverage products.

Background: Young Australian drinkers (aged 18-24 years) are more likely to consume alcohol at risky levels than any other age group. The increased availability and diversity of low alcohol beverages (LAB)s available to Australian consumers presents an opportunity for young drinkers to moderate their drinking behaviours. Aim: To explore young risky drinkers' awareness, perceptions and behaviours towards LAB products. Study Type: A cross-sectional online survey of 159 young Australian risky drinkers aged 18-24 years. Methods: Demographic information, LAB awareness, previous consumption and perceptions of LABs reducing alcohol consumption were captured. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-squared analyses and binomial logistic regression were used to explore data. Results: Overall, 51% of respondents had previously consumed LABs, with most doing so on a few occasions. The choice to consume LABs was influenced by factors including friend and family influence (28%), curiosity (28%) and the purposeful intent to reduce alcohol intake (27%). In contrast, factors preventing the consumption of LABs included individuals' intent to get drunk (58%), a lack of consideration of LABs (49%) and the perception that higher strength beverages were more desirable (35%). The majority of respondents (63%) agreed that LAB products would assist them and their peers to moderate alcohol consumption behaviours. Conclusion: The majority of young risky drinkers surveyed have consumed LAB products on a limited number of occasions or not at all. There are several factors likely preventing greater uptake of these products. Further work is required to explore whether greater exposure to the diversity of LAB products can moderate alcohol consumption behaviours.

Millet Cultivation in North-east Hill Region of India: A Review

The millets are climate resilient, most efficient in use of water, adopted to grown in marginal and sub marginal area, suitably grown in hilly and rainfed area, nutrient dense and having low carbon and water footprint. Considering their significance in present context of agriculture, it is important to know about their region-specific cultivation practices and intervention in it. The North East Hill (NEH) region is known for its diversity in terms of soil and climatic condition as well as crop and plant diversity. The marginal and sub-marginal area with different slope, topography and soil related constraints for production, the millets will be one of the important options for arable crop cultivation. The production practices followed by the farmers and recommended practices were highly diverse due to different agro-climatic condition. At the same time, in several locations production practices were even not developed due to cultivation on very less area with less economic impact at regional or state agriculture. Hence it is informative and knowledge impacting exercise to review the production practices followed and interventions made at institutional and stakeholders level for millets cultivation in NEH region. The present review summarizes the interventions in production practices such as seed and sowing requirement, nutrient, water and weed management as well as insect-pest and disease management in context of NEH region. Besides that, interventions from NEH region at post-harvest and value addition were also discussed in this review. The cost effective and high enumerative interventions in production processes such as substitution of low yielding upland rice cultivation partly or completely with millets, transplanting, fertilization, micronutrient foliar feeding, use of herbicide for weed management and promotion/ up gradation of millets cultivation in new areas (North-East Hill region) are important at production level. The interventions at policy level such as promotion for incorporation of millets in public distribution system, inclusion of millets in school age children diet and different schemes related with supply of nutritious food to children and adolescence are important for NEH region. Increase in diversity of product prepared from millets, initiation of organic seed production of millets, exploring export potential of traditional products prepared from millets to different domestic and international market are important interventions at policy level. At research level, the standardization of production practices for different states in NEH region was initiated and need to be further emphasized rather than using recommendation as it is from other part of India.

Peran Aplikasi Bibit dalam Meningkatkan Literasi Investasi Syariah pada Gen Z

This study uses a Qualitative approach by comparing it with a descriptive method through secondary analysis by reviewing various literatures that are in accordance with the topic of discussion taken. This journal article was created with the aim of providing a deeper understanding of Generation Z's investment interests by explaining and presenting them comprehensively.This study reveals that Bibit has succeeded in capturing Generation Z's interest in investing in a simple way and in line with sharia values, without requiring large capital or in-depth financial knowledge. However, this study also highlights limitations, especially regarding the diversity of sharia products and the need for more in-depth training for beginners. The findings show that although Bibit plays an important role as a relevant sharia education and investment platform for Generation Z, there is still room for further development.

Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiome by leachates of Penicillium purpurogenum in the presence of clays: A model for the preparation and efficacy of historical Lemnian Earth.

The experiments presented here are based on the reconfiguration of an ancient medicine, Lemnian Earth (LE) (terra sigillata, stamped earth, sphragis), an acclaimed therapeutic clay with a 2500-year history of use. Based on our hypothesis that LE was not a natural material but an artificially modified one involving a clay-fungus interaction, we present results from experiments involving the co-culture of a common fungus, Penicillium purpurogenum (Pp), with two separate clay slurries, smectite and kaolin, which are the principal constituents of LE. Our results show: (a) the leachate of the Pp+smectite co-culture is antibacterial in vitro, inhibiting the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; (b) in vivo, supplementation of regular mouse diet with leachates of Pp+smectite increases intestinal microbial diversity; (c) Pp+kaolin does not produce similar results; (d) untargeted metabolomics and analysis of bacterial functional pathways indicates that the Pp+smectite-induced microbiome amplifies production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amino acid biosynthesis, known to modulate intestinal and systemic inflammation. Our results suggest that the combination of increased microbial diversity and SCFA production indicates beneficial effects on the host microbiome, thus lending support to the argument that the therapeutic properties of LE may have been based on the potential for modulating the gut microbiome. Our experiments involving reconfigured LE open the door to future research into small molecule-based sources for promoting gut health.

Depletion of key gut bacteria predicts disrupted bile acid metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease.

The gut microbiome plays a key role in bile acid (BA) metabolism, where a diversity of metabolic products contribute to human health and disease. In particular, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by a low concentration of secondary bile acids (SBAs), whose transformation from primary bile acids (PBAs) is an essential function performed solely by gut bacteria. BA-transformation activity mediated by the bile acid inducible (bai) operon has been functionally characterized in the genus Clostridium, and homologous bai gene sequences have been found in metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) belonging to other taxa in the human gut, but it is unclear which species of bai-carrying bacteria perform physiologically significant amounts of bile acid transformation in healthy and sick individuals. Here, we analyzed hundreds of stool samples with paired metagenomic and metabolomic data from IBD patients and controls and found that the abundance of the bai operon in metagenomic samples was highly predictive of that sample's high- or low-SBA metabolic state. We further found that bai genes from the Clostridium species best characterized as BA transformers were more prevalent in IBD patients than in non-IBD controls, while bai genes from uncharacterized taxa known only from MAGs were much more physiologically relevant in non-IBD samples. These un-isolated clades of BA-transforming bacteria merit further research; as beyond their prevalence in the human population, we found some cases in which they engrafted in IBD patients who had undergone fecal microbiota transplantation and experienced a clinical response.IMPORTANCEIn this paper, we identify specific bacteria that perform an important metabolic function in the human gut and demonstrate that in the guts of a large subset of patients with IBD, these bacteria are missing and the function is defective. This is a rare example where the correlation between the absence of specific bacteria and the dysfunction of metabolism is directly observed, not in mice nor in the lab, but in physiologic microbial communities in the human gut. Our results point to a path for studying how a small but important set of bacteria is affected by conditions in the IBD gut and perhaps to the development of interventions to mitigate the loss of these bacteria in IBD.

The relative importance of plant‐pollinator network parameters in maintaining seed productivity varies between years

AbstractHuman activities have caused biodiversity loss and climate change, altering critical ecosystem functions. Numerous empirical studies have focused on the relationship between plant diversity and primary productivity or its stability. However, ecosystem functions such as pollination and nutrient cycling would be regulated by biological interactions among multiple trophic levels. Here, we examined the relationship between plant diversity, pollination attributes, and seed productivity in a biodiversity experiment conducted in Inner Mongolia in 2018 and 2019, differing in intra‐annual precipitation patterns. We found that pollinator visitation frequency did not affect seed productivity in both years. In 2018, we observed that flowering plant richness and flower vulnerability had positive effects on seed productivity. In 2019, however, only network evenness had a negative effect on seed productivity. The consistent effect of pollination network structure but not visitation frequency on seed productivity across two growing seasons suggests that complementary plant‐pollinator interactions rather than mass effects of pollinator visitation regulate plant reproduction in the studied system. Since the relative contributions of flowering plant richness and plant‐pollinator interactions on seed productivity would vary due to intra‐annual precipitation patterns, as presented here, observations across multiple years should be required to fully reveal the ecosystem consequences of plant‐pollinator interactions.

DAMPAK KUALITAS PRODUK, CITRA MEREK DAN PROMOSI DALAM MENCIPTAKAN KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN SMARTPHONE SAMSUNG

This research is motivated by increasingly fierce technological competition, so companies are required to maintain the existence of their products. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of product quality, brand image, and promotion on Samsung smartphone purchasing decisions. This research uses a questionnaire method distributed to Samsung smartphone users with a sample size of 96 respondents. The sampling technique used in this research is non-probability sampling. The analytical tool used in this research is multiple linear regression analysis, where validity tests, reliability tests, and classical assumption tests have previously been carried out. The results of this research show that product diversity has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions; this shows that the better the product quality, the more purchasing decisions. Brand image has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions; this shows that the better the brand image will increase purchasing decisions. Promotion has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. This shows that the more frequently a product is promoted, the more purchasing decisions it will increase. Simultaneously, product quality, brand image, and promotion have a positive and significant effect on Samsung smartphone purchasing decisions

Antioxidant Capacity and Cardiovascular Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables: A Proposal for Comparative Scales

Fruits and vegetables are sources of natural nutraceuticals. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other phytochemicals that contribute to their health-promoting properties and disease prevention. A wide variety of fruits and vegetables should be eaten to ensure that an individual’s diet includes a combination of phytonutraceuticals and to obtain all their health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular benefits within a restricted sample of ten fruits and ten vegetables, previously reported as largely consumed in Portugal. With data available from the literature, antioxidant potential scales were established. Additionally, a set of seven criteria, including high antioxidant capacity (FRAP values above 1), presence of n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fatty acids, fiber and sodium was used to create comparative scales of their potential cardiovascular benefits. The main results showed that the fruits that simultaneously exhibited the highest antioxidant potential values and the highest cardiovascular potential benefit were lemon, grapes, and melon; among vegetables, the top rankings were found to be tomato and onion. These products have been recognized as interesting sources of natural nutraceuticals for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the future, similar approaches are desirable to translate complex scientific data into practical, simple and user-friendly information for food literacy initiatives, including nutrition education materials, about the relative level of the potential cardiovascular benefits of a wide diversity of food products.

Base‐Promoted [4+3] Cycloadditions of N‐Thioacylimines with α‐Chlorohydroxamates: Construction of 1,3,5‐Thiadiazepin‐6(7H)‐One Derivatives

AbstractA metal‐free base‐promoted [4+3] cycloaddition reaction of N‐thioacyl imines in situ generated from α‐amido sulfones with α‐chlorohydroxamates is described. The reaction allows the straightforward synthesis of 1,3,5‐thiadiazepin‐6(7H)‐one derivatives in 44~90% yields. Moreover, a gram‐scale reaction and a product transformation were conducted, which further increased the diversity of products.

Dynamic O-GlcNAcylation governs long-range chromatin interactions in V(D)J recombination during early B-cell development.

V(D)J recombination secures the production of functional immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and antibody diversity during the early stages of B-cell development through long-distance interactions mediated by cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors. O-GlcNAcylation is a dynamic and reversible posttranslational modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates various protein functions, including DNA-binding affinity and protein-protein interactions. However, the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on proteins involved in V(D)J recombination remain largely unknown. To elucidate this relationship, we downregulated O-GlcNAcylation in a mouse model by administering an O-GlcNAc inhibitor or restricting the consumption of a regular diet. Interestingly, the inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation in mice severely impaired Ig heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangement. We identified several factors crucial for V(D)J recombination, including YY1, CTCF, SMC1, and SMC3, as direct targets of O-GlcNAc modification. Importantly, O-GlcNAcylation regulates the physical interaction between SMC1 and SMC3 and the DNA-binding patterns of YY1 at the IgH gene locus. Moreover, O-GlcNAc inhibition downregulated DDX5 protein expression, affecting the functional association of CTCF with its DNA-binding sites at the IgH locus. Our results showed that locus contraction and long-range interactions throughout the IgH locus are disrupted in a manner dependent on the cellular O-GlcNAc level. In this study, we established that V(D)J recombination relies on the O-GlcNAc status of stage-specific proteins during early B-cell development and identified O-GlcNAc-dependent mechanisms as new regulatory components for the development of a diverse antibody repertoire.

Consistent cell‐specific carbon fixation rates by small eukaryotic phytoplankton in contrasting nutrient‐limited conditions

AbstractSmall phytoplankton, consisting of pico and nano size fractions, are diverse in size and taxonomy. Yet, the differences in their productivity and taxonomic diversity are poorly described. Here, we measured the cell‐specific carbon fixation rates of picocyanobacteria Synechococcus, picoeukaryote, and nanoeukaryote populations, while unveiling their taxonomic composition in oligotrophic subtropical and high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll subantarctic waters. We coupled 24 h in situ radiolabeled 14C incubations to flow cytometry sorting and DNA metabarcoding from the same incubated samples, offering a direct account of the community associated with the carbon fixation rates measured. In both water masses, nanoeukaryotes had the highest cell‐specific carbon fixation rate, followed by picoeukaryotes and Synechococcus (2.24 ± 29.99, 2.18 ± 2.08, and 0.78 ± 0.55 fgC cell−1 h−1, respectively). The cell‐specific carbon fixation rates and growth rates of Synechococcus were threefold higher in subtropical compared to subantarctic waters, while the rates of picoeukaryotes and nanoeukaryotes had no significant difference between the biogeochemically‐contrasting water masses. Sorted picoeukaryote populations were dominated by Mamiellophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, and Chrysophyceae, while nanoeukaryote populations were dominated by Dinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae. Despite significant differences in their taxonomic composition, the sorted picoeukaryote populations in subantarctic waters and nanoeukaryote populations in subtropical and subantarctic waters were dominated by taxa reported in the literature as able to engage in phago‐mixotrophic strategies (Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Dinophyceae), suggesting that such trophic strategy might be applied by discrete small photosynthetic eukaryote populations to alleviate macronutrient and iron stress.

Pengaruh Brand Image, Word of Mouth dan Kualitas Pelayanan: Studi pada Konsumen Keppo Resto Walikukun Ngawi

This research aims to understand and analyze the influence of brand image, word of mouth and service quality on purchasing decisions (Study on consumers of Keppo Resto Walikukun Ngawi). Keppo Resto Walikukun, Ngawi is the place for this research. This research uses quantitative methodology. This research was conducted for four months. The population in this study were all consumers of Keppo Resto Walikukun Ngawi. The sample in this study consisted of 100 respondents. This research uses probability Sampling. The research results show that brand image, product diversity and service quality have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions at Keppo Resto Walikukun Ngawi. based on the results of the coefficient of determination test, brand image, word of mouth and service quality influence purchasing decisions at Keppo Resto Walikukun Ngawi with variables in the model amounting to 10.6%, while the remaining variables amounting to 89.4% are influenced by other factors not taken into account in this research .

Multiple element coupling and molecular-chemical diversity of organic matter control how much energy is retained in soils in mountain ecosystems

Organic matter is the primary repository of chemical energy driving biogeochemical cycles and maintaining ecological functions in soils. Therefore, revealing factors controlling energy in soils is critical but has less been studied so far. In this study, we investigated energy stored in soils and litter biomass, 12 elements level (macroelements including C, N, P, Fe, and K, microelements including Cu, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and molecular-chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) among four vegetation zones along the elevation in the Changbai Mountain. The calorific values in soils (Qs) and litters (Ql) were determined using oxygen bomb calorimetry. The complexity of SOM was reflected by molecular diversity of pyrolytic products of SOM (SHID), and relations among 12 elements were represented by defining coupling extent (MEC). Potential impacts of MEC and SHID on energy stored in soils were discussed. Results indicated that the average Qs and Ql were 565 cal/g and 3799 cal/g, respectively. The proportion of Qs to Ql (Qr) ranged from 6.28 % to 43.65 % with a mean of 14.74 %. Significant differences in Qs and Ql were observed among four vegetation zones along the elevation. Significantly positive relations were observed between elevation and Ql, between MEC and Qr or Qs, and between Qs and SHID. The VPA analysis indicated that MEC itself could explain 19 % variation of Qs, and the exploration raised to 60 % when MEC was in conjunction with elevation, pH, and SHID. The structure equation model confirmed positive effects of MEC and SHID on Qs. In conclusions, MEC was primarily associated with energy holding by mountain soils, proving that a conceptual advance was required to link element biogeochemical cycle and energy flow in ecosystems, thereby bridging the potential gap between matter and energy in ecological research.

Sensory characterization of conifer-based extracts for culinary uses

Quebec’s forests cover more than half of its territory and offer a great diversity of wild edible products. Culinary professionals are becoming more and more interested in using conifer products as aromatics, but the sensory properties and culinary functionalities of these products are not yet fully known. The objective of this work was to study the sensory potential of conifer needles used as aromatics in cooking and to generate sensory descriptors for these resources. Extracts were prepared in a water-based (maceration, decoction) or oil-based (sous-vide) medium from buds or mature needles of balsam fir, black spruce or white spruce. Projective mapping combined with ultra-flash profiling was performed on 14 conifer extracts with culinary professionals as panelists. The consensus map of descriptors for these conifer extracts revealed a great diversity of smells and aromas. The panelists were able to differentiate the extracts and generated a wide range of sensory descriptors. Some of those descriptors were related to preparation variables. Each extract was chosen at least once as having the best culinary potential. Overall, the extracts have inspired a multitude of uses for conifers as aromatics in cooking.

A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Mycotoxin-Producing Penicillium expansum Isolated from River Water Using Molecular Profiling, DNA Barcoding, and Secondary Structure Prediction

This study marks the first report on the genetic characterization of Penicillium expansum strain capable of mycotoxin production isolated from river water. Situated in Ganagalawanipeta village, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India, where river water serves as a vital resource, our investigation probed the presence of pathogenic opportunistic fungi adept at mycotoxin synthesis. Over six months, 30 samples were collected to assess their occurrence. This article revolves around the use of morphological traits for Penicillium genus identification. Precise species determination involved PCR analysis using universal primers ITS1 and ITS4, followed by sequence analysis through NCBI-BLASTn and the ITS2 database. The analysis indicated a striking 99.49% genetic similarity to Penicillium expansum isolate MW559596 from CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, an Indian isolate, with a resultant 600-base pair fragment. This sequence was officially cataloged as OR536221 in the NCBI GenBank database. Sequence and phylogenetic assessments were conducted to pinpoint the strain and geographical origin. Notably, the ribosomal nuclear ITS region displayed significant inter- and intra-specific divergence, manifested in DNA barcodes and secondary structures established via minimum free energy calculations. These findings provide crucial insights into the genetic diversity and potential mycotoxin production of P. expansum isolates, shedding light on the environmental repercussions and health risks associated with river water contamination from agricultural and aquaculture effluents. This pioneering research advances our understanding of mycotoxin-producing fungi in aquatic environments and underscores the imperative need for water quality monitoring in regions reliant on such water sources for their sustenance and livelihoods.

Loss of taxonomic and functional diversity and decrease in primary productivity with nitrogen enrichment after a long-term release from grazing in an alpine grassland

Moderate grazing can sustain high species diversity and productivity. However, nitrogen enrichment often reduces species richness while promoting primary productivity, which contradicts the traditional understanding of the positive effect of plant diversity on productivity. Whether the responses of diversity and productivity to N enrichment on a long-term scale conform to those on short-term scale. Furthermore, chemical N forms may alter species richness or functional diversity because of species preferences for different N forms. We used data from a 19-year field experiment with manipulated livestock exclusion and the addition of N in three chemical forms (ammonium, nitrate, and their mixture) in an alpine grassland to test their effects on diversity and aboveground productivity. Productivity in no N without grazing plots (Ctr) initially increased by 66 % during the first five years after livestock exclusion (0.53 kg m−2), following which productivity fluctuated at a similar level as that in winter livestock grazing (0.32 kg m−2) for the next eight years and ultimately decreased to the level of 0.24 kg m−2, below that in Gr with continued species loss. The addition of N forms in grazing exclusion increased productivity, accompanied by the loss of rare species in the first five years. Afterward, productivity decreased, and it took longer than the control to reach the same level as that seen in winter grazing. Then, productivity continued to decline with more species loss. The functional diversity of leaf traits and plant growth forms decreased. Ammonium favored grasses with guerrilla and phalanx rhizomes, nitrate favored sedges and forbs with guerrilla rhizomes, and ammonium-nitrate sustained a relatively higher diversity of plant growth forms. Our general conclusion is that grasslands with moderate grazing are beneficial for sustaining diverse species and high productivity. N enrichment reduces plant diversity, and the increase in productivity driven by N is only transitional, as productivity declines in the long run, with continuous N addition.

Garlic and its processing products, prospects of their utilization

Relevance. Garlic is one of the most popular agricultural crops characterized by high nutritional value and unique chemical composition providing significant beneficial effect on human health.Methods. The review summarizes the most significant publications on garlic biochemical composition, utilization in medicine, human nutrition and agriculture for a period from 1988 to 2024 with the predominant utilization of Scopus and WoS publications.Results. The diversity of garlic processing products (fresh, dry powder, ‘Green' garlic, Laba garlic, garlic essential oil macerate, ethanolic extract (‘aged garlic extract' AGE) and black garlic) provides the diversity of biochemical composition and the direction of biological effect. The possibility to utilize both garlic bulbs, leaves, stems and peel in medicine and agriculture (for yield and stress resistance improvement) are the most important factors for successful waste free production and wide utilization of garlic.

Economic influences of agriculture production and import mechanisms through commodity market in the nepalese context

Agriculture production not only manage food and domestic needs rather enhance nation’s economy. Nepalese production is relying from neighbours through import due to insufficiency. This study design to analyse the impact of agricultural cereal production and import scenario in the Nepalese context. A mixed method approach, both Qualitative and Quantitative data utilized for this Doctoral study-based paper, Farmers of all Seven Provinces samples with HHs interview and secondary data of agriculture and Custom data used. The study was conducted from January to June 2023. The findings revealed the major cereal crop production from own like paddy, maize, wheat and millet are limited for some season. In addition, import from India shifting large economy to India through import. The agriculture production meeting domestic needs like seasonal food and market stock. Whereas seeds, input and mechanization dependency largely depending on neighbours due to no manufacturing of own. The study concluded as agriculture production is a major source of income and food for Nepal. Limited month of sufficiency at the local production bounded Nepal depends on import. The cause was found as lack of sufficient input system, low priority of agriculture from all sectors, diversity and low-political priority. Food Diversity and local production enhancement is the ultimately way out to deal with this issue.

Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Alternative Splicing of Rainbow Trout Head Kidney under Heat Stress.

Alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional regulation, which can expand the functional diversity of gene products and is a mechanism for eukaryotes to cope with abiotic stress. However, there are few studies on AS events in rainbow trout under heat stress. In this study, RNA-Seq data were used to clarify the effect of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the AS events of rainbow trout head kidney under heat stress. The results showed that a total of 45,398 AS events were identified from 9804 genes, of which Skipped Exon (SE) was the most common type of AS event. Through the analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each group, we learned that DEGs were enriched in the spliceosome, and the relevant genes were significantly changed, which promoted the occurrence of AS. We found that lysine degradation, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, RNA degradation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum processing and other pathways were significantly enriched after addition of SeNPs. In addition, some immune related signaling pathways, such as the mTOR signaling pathway, interact with each other to enhance the resistance of rainbow trout to heat stress. These results indicated that AS in head kidney of rainbow trout changed under heat stress and SeNPs played a key role in alleviating heat stress for rainbow trout.

Genomic Characterization and Comparative Genomic Analysis of the Foodborne Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans.

The Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) has been linked to fatal food poisoning cases, which could produce the deadly toxin of bongkrekic acid (BA). However, genomic characterization and toxin production pathways of B. cocovenenans strains remain elusive. This study aimed to explore the BA-producing ability associated with the evolution of the bon gene cluster and to analyze the intraspecies genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of B. gladioli based on the 17 genomes of B. cocovenenans strains isolated from Shenzhen City, China. Genome sequencing results suggested that the genome sizes of these B. cocovenenans strains were mostly approximately 8 Mb, with a GC content of approximately 68%. The evolutionary tree analysis of the whole-genome sequences showed that significant divergences and distinct cluster were exhibited among these B. cocovenenans strains. Comparative genomic analysis indicated that the genomes of strains 2020051, 2021031, and 2021067 contained the complete and entire bon gene cluster, supporting that these strains displayed obviously BA-producing ability. The genomes of strains 2021028 and 2020041 lacked the entire bon gene cluster. However, the genomes of strains 2021037, 2021024, 2021035, and 2021031 exhibited disruptions in their bon gene clusters. This finding indicated the loss of specific genes within the cluster, suggesting a reduced capability for BA production in these strains. The present results indicated that the bon gene cluster in the genome played a key role in the toxin BA biosynthesis of different B. cocovenenans strains. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between genomic diversity and BA production of this lethal foodborne pathovar, which will potentially contribute to the risk identification and food poisoning outbreak prevention of B. cocovenenans.