Product Categories Research Articles

Modeling inactivation of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B spores in a plant-based fish alternative

Our study aims to assess the thermal inactivation of non-proteolytic type B Clostridium botulinum spores in a plant-based fish and to evaluate the potential of alternative heat treatments at temperatures below the safe harbor guidelines established for vacuum-packed chilled products of extended durability. First, the heat resistance of the spore suspension was determined using capillary tubes in potassium phosphate buffer at 80°C. The D80 value was estimated to be 0.7–0.8 min. Then, inactivation was studied in a plant-based fish alternative using “thermal cells equipment.” Inactivation kinetics were obtained at four temperatures: 78, 81, 84 and 85°C, in duplicates. A secondary model describing log10D values versus temperatures was fitted to the dataset. The model parameters ZT and log10Dref (log10D at Tref 82°C) were estimated to be 8.02 ± 0.46°C and 0.32 ± 0.02, respectively. Model validation was done first with additional data collected at three different temperatures (79.1, 82.5, 87.5°C) and second with literature data. The time required to deliver 6 log reduction in the plant-based food matrix was predicted at temperatures within the range 80–90°C. The recommended processing for vacuum-packed chilled products, 90°C for 10 min, was evaluated. We demonstrated that the recommended processing is approximately five times more than the time required for 6 log reduction of non-proteolytic C. botulinum in the plant-based fish alternative, indicating a substantial margin of safety. Our findings highlight the importance of conducting product-specific studies for the evaluation of thermal processing and the potential of process optimization for certain product categories.

Comparative Analysis of Japanese Quince Juice Concentrate as a Substitute for Lemon Juice Concentrate: Functional Applications as a Sweetener, Acidifier, Stabilizer, and Flavoring Agent

This research examined the viability of Japanese quince juice concentrate (JQJC) as an innovative alternative to lemon juice concentrate (LJC). Given the rising consumer demand for natural food ingredients, this study focused on a thorough analysis of the nutritional and functional characteristics of JQJC in comparison to LJC. The chemical analysis indicated that JQJC possesses a total soluble solids (TSS) content of 50.6 °Brix, with fructose and glucose, to a greater extent, being the primary contributors to its solids content. In contrast, LJC had a TSS of 39.8 °Brix and also contained glucose and fructose. Additionally, malic acid is a principal component of JQJC’s acidity, determined at 20.98 g 100 g−1 of fresh weight (FW), while LJC mostly contained citric acid at a concentration of 30.86 g 100 g−1 FW. Moreover, the ascorbic acid content quantified in JQJC was eight times greater than that observed in LJC. The assessment of antioxidant activity, utilizing the DPPH• and FRAP assays, indicated that JQJC exhibits scavenging activity nearly eleven times higher than that of LJC, suggesting its superior antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content for JQJC was quantified at 2189.59 mg 100 g−1 FW, significantly (p < 0.05) exceeding the 262.80 mg 100 g−1 FW found in LJC. The analysis identified 16 individual phenolic compounds in JQJC, highlighting the dominance of epicatechin, chlorogenic, and protocatechuic acids with concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 50.63 mg 100 g−1 FW, contributing to a total individual phenolic content of 114.07 mg 100 g−1 FW. Conversely, LJC is characterized by substantial contributions from hesperidin, eriocitrin, and, to a lesser extent, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, yielding a phenolic content of 109.65 mg 100 g−1 FW. This study presents strong evidence supporting the utilization of JQJC as a functional substitute for LJC across a variety of product categories, including beverages, jams, and other food items. The findings indicate that JQJC has the potential to enhance product development targeted at health-conscious consumers while optimizing the utilization of a relatively underexplored fruit crop.

Generative Interpretable Visual Design: Using Disentanglement for Visual Conjoint Analysis

This article develops a method to automatically discover and quantify human-interpretable visual characteristics directly from product image data. The method is generative and can create new visual designs spanning the space of visual characteristics. It builds on disentanglement methods in deep learning using variational autoencoders, which aim to discover underlying statistically independent and interpretable visual characteristics of an object. The impossibility theorem in the deep learning literature indicates that supervision with ground truth characteristics would be required to obtain unique disentangled representations. However, these are typically unknown in real-world applications, and are in fact exactly the characteristics that need to be discovered. Extant machine learning methods are unsuitable since they require ground truth labels for each visual characteristic. In contrast, this method postulates the use of readily available product characteristics (such as brand and price) as proxy supervisory signals to enable disentanglement. This method discovers and quantifies human-interpretable and statistically independent characteristics without any specific domain knowledge on the product category. It is applied to a dataset of watches to automatically discover interpretable visual product characteristics, obtain consumer preferences over visual designs, and generate new ideal point designs targeted to specific consumer segments.

Climate Anomalies of Maize Drought Level based on Land Water Balance in Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

Background: The complexity of the distribution patterns of drought and soil water balance across various regions raises questions about how the mechanism of drought events responds to climate anomalies. The research aims to determine the climate anomaly pattern of maize drought levels based on land water balance with FAO Penman Monteith evapotranspiration value estimates in Gorontalo district, Indonesia. This research was carried out from April to August 2020. Methods: The research location was in Limboto subdistrict, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. The material in this research is climate data from 1997 to 2016 (20 years) including rainfall, solar radiation, maximum and minimum air temperature, exposure time, air humidity and wind speed. The tools in this research are sample rings, Belgi drills, GPS, documentation tools. The method used is the drought index analysis method and the water adequacy index based on the FAO Penman Monteith evapotranspiration method. Result: El Nino and La Nina climate anomaly patterns occur every 5 to 7 year recurring period. The highest level of drought with strong drought status occurred during the El Nino anomaly in 1997-1998 for 8 months and this triggered a decrease in harvested area and corn production with a coefficient of reduction in vulnerable production category. La Niña climate anomaly years 1999 and 2007 had an impact on low accumulation potential of water loss with highest level of drought weak status and this triggered an increase in harvested area and corn production with a coefficient of reduction in very resistant production category.

The cost of coeliac condition: economic availability of gluten-free foods for patients with celiac disease in the Czech Republic

PurposeThis study examines the economic availability of gluten-free foods for people with coeliac condition in the Czech Republic, focusing on the price differences between gluten-free and gluten-containing products.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive price survey was carried out, analysing almost 7,000 products from different categories. Statistical analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics software was used to calculate average prices and test the significance of price differences between the two groups of products.FindingsThe results show that most gluten-free products are more expensive than their gluten-containing counterparts, with significant price differences between product categories, particularly in bakery products. This economic burden is a barrier to adherence to a gluten-free diet, which is essential for the management of celiac disease.Practical implicationsPolicymakers, healthcare providers and other members of the public can use these findings to develop the policies needed to promote the accessibility of gluten-free products.Originality/valueThis research provides unique insights into the economic availability of gluten-free foods for people with coeliac disease in the Czech Republic, a topic that has not been extensively studied in this specific context. While literature exists on the pricing of gluten-free products in other countries, our comprehensive price survey highlights significant price differences between gluten-free and gluten-containing products in the Czech market. The data reflect current market conditions and highlight the economic burden for people with celiac disease, contributing to the discourse on public health and dietary accessibility in the Czech Republic.

Hidden Giant of Embedded Plastics in China.

Combating plastic pollution requires an understanding of the complex intersectoral flows of plastics and related products. In this study, we develop an inventory of 150 categories of products consisting of/containing plastics based on bottom-up analysis and establish a plastics input-output material flow analysis (PIO-MFA) model that reveals intersectoral flows, sectoral consumption, exports, and stocks of embedded plastics. In 2018, consumption-based plastic usage in China reached 140 million tons (Mt), with 123.5 Mt being embedded plastics. Approximately 75.5% of embedded plastics were consumed domestically, and 21.3% were exported. Among the plastics exported, embedded plastics accounted for 68.5%, indicating the importance of the implicit transfer of embedded plastics through global trade. Furthermore, based on ambitious recycling targets, the amount of recycled plastics in China is expected to increase by 27.8 Mt. Plastics embedded in containers and packaging have the highest reduction potential, while joint efforts from the entire supply chain are crucial to reduce the amount of such plastics as industrial sectors consume 32.4% of embedded plastics. Identifying high plastic consumption sectors is critical for balancing economic and social goals with pollution control and ensuring comprehensive plastic treaty compliance. The PIO-MFA method's foreseeable future expansion to a global level is expected to inform plastic treaty obligations and support the development and implementation of national action plans.

Validation of an infectious bronchitis virus GVIII-specific RT-PCR assay and first detection of IB80-like strains (lineage GVIII-2) in Italy

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a pathogen causing respiratory, renal and reproductive clinical forms in chickens of all ages and productive categories. Its proneness to mutation and recombination gave rise to a plethora of variants differing in terms of pathogenicity, antigenicity, and distribution, with relevant implications for disease control, mainly pursued by routine vaccination, and diagnosis, requiring a steady update of molecular and serological methods. Among the most recent additions to the current phylogenetic classification, based on S1 gene sequencing, is the discovery of an eighth genotype (GVIII), further divided into lineages GVIII-1 and GVIII-2. GVIII-2, whose best-known representative is IB80, has been reported since 2015 in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Most detections occurred in layers and breeders and were possibly associated to egg production drops. However, experimental reproduction of its pathogenicity could not be achieved. The significant genetic divergence of GVIII from other genogroups prevents its detection by many of the commonly applied biomolecular tests, hampering the understanding of its spread and impact. This study describes the validation of a GVIII-specific RT-PCR assay and its application to analyze samples collected from layer farms in Italy, where the presence of this genotype has never been investigated. The in-house assay proved highly reliable and allowed to establish the circulation of GVIII-2 in the country: between April and June 2024, 11 out of 84 flocks (13.1%) in 5 out of 24 farms (20.8%) tested positive. Phylogenetically, all Italian strains clustered together, whereas their identity with IB80 was 96.8–97.7%. Reproductive signs were reported in one farm and respiratory signs in another, whereas no clinical findings were recorded in the remaining positive cases. Although no definitive conclusions are possible on their prevalence and clinical relevance, the obtained results suggest that the presence of GVIII-2 strains in Italy is neither novel nor sporadic, highlighting the need to revise diagnostic approaches and shed light on the epidemiology of this novel lineage.

Research on Industrial CO2 Emission Intensity and Its Driving Mechanism Under China’s Dual Carbon Target

As global climate change becomes increasingly severe, industrial CO2 emissions have received increasing attention, but the impact factors and driving mechanisms of industrial CO2 emission intensity remain unclear. Based on panel data from 2010 to 2021 in Shandong Province, a key economic region in eastern China, the industrial CO2 emission intensity under China’s dual carbon target was analyzed using multivariate ordination methods. The results showed that (1) total CO2 emissions from industry are increasing annually, with an average growth rate of 3.74%, and electricity, coal, and coke are the primary sources of CO2 emissions. (2) Total CO2 emissions originated primarily from the heavy manufacturing, energy production, and high energy intensity industry categories, and the CO2 emission intensity of different types of energy increased by 21.24% from 2010 to 2021. (3) CO2 emission intensity is significantly positively correlated with the proportion of high energy intensive industry, energy consumption intensity, and investment intensity and significantly negatively correlated with gross industrial output. In addition, the effects of different types of energy on industrial CO2 emission intensity varied, and coal, coke, electricity, and diesel oil were significantly positively correlated with CO2 emission intensity. Therefore, to reduce the CO2 emission intensity of the industrial sector in the future and to achieve China’s dual carbon target, it is necessary to adjust and optimize the industrial and energy structure, strengthen technological progress and innovation, improve energy utilization efficiency, improve and implement relevant policies for industrial carbon reduction, and then ensure the sustainable development of the economy, society, and environment.

Advertising Message Strategy in Television Commercials: Evidence from Ghana as an Emerging Country“

This study is a quantitative content analysis of advertising message strategies used in Ghana’s TV commercials (2020–2021) using the modified strategy of Wang and Praet with the objective of exploring the various advertising message strategies used in Ghana’s TV advertisement, and its variation according to product category. The findings indicate that, out of the 220 commercials used in the study, affective message strategy ( n = 122, 55%) was the dominant message strategy used in Ghana’s TV commercials. The most advertised product category on Ghana’s TV commercials (2020–2021) was food category, and a significant relationship was observed between message strategy and product category as well as message strategy and brand type.

The impact of changes in consumption patterns in the post-pandemic period in Hungary

AbstractThe study investigates the impact of negative economic changes on Hungarian consumption habits on a representative sample of 1,000 people during the post-COVID period, which we interpreted as the period after December 2021. The quantitative research shows that a significant part of the population was affected by the unexpected effects of the economic environment. The change in purchasing habits was driven by the search for promotions and value for money products. Regarding the place of purchase, the research showed that the share of online shoppers did not increase for the 12 product categories surveyed, while the role of discounters in offline purchases increased. The survey highlighted that a third of the population cannot afford to make large purchases, while at the same time avoiding loans. Two-thirds of the population's view of the future is quite pessimistic. In consumption attitudes, the first priority is the aforementioned “discounting”, while the second priority is saving money on packaging. Hungarians tend to save more on electricity and heating. Finally, the result of our cluster analysis is that we have been able to distinguish five consumer groups that are able to describe the main consumer attitudes in the post-Covid crisis period. The defined clusters are the following: Resistant, Bargain hunter, Conscious, Rationing and What you can afford is what you can get.

Gen Z's Passion for Apparel Products in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Gen Z has different characteristics from previous generations, such as millennial, Generation X as well as baby boomers. In addition to having a negative side where Gen Z does not have the strength to survive in his work, it also has several good characteristics including having financial literacy knowledge, having independence, having an understanding of Pancasila values, maintaining local culture, developing quality in the face of global competition in the 5.0 era., generation Z in Indonesia which is considered to uphold a collectivist culture, happiness is closely associated with the achievement of goals, happiness felt by relatives, especially with parents. With the demographic bonus and the potential possessed by Gen Z, it is also necessary to know what order is purchased by Gen Z to meet his needs so that it can be used as a reference to take business or business opportunities. Fashion products are included in the category of products most purchased by Gen Z, which is 37.40%. It is necessary to see how Gen Z chooses fashion products, especially in choosing the right bags. The method used in this study was a qualitative descriptive method. From the results of the analysis, it was found that Gen Z in choosing sling bags and tote bags was different in terms of emotional appeal, design and function. The design of the sling bag has many decorations, it gives less pride and is less comfortable to carry things. Tote bags provide their own versatility, simple design and strong enough to carry goods.

A bipartite network analysis of international trade volatility

This study examines the unprecedented global trade disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and their propagation through international supply chains. By analyzing monthly data for 75 countries across 1260 product categories, we find that declining trade disruptions are more concentrated than surge disruptions, indicating a broader impact of negative shocks on global trade. Our findings also suggest that disruptions in export flows tend to have a more significant effect than imports and that trade disruptions within a given commodity are more likely to spread to other countries trading in that same commodity rather than to other commodities traded by the same country. These insights offer lessons for firms and policymakers seeking to mitigate the effects of future exogenous shocks on global markets and supply chains.

The Regeneration Potential of Kasa (Castanopsis acuminatissima Blume) in Kalaena Nature Reserve, East Luwu Regency

Kasa is one of the important species among 120 species in the genus Castanopsis (Fagaceae), which thrives in secondary and primary lowland forest areas up to 1000 m above sea level. This plant species exhibits tolerance to full sunlight. The objective of this study is to assess the regeneration potential of Kasa (Castanopsis acuminatissima Blume) in the Kalaena Nature Reserve. The research plots consisted of two 50m x 50m plots, with a nested 10m x 10m subplot placed using purposive sampling. The findings regarding the regeneration potential of Kasa in the Kalaena Nature Reserve revealed varying numbers of seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. The regeneration potential of Kasa is influenced by the growth stages of seedlings and trees. During the seedling phase, the regeneration potential of Kasa is classified as very good. However, the density of trees, although in the productive category, is low due to environmental factors and the characteristics of the parent tree. Conversely, the sapling and pole phases exhibit very poor regeneration potential. In plot 1, there were 1,964 individual seedlings, 6 individual saplings, 4 individual poles, and 21 individual trees. Meanwhile, plot 2 recorded 844 individual seedlings, 5 individual saplings, 1 individual pole, and 18 individual trees. The growth of Kasa in both plots displayed a clustered pattern.

HCLNet: A Hybrid CNN-LSTM Model for Enhanced Healthcare Product Classification for Recommendation

The rapid growth of healthcare commodities requires automated categorization. Effective categorization solutions save time and money and can provide precise recommendations. Poorly annotated data, inconsistency of product category, and imbalanced datasets impede machine learning algorithms in current systems. CNNs work well with large datasets but struggle with the classification of healthcare products due to class imbalance and lack of labeled data. This study presents a Hybrid CNN-LSTM (HCLNet) model to improve the classification of healthcare products and resolve these issues. This method enhances classification using CNN feature extraction and LSTM sequential pattern recognition. HCLNet can better handle class imbalance and limited labeled data with a comprehensive data preprocessing pipeline, including selection, transformation, and filtering. The hybrid design overcomes CNN constraints and captures product feature temporal connections using LSTM layers. HCLNet was compared with ResNet, GoogleNet, and AlexNet, surpassing them. HCLNet classified complex and imbalanced datasets with 96.25% accuracy, 96.60% precision, and 96.05% recall. The proposed method can improve the classification of healthcare products to obtain accurate automated product recommendations.

Analysis of Service Quality, Entrepreneurial Marketing, and Intellectual Capital to increasing SME’s Performance

This study aims to analyze and prove empirically how to improve the SME's performance and sustainable competitive advantage in North Sumatera through Entrepreneurial Marketing, Intellectual Capital, Service Quality, and Innovation Capability as intervening variables. The research population consists of all 84,758 SMEs. Determining the samples in this research uses purposive sampling: a data source sampling technique with certain considerations. The sample size was 218 leading SME samples, from eight leading SME product categories: foods and beverages, handicrafts, fashion, agribusiness, bakeries, restaurants, services, and coffee shops. Data analysis uses Smart PLS. The results of this research show Intellectual Capital has a positive and significant effect on Innovation Capability; Service Quality has a positive and significant impact on Innovation Capability; Intellectual Capital has a positive and significant effect on SME Performance; Service Quality has a positive and significant impact on SME Performance; Entrepreneurial Marketing has a positive and significant effect on Innovation Capability and SME Performance; Innovation Capability positively and significantly mediates the relationship between Intellectual Capital and SME Performance; Service Quality with SME Performance; Entrepreneurial Marketing with SME Performance.

The growing, resilient, inclusive and sustainable (GRINS) project for the development of life cycle inventory databases of beef cattle raised in Italy: The statistical datasets and the environmental assessment

Within the framework of the Growing, Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable (GRINS) project (Spoke 1, WP3, Next Generation EU program), this work aims to overcome the absence of Italian beef cattle Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) datasets through a capillary analysis of several parameters. Specifically, the contribution to the environmental impact of livestock breeding of breed features (age, gender, weight, daily weight gain, breeding, feed intake and composition, milk and manure production), as well as stable management and crop cultivation was investigated. Statistical inventory datasets (84 in total) were developed for the predominant (<1 % population cut-off) beef cattle breeds in Italy.A key finding was the quantification of CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation (ranging from0.259 to 0.714 g kg−1 of live weight per day) and its contribution to the overall environmental impact of beef cattle breeding. The composition of feed rations emerged as critical, influencing both cattle emissions and environmental impacts associated with the cultivation and transport of raw materials. Intensive and langer breeds like Aubrac, Blond d'Aquitaine, Blue Belga, Charolaise, and Chianina, exhibited higher eco-indicator values compared to the extensive beef cattle breeds (Podolica, Highland, and Maremmana). The life cycle assessment identified several key impact categories (climate change, water use and ecotoxicity freshwater) mainly contributing to the total eco-indicator. Climate change (22.1 %) represented the greatest impact category, with beef cattle emissions over their lifespan averaging 9.3 Mg CO2-eq. Methane (enteric fermentation) and NH3 (manure management) emissions, as well as irrigation and pesticide use, represented the main hotspots. A comparative analysis evaluated the environmental footprint of Italian beef cattle against benchmarks outlined in the “Made Green in Italy” brand's Product Category Rules. This comparison revealed a 32.4 % reduction in total eco-indicator for Italian beef cattle, due to a significant decrease in freshwater ecotoxicity (−72.5 %), land use (−34.2) and climate change (−7.5 %).

The impact of agricultural product branding on farmers’ income inequality: evidence from China

IntroductionIncome inequality is related to farmers’ welfare, access and satisfaction. Addressing income inequality among farmers is particularly urgent as it is growing. So, as an important symbol of the development of the agricultural industry, what is the impact of agricultural product branding on farmers’ income inequality?MethodsTo answer this question, this paper uses panel data from 1986 counties in China from 2000 to 2021 and employs the Recentered Influence Function (RIF) method to explore the impact of agricultural product branding (APB) on farmers’ income inequality and its mechanism of action.Results and discussionThe results of the study show that while the APB boosted farmers’ incomes by an average of 1.6%, they exacerbated farmers’ income inequality by an average of 0.4% (using the Gini coefficient as an example). Mechanistic analysis shows that the APB exacerbates farmers’ income inequality by widening the gap between counties in terms of the level of adoption of agricultural technology and agricultural labor productivity. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that, compared to non-agricultural provinces, the APB in agricultural provinces reduces interregional farmers’ income inequality. Furthermore, the APB in the grain category mitigates this inequality, whereas the APB in the cash crop and aquatic product categories exacerbates it. The APB in the livestock category, however, has no significant effect on interregional farmers’ income inequality. Considering these findings, the government should regularly assess the impact of agricultural branding policies on income inequality among farmers and adjust policies in a timely manner to ensure their effectiveness and fairness.

Is This for Me? Differential Responses to Skin Tone Inclusivity Initiatives by Underrepresented Consumers and Represented Consumers

To better represent consumers who have traditionally been underrepresented in the marketplace, an increasing number of brands are extending or launching product lines that are more inclusive of a diverse consumer base. This article focuses on consumers’ feelings of representation (the feeling that they, and consumers they identify with, are seen, heard, or considered when product decisions across product categories are made) and explores how consumers who feel underrepresented (vs. represented) in skin tone products respond to more inclusive skin tone line extensions. Across seven studies using laboratory, field, and secondary data, the authors show that those who feel underrepresented have less favorable responses than those who feel represented. The authors find evidence that this is driven by product fit skepticism; that is, doubt that products in the inclusive line will meet one's skin tone needs. The authors also identify managerial interventions that improve responses among underrepresented consumers by demonstrating respect for consumer needs, thus reducing the differential response between underrepresented and represented consumers.

Introduction of nicotine analogue-containing oral pouch products in the United States.

In 2023, 6-methyl nicotine (6MN), a synthetic nicotine analog, was introduced in US-marketed electronic cigarette products advertised as exempt from regulation. It is unknown whether the use of 6MN has spread to other product categories. Industry reports, patent and trademark databases were searched for 6-methyl nicotine products. Identified trademarks 'Metatine', 'Nixotine', 'Imotine' were used to search for US-marketed products. Ingredient information was compared to US market-leading products, and safety warnings and regulatory statements were assessed in context with US state and federal regulations. Two US-based oral pouch brands, 'MG' and 'Hippotine' pouches, were identified in August 2024, advertised to contain 'Imotine'-trademarked 6MN. MG Pouches are marketed in four flavors, and 'Hippotine'-branded pouches are marketed in two flavors, likely representing banned flavor characterization in US state jurisdictions such as California. 6MN contents range 8-25 mg. Otherwise, the ingredient lists were almost identical across both product lines. Products list extensive addiction and health warnings, including warnings not to operate vehicles. Vendors state that these are not tobacco products, which implies that federal and state tobacco regulations do not apply. The spread of nicotine analogs to additional product categories, such as oral pouches, is concerning, especially given the high declared 6MN contents exceeding nicotine in popular US-marketed oral nicotine pouch products. Legislators and regulators need to provide certainty about the regulatory status of nicotine analogs to prevent further erosion of tobacco flavor bans and other regulations.

Study on the Efficiency and Potential of China's Tire Export Trade to Ten ASEAN Countries under the Perspective of “One Belt, One Road”

Tires are an important product category in China's export trade. Based on the stochastic frontier gravity model, this paper uses the panel data of China's tire export trade to the ten ASEAN countries from 2018 to 2022 to study the influencing factors of bilateral trade in tire exports, and to measure China's export trade efficiency, export potential and expandable space to the ten ASEAN countries. Based on these three indicators, we analyze the future prospects of China's tire product exports to the ten ASEAN countries. The results show that: (1) in the stochastic frontier model, GDP per capita, population, border variables and language variables of both sides of trade as natural factors have a significant positive impact on tire export trade. (2) In the trade inefficiency model, liner transportation connectivity, trade freedom and financial freedom of both sides have a significant positive impact on tire export trade. (3) China's overall tire export efficiency and potential to the ten ASEAN countries is high, but the country-specific differences are obvious, and the trade as a whole still has more room for improvement. (4) China's tire export potential market can be divided into saturated, expanding, developing and iceberg type, of which the expanding type includes Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand and Brunei 4 countries, the developing type includes Cambodia, Indonesia and Singapore 3 countries, of which Malaysia and Singapore is the need to pay attention to the overseas market.