Spawn Production Research Articles

Comparative study of different grains for spawn production of pleurotus florida

Comparative study of different grains for spawn production of pleurotus florida

The Improvement Effects of a Nutritional Fortifier on the Reproductive Performance, Sex Steroid Hormone Production, and Health of the Striped Bamboo Shark Chiloscyllium plagiosum.

To explore a method of improving the reproductive performance of the striped bamboo shark, three groups (D0, D1, and D2) of mature individuals were fed squid with (D1 and D2) or without (D0) a nutritional fortifier during the breeding seasons of 2022 and 2023. Compared with the D0 group, the D1 and D2 groups had an increase of 20.90% and 31.34% in total eggs, increases of 32.73% and 41.82% in the proportion of lecithal eggs, and a total 119.07% increase in hatching rate, respectively, in 2022. In 2023, the corresponding increase was 17.12% and 9.91% in total eggs, 19.63% and 12.15% in the proportion of lecithal eggs, 43.37% and 43.94% in fertilization rate, 23.94% and 22.22% in hatchability rate, and 66.70% and 8.70% in the survival rate of fry. Moreover, the levels of serum estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, albumin, and total antioxidant capacity and the levels of ARA, EPA, DHA, n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in both serum and lecithal eggs significantly increased, while the levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol were the opposite (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that feeding the sharks with a nutritional fortifier can increase spawn production and the quality of eggs, regulate the production of sex steroids, and improve the nutrition of eggs and the health of broodstocks.

A New Recycling Method through Mushroom Cultivation Using Food Waste: Optimization of Mushroom Bed Medium Using Food Waste and Agricultural Use of Spent Mushroom Substrates

Food waste is generated in large amounts locally and globally, and requires expenditure for disposal. However, it has high nutritional value and almost no toxic components. Therefore, it can be returned to mushroom mediums for further use, leading to food waste circulation. Though disposing of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) after harvesting is an additional problem, there have been increased efforts to compost it and apply it to the soil for growing vegetables. This study, therefore, aimed to optimize (1) mushroom spawn production with rice hull, (2) mushroom substrates using food waste to accelerate food waste recycling, and (3) the utilization of SMS as an organic fertilizer. An optimal substrate composition and high yield were obtained at 120–140 g of food waste per bag among substrates from Pleorutus ostreatus and Pleorutus citrinopileatus; therefore, using a high ratio of food waste in the mushroom mediums was achieved. On the other hand, the SMS of P. citrinopileatus demonstrated higher plant biomass growth, at 36 g, than that of P. ostreatus, at 21.2 g, in a treatment using SMS + okara. The present discovery is that people may be encouraged to be mindful of food loss by the delivery of mushrooms and plants grown from agro/food waste to the dining table, and this circular system may therefore be used as a key resource in mushroom and plant cultivation and to achieve a zero-emission cycle.

Development of gadgets and systems in plastic for use in freshwater aquaculture

The usage of plastics has transformed the agricultural production sector and has great impactin improving the overall scenario in all production systems including fisheries and aquaculture.Nylon fishnets, components of RAS, aquaponics and biofloc (BF)systems, plastic pipe framed nylon net cages, pen culture in water locked areas, etc. are some of the important uses of plastics in aquaculture. The AICRP on PEASEM, ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar Centre is working since its inception in 1988 and contributed several plasticulture technologies and products for the development of aquaculture systems and processes (APA/CIFA 1988-2005; Mohapatra et.al., 2003, 2011 and 2016). The design and fabrication of the plastic gadgets and systems have been done considering the biological requirements of the aquaculture. The developed technologies are fully or partially adopted and accepted by the farming communities of the country. The paper presents some of the developed gadgets and systems that are presently in use in aquaculture in the country. Those are portable FRP carp hatchery having capacity of 1.0-1.2 million spawn production per cycle; portable FRP magur hatchery for incubation of 50,000 eggs per cycle; portable FRP pabda hatchery for production of 25,000-30,000 early fry per operation; different types of fixed and floating cages; live fish transportation tank of 1200l capacity which can be transported in a jeep trailer, power trailer or trolley; FRP silos of different sizes for fish rearing; feeders of different types such as demand, semiautomatic and automatic for fish feeding; plastic covered ponds for raising fishes in winter season; floating nursery for fish seed and aquaponics.. KEYWORDS :Modern farming Technique, Gedgets Plastic, Aquaculture

Systematic characterisation, mineral analysis, and valorisation of lignocellulosic waste into sustainable indigenous Ganoderma lucidum production from Pakistan

ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum is a remarkable medicinal macro fungus widely known for its extraordinary healing qualities. Indigenous G. lucidum collected from Punjab, Pakistan, was morpho-⁠anatomically and phylogenetically characterised. After characterisation, it was evaluated for vegetative and reproductive growth potential and subjected to mineral analysis of both wild and cultivated basidiomata of G. lucidum. Among various tested nutrient agar media, maximum G. lucidum mycelial density and growth rate were noted on CEA medium at 32°C. For spawn production, barley grains were found to be the most appropriate medium. The suitability of various types of lignocellulosic substrates was checked for better yield in minimum period of time. The combination of sawdust + wheat straw proved to be the most efficient substrate for the best yield with the maximum number of flushes. Small differences were observed in essential and trace mineral quantities (except nickel) in both wild and cultivated basidiomata, revealing the negligible effect of artificial substrates on the mineral composition of G. lucidum. These findings conclude that indigenous G. lucidum is capable of indoor cultivation on several locally available media and substrates. Cultivating this tremendous medicinal mushroom on a large scale in Pakistan could prove crucial from a pharmaceutical perspective. Providing cultures and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum to the food and therapeutic industries would eliminate their dependence on the availability of G. lucidum for a specific period of the year.

Pre- and Postharvest Strategies for Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom in a Circular Economy Approach.

Mushroom cultivation presents a viable solution for utilizing agro-industrial byproducts as substrates for growth. This process enables the transformation of low-economic-value waste into nutritional foods. Enhancing the yield and quality of preharvest edible mushrooms, along with effectively preserving postharvest mushrooms, stands as a significant challenge in advancing the industry. Implementing pre- and postharvest strategies for Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) P. Kumm (oyster mushroom) within a circular economy framework involves optimizing resource use, minimizing waste, and creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly production system. This review aimed to analyze the development and innovation of the different themes and trends by bibliometric analysis with a critical literature review. Furthermore, this review outlines the cultivation techniques for Pleurotus ostreatus, encompassing preharvest steps such as spawn production, substrate preparation, and the entire mushroom growth process, which includes substrate colonization, fruiting, harvesting, and, finally, the postharvest. While novel methodologies are being explored for maintaining quality and extending shelf-life, the evaluation of the environmental impact of the entire mushroom production to identify areas for improvement is needed. By integrating this knowledge, strategies can be developed for a more sustainable and circular approach to Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cultivation, promoting environmental stewardship and long-term viability in this industry.

Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.

Preliminary Studies on the Screening of Substrates for Spawn Production and Cultivation of Indigenous Strain of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr.

A Study on Supply Chain Analysis and Marketing Margin of Catfish Seed in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh

Aims: This study examined the supply chain and marketing margin of catfish seed in selected areas of the Mymensingh district. The objectives include analyzing supply chain management, marketing margins of catfish seed production, and identifying the challenges in production and marketing systems. Study Design: This study used a quantitative approach with a questionnaire data collection method. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were taken from four upazilas of Mymensingh district- Gouripur, Trishal, Mymensingh Sadar, and Muktagacha. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews between mid-September and mid-October in 2019. Methodology: The sample size was 120 including 30 catfish seed farmers, 30 paikers, 30 wholesalers, and 30 retailers. This study employed supply chain analysis, net return and net marketing margin analysis, and descriptive statistics. Results: The study found that retailers had the highest net marketing margin of 1664 Bangladeshi Taka (Tk.) (15.21 US Dollars) for 10 kg spawn, while paikers earned the highest margin of Tk. 11148 (101.93 US Dollars) for 100,000 pieces of fingerling. The annual net return per acre from spawn production in hatcheries was Tk. 9,469,097 (86580.71 US Dollars), and from fingerling production in nurseries was Tk. 455,783 (4167.45 US Dollars). Conclusion: The research indicated that catfish seed farms with hatcheries were more profitable than those with nurseries. Hatchery owners, nursery owners, and traders faced significant problems in their operations, such as a lack of information on quality seed, higher input prices and price fluctuations, non-availability of various inputs, and poor communication systems. Based on the result, recommendations were made to support the development of catfish seed farms and traders as a promising sector in agribusiness.

Simulated reproductive allocation to fisheries-induced evolution among small yellow croaker populations in the Yellow and Bohai Seas

Fishery-induced evolution (FIE) affects the body size and reproduction of offspring, resulting in feedback regulation of fish survival and stock recruitment. Small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) is a species of high ecological and commercial importance in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, with large fluctuations in abundance linked to overfishing and environmental changes in recent decades. To better understand the maturation size and age, threshold reproduction cost, and energy trade-offs of small yellow croaker under environmental changes (e.g. conditions) and human impacts (e.g. fishing) in the Yellow and Bohai Seas, we utilised a two-pool uncertain growth model containing the growth threshold of reproductive energy and reproductive energy cost. The results showed that for growth, maturation age, and reproduction under the baseline scenario based on field survey data from the 1950 s, when resources for small yellow croaker were underexploited, the average age was 5–6 years old and the average body length was approximately 220 mm. As the model parameters for fishing pressure and condition mortality increased, small yellow croaker tended to mature earlier, had a smaller body size, and allocated more energy to reproduction, resulting in higher population fecundity but shorter lifespan. Higher reproductive costs led to a greater proportion of reproductive energy being allocated during the spawning period, resulting in an older age of sexual maturity, shorter lifespan for spawning populations, and poor physical conditions, resulting in higher post-reproductive mortality and a limited capacity for stock recruitment. The key life-history traits of small yellow croaker, including maturity age, mean age of the population, age-specific body weight, and spawn production at different age stages, can change under different conditions. The model represents the main life history strategies and energy allocation characteristics of small yellow croaker. The simulated age and body size were within the observed range and the predicted fecundity aligned with the observed values. This study provides a prediction tool for protecting the spawning and recruitment of small yellow croaker and establishes a biological reference for sustainable management of small yellow croaker populations in the Yellow and Bohai Seas in the future.

An enhanced productivity of pink oyster mushroom with improved nutritional profile, characterization and attempt for commercial exploitation.

An attempt has been made to explore the nutritional profile of pink oyster mushrooms that have been grown in various agricultural residues, including sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, coconut coir and sawdust, along with other nutrient supplements such as defatted mustard and chickpea powder, for appropriate growth and fruiting body formation in a short span of time. The spawn production was experimented with five different grain varieties. The study became interesting when the observations differed slightly from the traditional practices, with the addition of defatted mustard supplements resulting in a positive correlation with respect to reducing the fruiting time, as well as improving yield and the nutritional profile of Pleurotus djamor. An elevated yield of 651.93 g kg-1 was recorded in the medium where the RS and DM were used in the ratio of 1:0.01 (rice straw +1% w/w defatted mustard) bag, whereas, in terms of protein content, a maximum yield of 32.57 ± 0.79 mg g-1 was observed when SB:DM was in the same ratio (sugarcane bagasse +1% w/w defatted mustard) bag. To confer the best outcomes from the screened substrates, a series of experiments were performed by varying the concentration of RS and SB, with 1% w/w DM. It is worth noting that the highest protein content of 32.76 ± 0.38 mg g-1 was obtained along with the total yield of 702.56 ± 2.9 g kg-1 of mushroom when the ratio of RS:SB was 0.7:0.3. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lipid-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Self-Assembled Astaxanthin-Anthocyanin Nanoparticles on High-Fat Caenorhabditis elegans.

Obesity has become a serious global public health risk threatening millions of people. In this study, the astaxanthin-anthocyanin nanoparticles (AXT-ACN NPs) were used to investigate their effects on the lipid accumulation and antioxidative capacity of the high-sugar-diet-induced high-fat Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). It can be found that the lifespan, motility, and reproductive capacity of the high-fat C. elegans were significantly decreased compared to the normal nematodes in the control group. However, treatment of high-fat C. elegans with AXT-ACN NPs resulted in a prolonged lifespan of 35 days, improved motility, and a 22.06% increase in total spawn production of the nematodes. Furthermore, AXT-ACN NPs were found to effectively extend the lifespan of high-fat C. elegans under heat and oxidative stress conditions. Oil-red O staining results also demonstrated that AXT-ACN NPs have a remarkable effect on reducing the fat accumulation in nematodes, compared with pure astaxanthin and anthocyanin nanoparticles. Additionally, AXT-ACN NPs can significantly decrease the accumulation of lipofuscin and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The activities of antioxidant-related enzymes in nematodes were further measured, which revealed that the AXT-ACN NPs could increase the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The astaxanthin and anthocyanin in AXT-ACN NPs showed sound synergistic antioxidation and lipid-lowering effects, making them potential components in functional foods.

Cultural studies and yield attributes of pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus djamor) in West Bengal

The pink oyster mushroom, scientifically known as Pleurotus djamor, is characterized by its appealing color, positive sensory qualities, substantial nutritional content, and its possession of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and medicinal properties. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies, contributing to sustainable agriculture and forestry and a short-term generation of income. The present study was carried out to assess the effect of various cultural parameters viz. temperatures, pH, solid culture media, carbon, and nitrogen sources on mycelial growth of the fungus and to identify the suitable grain for spawn production, optimum dose of spawn and suitable substrate for obtaining the highest yield of the mushroom. All of the experiments were conducted following standard protocols after procuring the pure culture of P. djamor from DMR-Solan. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the fungus was 28 °C at pH 7.5, and the best solid culture media was oat meal agar. Starch was the best carbon source and 0.3% L-asparagine served as the best source of nitrogen. Sorghum grains promoted the fastest spawn production. Out of five different doses of spawn and two assessed substrates, 4% spawn on paddy straw promoted the highest yield.

Successful domestication of Neonothopanus Hygrophanus (Mont.) De Kesel & Degreef and Lentinus Squarrosulus Mont., indigenous saprophytic edible mushrooms from Kibira National Park in Burundi

BackgroundMushroom cultivation in Burundi provides an excellent way to diversify agricultural production although domestication of mushroom species is at an infancy stage. The country is endowed with indigenous forests that harbour a wide diversity of mushrooms with potential for domestication. This study was undertaken to explore opportunities for domestication of saprophytic wild edible mushrooms from the Kibira National Park (KNP) in Burundi.MethodsSamples of Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. and Neonothopanus hygrophanus (Mont.) De Kesel & Degreef were collected from the field, and tissue cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Spawn production and development was performed on sorghum grains and lignocellulosic substrates respectively and the parameters of mycelial growth and mushroom yield were determined.ResultsThe germplasm of L. squarrosulus and N. hygrophanus was successfully isolated with an average tissue culture incubation time of 6.4 ± 0.54 days and 7.6 ± 0.54 days for L. squarrosulus and N. hygrophanus, respectively. Spawn production incubation time on sorghum grains was 12.6 ± 0.89 days and 14.8 ± 0.83 days for L. squarrosulus and N. hygrophanus, respectively. For full colonization of lignocellulosic substrates, spawn production time ranged between 19 ± 1 and 21 ± 1 days for L. squarrosulus and between 17 ± 1.22 and 18 ± 1.22 days for N. hygrophanus. Both species successfully produced fruiting bodies and mushrooms yielded at a rate of 18.24 ± 9.76 to 22.85 ± 9.16% for L. squarrosulus and 12.66 ± 8.95 to 15.3 ± 8.94% for N. hygrophanus which is here reported for the first time to be successfully domesticated. For both species, the cottonseed hulls substrate comparatively showed the best yield followed by the combination of maize cobs/soybean straws (MC + SBS) (50:50), the combination of rice straws/soybean straws (RS + SBS) (50:50) and the maize cobs substrate respectively, while the rice straw showed the least. The combinations of MC + SBS (50:50) and RS + SBS (50:50) showed a yield close to that of cottonseed hulls.ConclusionsFor the first-time, this study presents successful domestication of N. hygrophanus and L. squarrosulus from KNP. It is concluded that the substrates combinations used in the study give good yields, and therefore recommended for use as cost-effective and efficient alternative substrates.

Production of mushrooms: A short Review

Mushroom production, also known as mushroom cultivation or mushroom farming, is the process of growing mushrooms for commercial purposes. Mushrooms are fungi that offer various culinary, medicinal, and industrial uses, making their cultivation a lucrative venture. This abstract provides a concise overview of mushroom production, including key aspects such as mushroom varieties, growing media, spawn production, incubation, fruiting, harvesting, post-harvest handling, pest and disease management, market and sales, and environmental factors. Understanding these fundamental aspects is crucial for successful mushroom production. However, it is important to note that specific techniques and considerations may vary depending on the mushroom variety, local climate, available resources and the scale of production. Seeking guidance from experts and local resources can provide further detailed information tailored to specific needs.

Effect of different grains as substrate for spawn production of Pleurotus eryngii

Effect of different grains as substrate for spawn production of Pleurotus eryngii

PREPARATION OF PLEUROTUS SPAWN ON DIFFERENT GRAIN SUBSTRATES

The cultivation of Pleurotus is gaining momentum due to its nutritional value and economic potential. The preparation of mushroom spawn on grain media involves inoculating them with pure cultures of certain mushroom species under sterile conditions, yet contamination of the spawn is a significant barrier to the growth and spread of mushroom farming in underdeveloped nations. In this study, the spawn growth of Pleurotus species on various grain substrates including maize, wheat, sorghum and bajra was explored. The results revealed significant differences in spawn growth duration among the substrates. Maize substrate exhibited the longest duration for spawn growth, requiring 19 days, while wheat, sorghum and bajra substrates displayed shorter duration of 15, 10 and 11 days respectively. Furthermore, each substrate demonstrated distinct characteristics influencing spawn growth, highlighting the importance of substrate selection in Pleurotus species cultivation. These finding provide valuable insights for optimizing spawn production process and enhancing the efficiency of Pleurotus species cultivation practices.

Factors Affecting the Agripreneurial Behaviour of Rural Youth Involved in Mushroom Production as an Enterprise

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched ARYA project in the year 2016. The project's main objectives are to entice rural youth to participate in India's agricultural sector and to create employment opportunities in the agricultural and related sectors. It is recognized that there is greater potential for mushroom cultivation as an enterprise as there is increasing consumers' preferences in nearby cities towards mushroom. The KVK promoted mushroom cultivation through demonstrations, capacity building and by providing critical inputs under the project. As a result, rural youth are motivated and engaged in spawn production, mushroom cultivation, marketing and mushroom processing. The result of the present study reveals that majority of the rural youth of successful enterprises as well as discontinued enterprise exhibited a medium level of agripreneurial behavior. The agripreneurial behaviour of rural youth of successful mushroom enterprises correlated positively and significantly with factors like age, education, gender, agri-enterprise experience, occupation, training, social participation, family size, land holding, annual income, source of credit, attitude toward agri-enterprise, extension contact, and mass media exposure. In case of the agripreneurial behaviour of rural youth of discontinued enterprises the variable gender, agri-enterprise experience, occupation, training, social participation, family size, land holding, annual income, attitude toward agri-enterprise, extension contact, and mass media exposure showed positive and significant correlations with agri-entrepreneurial behavior.

Spawn production and cultivation technology for Volvariella volvacea: a perspective

Volvariella volvacea has long been cultivated by farmers, but there are still some limitations to producing high-yielding V. volvacea. Several factors can lead to low yields, including poor substrate utilization and inadequate technology. Therefore, many attempts have been made over the years to improve the biological efficiency of the crop using various approaches. In this review, the existing technologies for yield improvement in V. volvacea production are discussed. This paper also elaborates the current practice including spawn improvement method and cultivation strategy. The smart mushroom house technology equipped with Internet of Things is also presented.

DETERMINATION OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS JACQ. EXFR. P.KUMN (OYSTER MUSHROOM) CULTIVATED ON SOME PLANT SUBSTRATES

Oyster mushroom plays a vital role in human nutrition as it supplies the necessary growth factors such as protein, minerals, vitamins in the body. Fresh samples of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) were collected from the agricultural research farm of Ibrahim Badamasi Babagida. University Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria located at latitude 9.0674oN, longitude 6.5698o E. The aim of this study is to determine the nutritional value of Oyster Mushroom cultivated on some plant substrates. Sawdust, Maize (Zea mays) husk Rice (Oryza sativa) straw and Banana (Musa acuminata) leaves were collected from the Botanical garden of the Department of Biological Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babagida. University Lapai, Niger State. Tissue culture techniques, spawn production, preparation and pasteurization of the plant substrates, inoculation of the mushroom spawn were conducted on the mushroom, nutritional analysis of the cultivated mushroom were determined and conducted using standard methods. The results indicated that among the selected substrates used, mushroom cultivated on banana leaves was found to be high in ash and moisture contents with 7.00% and 16.00 % respectively, rice straw was found the to be high in carbohydrate content with 51.70%. Maize husk was found to be high in crude fat and protein contents with 28.60% and 7.31% respectively, crude fibre content of 7.69% was found to be high in sawdust when compared with the other selected substrates .The present work demonstrated almost all the substrates used have certain levels of nutritive values. Mushroom cultivation under different plant substrates which serve as a bio-remedy of plant waste...

Water Requirement and Efficacy of a Prototype Hatchery for Selective Breeding of Rohu, &lt;i&gt;Labeo rohita&lt;/i&gt;

A prototype hatchery was constructed at Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture (CIFA), Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, India to produce spawn of fullsib families of rohu (Labeo rohita) carp and mass production of genetically improved rohu spawn. While following combined selection method, fullsib families have to be produced and reared separately from fertilized eggs to fingerlings i.e., till taggable size for individual tagging. The specialized hatchery was developed for individual fullsib family spawn production i.e., fertilized eggs to spawn. Water requirement study was performed for full sib family production as well as for mass scale spawn production and, it was worked out to be 10.54 and 81.07 m3 for one fullsib family and a million of spawn production, respectively. The specialized hatchery improved the production of fullsib families and spawn recovery percentage to a greater extent. Recovery of fullsib families increased from 70-82% to 94-100% in different year classes. In the present paper, efficacy of the hatchery for fullsib family and mass scale spawn production in selective breeding programme of rohu for last 19 years is discussed. The same model of hatchery can also be utilized for selective breeding programme for any other carp species.