Tissue Paper Production Research Articles

Перспективы глубокой переработки бумажного шлама с применением ферментов, микроводорослей и дрожжей

This article presents the information on the valorization of waste generated during the production of tissue paper. The possibility of bioconversion of the polysaccharide part of paper sludge into simple sugars has been evaluated. The options for processing the paper sludge before enzymic hydrolysis to achieve the maximum yield of monosaccharides have been considered. Pretreatment with acids has been found to be a key step before the biocatalytic cleavage of waste polysaccharides. An additional yield of enzymic hydrolysis products after pretreatment with acids has been obtained by pre-extraction of the paper sludge with spirit or acetone. It has been established that the most intense enzymic hydrolysis of readily available fractions of the paper sludge takes place in the first 10–12 hours. Further, the process slows down, probably due to the action of the remaining components of the fillers, as well as an increase in the proportion of the difficult-to-hydrolyze polysaccharide part. In all cases, the proportion of absolutely dry non-hydrolyzed residue has been about 43±2 % of the dry matter of the paper sludge. The main products of enzymic hydrolysis have been glucose and xylose. The resulting sugars have been used for mixotrophic cultivation of the Tetradesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris algae. Yeast strains have been selected for the conversion of monosaccharides from the paper sludge. In a series of experiments on non-sterile yeast cultivation, the Candida utilis PAL D and Debaryomyces hansenii SWING R cultures have turned out to be the most productive (within 2.10±0.14 g of air-dry yeast weight/dm3 per 24 hours). The degree of conversion of hydrolysate sugars has been 70±2 %. Most of the remaining sugars (about 80 %) have been represented by xylose. Complete utilization of the sugars has taken place on the 2nd day when having added an extra nitrogen source to the medium. On the other hand, the spent nutrient medium after yeast separation has been suitable for mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae. It has been revealed that the economic costs of pre-treatment of the paper sludge with nitric acid can be leveled by using the resulting salts as a nitrogen source for cultivating yeast. In doing so, the yield of yeast biomass increases by almost 2 times.

Creping technology and its factors for tissue paper production: a review

Creping technology and its factors for tissue paper production: a review

Converting operations impact on tissue paper product properties – A Review

Tissue paper is deep-rooted in our daily life because of its different types of products that allow various applications. Tissue paper is a low grammage paper that is mainly characterized by softness, tensile strength, liquid absorption, and elasticity. These characteristics are essential when producing products such as toilet paper, kitchen rolls, hand towels, napkins, and facials. The tissue paper production involves two stages: formation of the tissue paper sheet itself and its converting into different finished products. Converting is characterized by several operations, namely: unwinding, winding, embossing, lamination, perforation, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The most impacting operation is the embossing, which consists of marking a pattern on the paper sheet by applying pressure, with the intent to produce papers more aesthetically pleasing to the final consumer and/or a way to identify a particular brand. Also, it affects final properties, increasing the liquid absorption capacity and bulk but reducing softness and tensile strength. Converting is complex and has a huge impact on the finished products properties. In this review, the authors explored the different steps of converting and how they impact the different properties of finished tissue products.

Development of paper quality parameter measurement in China

Paper quality parameters are important indicators of paper production, such as paper moisture, basis weight, ash content, strength, and so on. This study focuses on the online measurement methods and development of paper basis weight, moisture, and ash measuring. First, the measurable paper parameters and quality control system products in China are analyzed. Then, the basis weight measurement methods, accuracy, and development are given in the range of 10~1000 g/m2. Third, the distinction between infrared and microwave methods for moisture measurement is discussed. Finally, the ash measurement is introduced. Production and consumption of tissue paper in China have continually increased during the past decade. Near-infrared light technology is mature for the measurement of paper parameters in the range of 10~200 g/m2 basis weight. However, the near-infrared online measurement of tissue paper is not widely used, and few tissue paper lines are equipped with this type of quality control system in China. Therefore, technology for near-infrared measurement of basis weight has a great potential market in the field of tissue paper production. This article analyzes the future development trend of near-infrared light in tissue paper basis weight measurement and summarizes the difficulties in near-infrared light measurement of tissue paper basis weight.

The Effect of Mass Ratio Mixture of Durian Peel and Cassava Peel on the Quality of Tissue Paper

Since cellulose is an important element for the production of tissue paper, many researchers used natural-based materials as an alternative in the manufacture of tissue paper so that it will be more environmentally friendly and safe to use for the community. Previous studies have found that cassava peel waste (57% cellulose) or durian peel (60-65%) each can be an alternative raw material for making tissues with quality does not differ much from tissue products in general. This study aims to determine the influence of durian peel and cassava peel mixture composition with a variation of mass ratio as 1:1; 1:1,5 ; 1:2 ; 1:2,5 ; 1:3 ; 1,5:1 ; 2:1 ; 2,5:1 ; 3:1. This research uses sodium hydroxide 10% for chemical pulping and bleached by 2% of hydrogen peroxide. Once the lignin has been rinsed out from the pulp, sheeting should be carried out by adding tapioca, chitosan and virgin coconut oil. Based on the test analysis and referring to SNI 0103:2008, the optimal composition of durian peel and cassava peel mixture is on the mass ratio of 3:1 which has a gramatur value of 41 g/m2, water absorption of 6.3cm, crushed resistance of 46 seconds and color does not fade, with a clean appearance, a little soft and not perforated so that it almost resembles tissues on the market, although it still has some stiffness to the surface.

Enhancement in tissue paper production by optimizing creeping parameters such as application of various blade material (MOC) and creep pocket geometry

Abstract This study is focused on the development of ultrasoft facial grade tissue paper of 12.5 gsm with superior quality in terms of handfeel softness alongside enhanced productivity. To sustain in the tissue paper business, industries needs to focus in such a way that productivity should be increased with excellent product quality. Tissue industries generally loose huge productivity as well as deviation is observed in high quality low gsm facial grade tissue paper in terms of quality. This is owing to vague understanding about the creeping geometry where creep pocket angle, blade grind angle, blade MOC play a significant role to improve the productivity and produce excellent product quality. This experimental study would bridge for better understanding of impact of creping blade material and crepe blade geometry on productivity and quality of tissue paper. In this experimental study, two types of creping blade material– carbon steel and ceramic were used. Machine runability, mechanical properties of developed facial grade tissue paper was minutely analysed. It was found that while using ceramic blade, downtime reduced by 86.8 % while the production was enhanced by 10 % indicating better machine runnability with ceramic blade. Thereafter, the blade holder angle was altered to 17°, 18° and 19° along with alterations of bevel angle to 75°, 80°, 85° and 90°. All the mechanical properties of developed facial grade tissue paper was investigated and analysed. The outcome of the study indicated that by using ceramic tip creping blade with 17° blade holder angle and bevel angle at 80°, ultrasoft, high bulk facial grade tissue paper can be produced with much improved machine runnability i. e. downtown reduced by 85 % on account of blade changing frequency and production enhanced by 10 %.

Ozone pretreatment facilitating cellulase hydrolysis of unbleached bamboo pulp for improved fiber flexibility

In this study, an integrated and feasible approach by combining ozone pretreatment and cellulase hydrolysis of unbleached bamboo kraft pulp (UBKP) to improve the fiber flexibility was proposed. Ozone was utilized as green facilitator of cellulase treatment for increased enzyme accessibility and improved fiber flexibility by removing lignin and particle carbohydrates. Ozone was found to decrease the fiber stiffness and reduce the lignin content of UBKP fibers from 14.46 wt% to 9.96 wt%. The DP of UBKP was also decreased to 1210 after ozone-cellulase treatment, with a reduced carboxyl content of 0.064 mmol/g. The flexibility of UBKP fibers treated by ozone-cellulase system was 34.68 × 1014/(N·m2), which was 7 times higher than that of the original UBKP fibers. This study put forward a practical and sustainable approach to improve the flexibility of UBKP fibers, and to further study the possibility of ozone oxidation chemistry in cellulase hydrolysis process, thus would further broaden the high-value application of UBKP and ozone technology in tissue paper production.

Computational Simulation Tools to Support the Tissue Paper Furnish Management: Case Studies for the Optimization of Micro/Nano Cellulose Fibers and Polymer-Based Additives.

Tissue paper production frequently combines two main types of raw materials: cellulose fibers from renewable sources and polymer-based additives. The development of premium products with improved properties and functionalities depends on the optimization of both. This work focused on the combination of innovative experimental and computational strategies to optimize furnish. The main goal was to improve the functional properties of the most suitable raw materials for tissue materials and develop new differentiating products with innovative features. The experimental plan included as inputs different fiber mixtures, micro/nano fibrillated cellulose, and biopolymer additives, and enzymatic and mechanical process operations. We present an innovative tissue paper simulator, the SimTissue, that we have developed, to establish the correlations between the tissue paper process inputs and the end-use paper properties. Case studies with industrial interest are presented in which the tissue simulator was used to design tissue paper materials with different fiber mixtures, fiber modification treatments, micro/nano fibrillated cellulose, and biopolymer formulations, and to estimate tissue softness, strength, and absorption properties. The SimTissue was able to predict and optimize a broader range of formulations containing micro/nanocellulose fibers, biopolymer additives, and treated-fiber mixtures, saving laboratory and industrial resources.

Micro/nano-fibrillated cellulose (MFC/NFC) fibers as an additive to maximize eucalyptus fibers on tissue paper production

Tissue furnish optimization plays a key role in enhancing tissue properties, making the process cost-effective. Typically, this furnish is composed of a mixture of hardwood eucalyptus fibers (HW) and softwood (SW) fibers, which ensure strength and tissue machine runnability. However, the tissue paper production with the maximization of eucalyptus fibers achieves softer papers at less cost, since SW fibers are often more expensive than HW fibers. From this perspective, this study aims to investigate the effect of micro/nano-fibrillated cellulose (MFC/NFC) as an additive, on structural, softness, strength, and water absorption properties of tissue papers, promoting partial or total removal of SW fibers to produce 100% eucalyptus materials. MFC/NFC was characterized in terms of morphological, chemical, and water interaction properties. The results showed that MFC/NFC presents a high bonding surface area, high carboxyl group content and, when incorporated into tissue furnishes, it promotes strong inter-fiber bonds. This evidence was also supported by SEM image analysis methods and FTIR. Additionally, laboratory tissue handsheets with low basis weight were produced and used in the characterization assays. Overall, the results indicated that MFC/NFC improved strength, at the expense of bulk, porosity, softness, and absorption properties. Compared to typical industrial furnish mixtures (75%HW + 25%SW), MFC/NFC enhanced the production of bulkier, porous, and softer structures, but with reduced strength and absorption. It was possible to optimize the furnish composition by using fiber modeling to obtain 3D structure computation simulations with predictive capability. The MFC/NFC proved to be a high-quality additive to improve softness and strength properties.

A condom\u2019s footprint - life cycle assessment of a natural rubber condom

PurposeWorldwide, billions of condoms are used each year, and many brands popped up that are working on sustainable solutions. However, none has published an analysis of a condom’s life using a standardized and quantitative approach such as the life cycle assessment (LCA). This study presents the first LCA of a natural rubber condom from einhorn products GmbH. It has been conducted to identify environmental hotspots, future research needs along the entire life of a condom and to open up a discussion among interested stakeholder.MethodsThe assessed environmental impacts are climate change, water depletion, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, acidification, human toxicity, and photochemical oxidant formation. The data were obtained by intensive literature research and consultation of customers and suppliers.Results and discussionThe hotspot assessment showed that, on average, more than 90% of impacts are contributed by the production and downstream phases. Activities contributing most are energy consumption and packaging material used during condom production, production of tissue paper used to discard condoms, international transport, and business travels. The upstream life cycle phases do show minor contributions to most of the categories except for ecotoxicity, where the plantation activities are responsible for around 50% of the emissions. However, the impact of plantation might be underestimated because of missing analysis of biodiversity and especially for countries where rubber is responsible for deforestation the contribution of the plantation could increase.ConclusionsThe results highlight the importance of the condom's production, packaging, and the end-of-life stage. Future research should address the sensitivity of the results regarding further impact categories and should verify assumptions made and fill data gaps within the inventory.

Feasibility study of a CHP plant with steam turbine and biomass gasification for tissue paper production

In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production.In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill.Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %.

Application of 4Ps Model of McCarthy in the Marketing of the Eco-Friendly and Hygienic Brand-Bashundhara Tissue:Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh

Purpose: The purposes of the study are to explore and to analyze the use or application of 4Ps model of McCarthy-product, price, place and promotion as controllable tactical marketing tools for the effective marketing of eco-friendly and hygienic brand like Bashundhara Tissue in Bangladesh, especially in Dhaka city. Design/Methodology/Approach: Exploratory research design has been used for the purpose of the study. Both primary and secondary data and information have been gathered and analyzed for the findings of the study. Primary data and information have been gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire from the face-to-face interviews with 50 consumers and 30 retailers of Bashundhara Tissue in Dhaka city selected through non-probability convenience sampling technique. Moreover, secondary data and information have been collected and analyzed from various articles published in refereed journals, published books, conference proceedings, published reports and websites. Findings: The study has found out that Bashundhara Paper Mills Limited uses different mixtures of 4Ps: product, price, place (distribution), promotion as controllable tactical marketing tools to target and position its different consumer segments creating brand loyalty to its eco-friendly and hygienic Bashundhara Tissue. The company should ensure the eco-friendly, hygiene and wellbeing of the consumers ensuring the highest quality of its brand, differentiate its pricing strategy, penetrate its brand into the rural markets with its business partners to boost up its market share, develop alternative channels of distribution (online distribution) and set up a research department to get feedback of the customers following customer-oriented marketing strategies. Practical Implications: The study has practical implications for the entrepreneurs, investors, policymakers, industry experts, media, and domain experts to discuss and create a unified voice for tissue paper production and marketing in Bangladesh. Originality/Value: The study will help to originate the value to both the tissue paper marketers and consumers if the effective and efficient mixtures of 4Ps can be utilized more rigorously for creating better brand loyalty of the segmented markets. As a result, eco-friendly and hygienic tissue paper marketers can incorporate the convenient 4Ps structure in order to provide an insight for the tissue paper industry to evaluate the effectiveness of their marketing strategies.

Evaluation of Linter Cellulose as an Alternative Raw Material for Tissue Paper Production

Evaluation of Linter Cellulose as an Alternative Raw Material for Tissue Paper Production

Mathematical modelling and energy performance assessment of air impingement drying systems for the production of tissue paper

In this paper an original and exhaustive mathematical modelling of air impingement drying systems for the production of tissue paper in the Yankee-hoods configurations is reported, which offers the possibility to optimize its energy performance. The model takes into account many detailed operative parameters of the overall drying process with the aim to execute its energy and mass balance and to evaluate its energy performances. The validity of the mathematical model has been assessed by comparison with actual data from an existing tissue paper mill. Finally, the energy performances of two different layouts of the air system have been evaluated and compared. Changing the operative parameters of the drying process, such as air jet temperature and speed and moisture content of the extraction air, it is possible to obtain the same paper production with an energy saving of about 4.5%. In average, the layout with two parallel air circuits assure an energy saving of about 1% with respect to the layout with a single air circuit.

Life Cycle Analysis of Tissue Paper Manufacturing From Virgin Pulp or Recycled Waste Paper

Abstract The aim of this work is to compare the environmental impacts of two production processes of tissue paper using virgin pulp (virgin fiber) or waste paper pulp (recycled fiber). This comparison is based on the materials and energy used as well as emissions and waste resulting from the production of tissue paper. Life cycle assessment (LCA), ReCiPe method, was chosen as the analysis tool. The results of the research proved that electricity has the most considerable participation in the overall environmental impacts in both production processes, followed by either virgin pulp or heat. Consequently, these two production processes are the greatest contributors to the following midpoint environmental impact categories: human toxicity, climate change, human health and ecosystems, and fossil depletion. The analysis based on endpoint impact categories proved that the production process based on waste paper is more environmentally friendly than the one based on virgin pulp in all impact categories: human health, ecosystems, resources. This is largely because of its lower material and energy requirements in the entire life cycle. Due to the fact that the tissue paper is the final use of fiber, using recycled waste paper is strongly recommended. The obtained research results are a valuable source of management information for the decision makers at both company and national levels required to improve the environmental performance of tissue paper production.

Method for the quantification of in-plane drying nonuniformity

The removal of water is an integral part of tissue paper production. Through air drying (TAD) is used for water removal when producing premium tissue grade products, however, at the price of higher energy demand. A better understanding of TAD may therefore lower the energy demand.The objective was to investigate the influence of formation, pulp type and grammage on non-uniform drying and air flow through sheets. A laboratory method, based on infrared thermography, was used to determine drying time and area-specific and mass-specific drying rates. Air flow rate and pressure drop were used to determine flow resistance and modified permeability.Pulp type had a large influence on the air flow through the sheet. Modified permeability, i.e. the material property describing the air flow through the fibre network, was strongly dependent on grammage for lower grammages, while it approached a constant value for higher grammages. In contrast to that, mass-specific drying rates were similar for the different pulp types at lower grammages, but proved to be grammage-dependent for higher grammages. Formation did not influence the drying speed to any large extent.The results illustrate that industrial TAD processes operate under very special process conditions due to the low grammage sheets.

제지폐수처리의 고분자 응집제 주입량 간이 결정법

Dewaterability, one of the important properties of wastewater sludge, was investigated using a simple capillary suction time (CST) measurement method. CST and SRF have a very close co-relation. It was convinced that CST method was quite effective, and compensating the time-consuming SRF of conventional drainage measuring method. It turned out that one could use the results of CST to find optimum flocculants ratio to improve drainage in wastewater treatment for the tissue paper production at a mill. Since the optimum ratio of flocculants could be determined with the value of CST and COD removal efficiency could be improved with precise ratio of flocculants. Thus, using CST for determining the optimum ratio of flocculants could be economical by reducing the amount of flocculants. Dewaterability might be measured within several seconds using the values of CST in a precise way. The dewaterability could also be useful in investigating the optimum ratio of flocculants.

The effect of eucalypt pulp xylan content on its bleachability, refinability and drainability

Currently, bleached eucalypt pulps are largely used for printing and writing (P&W) and sanitary (tissue) paper grades. Among the many pulp quality requirements for P&W and tissue paper production the xylan content is one of the most significant. For P&W papers, increasing xylans improve pulp refinability and strength properties but negatively affect bulk and drainability. For tissue paper, xylans are purportedly advantageous during paper drying in the Yankee cylinder but negatively affect paper bulk and may increase dusting during paper manufacture. On the other hand, bleachability is a very important parameter for both P&W and tissue grade pulps since bleaching cost is the second most significant in eucalypt bleached kraft pulp production. The aim of this study was evaluating the influence of eucalyptus pulp xylan content on its bleachability, refinability and drainability. A sample of industrial unbleached eucalyptus kraft pulp containing 15.6 % xylans was treated with various alkali charges at room temperature in order to obtain materials with different xylan contents. The pulps were bleached to 90 % ISO brightness with the O–DHT–(EP)–D sequence and evaluated for their refinability and drainability. By increasing the alkali concentration in the range of 10–70 g/L pulps of 14.5–5.9 % xylans were produced with no significant impact on cellulose crystallinity. The decrease of xylan content significantly decreased pulp bleaching chemical demand, water retention value and refinability and increased pulp drainability.

EC treatment for reuse of tissue paper wastewater: Aspects that affect energy consumption

The need for more rational use of water also calls for more efficient usage. An example is the production of tissue paper, where large amounts of water are discharged into the drain because its turbidity does not allow for recirculation. While this is a serious problem, even worse is the fact that the quality of such wastewater makes it difficult not only to recirculate but also to discharge due to environmental law restrictions. In this paper, electrocoagulation is proposed as a suitable technology to meet standards of water discharge, and even better, as a treatment option for removal of turbidity. Since energy consumption has been a drawback for EC applications, relevant aspects that contribute to increase it such as cell voltage and current density have been reviewed. For this purpose a systematic micro-electrolysis study combined with macro-electrolysis experiments have provided evidence that shows it is possible to achieve a turbidity removal of 92% with an energy consumption of 0.68 kWh/m 3. Thus, the results presented in this paper support the use of EC to obtain water of acceptable quality for reuse in the tissue paper industry.

Influence of pulp refining on tissue paper properties

We investigated the influence of refining conditions (refiner tackle type and specific edge load) on bulk softness, absorbency, tensile strength, and wet tensile strength of bleached pulp. Commercial elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleached sulfite and kraft spruce, birch, and eucalypt pulps were used in this investigation. We found that refiner tackle type and specific edge load had a significant influence on the evaluated properties. Higher specific edge load when using a universal tackle increases softness and absorbency of hard-wood kraft pulps. The highest tensile index of bleached hardwood kraft and spruce sulfite pulps was achieved by fibrillation refining at low specific edge load (under 0.70 J/m). The wet tensile strength index of the tested pulps beaten to 30°SR increased 3-4 times. Pulp refining increases wet tensile index and reduces water absorbency of paper. Hardwood kraft pulps are suitable for production of tissue paper with high softness and absorbency. Spruce sulfite pulps are suitable to achieve high bulk softness and low tissue paper absorbency. Birch kraft pulp is a good choice if a higher tensile strength is required in addition to softness and absorbency. To manufacture tissue papers with deep embossing, softwood kraft pulp is required because of its high strength properties.