Red-colored Product Research Articles

Minimization of Root Causes of Declining Productivity in a Manufacturing Company: A Case Study of Jocalis Company

This presents a comprehensive methodology employed to identify and address declining productivity issues within the JOCALIS Aluminium Roofing Sheet Manufacturing Company Limited, situated in Onitsha, Nigeria. The study encompasses various manufacturing divisions, with a primary focus on aluminium roofing sheet production of three lines involve in production of red, black, and milk colour coated roofing sheet. The research aims to uncover the root causes of defects in the manufacturing process and develop effective strategies for improvement. Key methods include data collection through interviews, company records, library research, and internet sources, followed by data analysis and root cause identification. From the result obtained, the average availability of critical machine like the roller machine after root cause analysis is increased by 10.62%. Also, the average MTBF (mean time between failure) of the critical machine after root cause analysis is increased by 13.66% and MTTR (mean time to repair) is decreased to 46.42% respectively. The applications and general impact of this study includes enhancing machine availability, reducing downtime, increasing efficiency, optimizing maintenance practices, implementing preventive maintenance schedules, improving equipment diagnostics, and prioritizing root cause analysis to reduce breakdowns.

Generation and structure elucidation of a red colorant formed by oxidative coupling of chlorogenic acid and tryptophan

In view of the poor acceptance of synthetic food colorants by consumers, there is intense interest in novel natural compounds, preferably from plant-derived sources. We oxidized chlorogenic acid using NaIO4 and reacted the resultant quinone with tryptophan (Trp) to obtain a red-colored product. The colorant was precipitated, freeze-dried, purified by size exclusion chromatography, and subsequently characterized using UHPLC-MS, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Additional mass spectrometric studies were performed on the reaction product generated with Trp educts labeled with 15N and 13C. The data obtained from these studies allowed the identification of a complex compound consisting of two Trp and one caffeic acid moieties, and the proposition of a tentative pathway of its formation. Thus, the present investigation expands our knowledge about the formation of red colorants based on the reaction of plant phenols and amino acids.

Development of a New Analytical Method for Estimation of Trifluoperazine-HCl in Pharmaceutical Formulation

The estimation of trifluoperazine hydrochloride in pure and dosage forms has been developed using a simple spectrophotometric method. The method is based on using an oxidation-reduction reaction with 4,7diphenyl 1,10-phenanthroline in the presence of Ferric)III( ion solution to produce a red-colored product complex of Fe(II )- 4,7diphenyl 1,10phenanthroline with maximum absorption at 533nm. The molar absorptivity is 0.44x104 L. mole -1.cm-1, Beer's law is followed over a concentration range of 5-100 μg. ml-1.Various parameters that influence the development and stability of the color product were thoroughly researched and optimized, and a reaction pathway proposal was offered. The proposed method was successfully used to determine trifluoperazine hydrochloride in tablet form.

Spectrophotometric determination of Mesalazine by formation of copling with reagent

A simple, developed, fast and accurate spectrophotometric method for determination of Mesalazine (MSL) in its pure form and pharmaceutical preparation (Pentasa). This method was based on the formation of complex between MSL and the reagent 2,6-Dichloro indophenol sodium (DIS) to give a red color product that gives ats highest absorption at the wavelength of 520 nm. The best conditions for complex formation were found (time, temperature, optimal reagent concentration, pH). The linearity of the method for the complex consisting ranged from 5-30 µg/ml, the Sandell's index was 0.0354µg/cm2, the molar absorption coefficient was 4318.40L/mol.cm and the detection limit was 0.252µg /ml , the quantitative limit was 0.766 µg/ml , the percent recovery range was Rec% between (98.900-101.715)% and the relative standard deviation rate RSD% between (0.00306- 0.00696)%. It was found that the method was accurate and precision and has been successfully applied to estimate the MSL in its pharmaceutical preparation, in direct methods and in multi standard additions.

Relationship between drying and grinding parameters and physicochemical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx powders

To set up a stabilization process preserving the beneficial properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyxes, known as coupled drying and grinding, an option for powdering is proposed. The impacts of these unitary operations on powder physicochemical properties and flowability were studied. Calyxes were sun-dried and/or oven-dried for 1 or 2 h then ground at 10,000, 12,000, or 14,000 rpm. Upon increase in drying duration and/or grinding frequency, more heterogeneous and irregularly shaped particles of smaller-sized, low fiber powder was obtained which in turn affected the flow properties. Powders are less cohesive, therefore, they are less sensitive to compression and shear. This results in a good flowability. The red color intensity of powder solutions related to the anthocyanin content was raised when decreasing the drying duration and increasing the grinding frequency. However, to improve the solubility of these powder solutions, high drying duration and grinding frequency was required. High drying duration and grinding frequency may be ideal to achieve an easy-flowing powder, a long shelf life, and an appealing red-colored product for consumers.

Charge-Transfer Complex of Linifanib with 2,3-dichloro-3,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Computational Molecular Modelling and Application in the Development of Novel 96-microwell Spectrophotometric Assay.

BackgroundLinifanib (LFB) is a multi‐targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and other types of cancer. The charge-transfer (CT) interaction of LFB is important in studying its receptor binding mechanisms and useful in the development of a reliable CT-based spectrophotometric assay for LFB in its pharmaceutical formulation to assure its therapeutic benefits.PurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the CT reaction of LFB with 2,3-dichloro-3,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and its application in the development of a novel 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay for LFB.MethodsThe reaction was investigated, its conditions were optimized, the physicochemical and constants of the CT complex and stoichiometric ratio of the complex were determined. The solid-state LFB-DDQ complex was synthesized and its structure was analyzed by UV-visible, FT-IR, and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques, and also by the computational molecular modeling. The reaction was employed in the development of a novel 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay for LFB.ResultsThe reaction resulted in the formation of a red-colored product, and the spectrophotometric investigations confirmed that the reaction had a CT nature. The molar absorptivity of the complex was linearly correlated with the dielectric constant and polarity index of the solvent; the correlation coefficients were 0.9526 and 0.9459, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of LFB:DDQ was 1:2. The spectroscopic and computational data confirmed the sites of interaction on the LFB molecule, and accordingly, the reaction mechanism was postulated. The reaction was utilized in the development of the first 96-microwell spectrophotometric assay for LFB. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 1.31 and 3.96 μg/well, respectively. The assay was successfully applied to the analysis of LFB in its bulk and tablets with high accuracy and precision.ConclusionThe assay is simple, rapid, accurate, eco-friendly as it consumes low volumes of organic solvent, and has high analysis throughput.

Spectrophotometric method for determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparation using ninhydrin

A simple, sensitive and reproducible method for the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations was investigated. This spectrophotometric method was based on the formation of a deep red color product with ninhydrin in basic media and the absorbance measured at λmax = 480 nm. The reaction occurs at 45 °C with pH = 10 having a contact time of 38 minutes. Under the optimum conditions, Beer’s Law is obeyed in the concentration range of 8.98×103 - 9.90×104 µg/L. The coefficient of correlation was found to be 0.999 for the obtained method with molar absorptivity of 3.05×103 L/mol.cm. The calculated Sandell’s sensitivity is 0.108 μg/cm2. The limit of detection and limit of quantification are 0.0997 and 0.3023 µg/mL, respectively. The low values of the percentage relative standard deviation and percentage relative error indicate the high precision and the good accuracy of the proposed method. The stoichiometry of the reaction is determined and found to be 1:4 (Ranitidine hydrochloride:Ninhydrin). The initial rate method confirmed that this reaction is first order one.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CEFPIROME IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION

Objective: A simple, sensitive and precise visible spectrophotometric method has been proposed for the determination of cefpirome (CFM) in pure and oral injectable dosage form.
 Methods: A spectrophotometric method is based on the formation of stable red color product by oxidation of drugs by ferric nitrate and subsequent complexation with 1, 10 – phenanthroline with maximum absorption at 515 nm.
 Result: The red color complex was formed between Fe (II) and 1, 10 – phenanthroline after reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) in the presence of CFM drug. The phosphoric acid solution was used only for quenching the complex formation reaction. Several parameters such as the maximum wavelength of absorption, the volume of reagents, sequence of addition and effect of temperature and time of heating were optimized to achieve high sensitivity, stability and reproducible results. Under the optimum conditions, linear relationship with good correlation coefficient (0.994) was found over the concentration range from 0.20 to 6.00 μg/mL with a molar extinction coefficient 7.7813 × 104 L/mol/cm, limit of detection 0.2026 and limit of quantification 0.6141 μg/mL, respectively.
 Conclusion: The proposed method was evaluated statistically for linearity, accuracy, and precision in terms of standard deviation, percentage recovery, percentage error and relative standard deviation. The proposed method can be applied for the routine estimation of CFM in the laboratory.

Spectrophotometric flow injection method for the determination of Bendiocarb insecticide in water samples using chromogenic reagent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

Objective: Bendiocarb (BEN) is an acutely toxic carbamate insecticide which is used in public places and agriculture. The present study describes a new, sensitive, and accurate flow injection analysis method for the determination of BEN in its pesticide formulations and water samples.Methods: The developed method is based on an alkaline hydrolysis of BEN in NaOH, and the resultant product was coupled with 2,4-dinitrophenylhdrazin in the presence of sodium periodate to form red-colored product which measured at 515 nm.Results: Under the optimum conditions established (sample volume 150 μL, flow rate 2 mL/min, with 75 cm reaction coil length) for spectrophotometric determination of Bendiocarb. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 1–150 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.738 μg/mL, with average recovery of 100.737 and relative standard deviation % of 1.331%.Conclusion: The established method was successfully applied for the determination of BEN in pesticide formulation and real spiked water sample.

Mechanism Underlying Green Discolouration of Myoglobin Induced by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma

In this study, we elucidated the mechanism underlying atmospheric pressure plasma (APP)-induced green discolouration of myoglobin. Green-coloured pigments are produced upon conversion of myoglobin into sulphmyoglobin, choleglobin, verdoheme, nitrihemin, or nitrimyoglobin. We exposed myoglobin dissolved in phosphate buffer to APP for 20 min and found a decrease in a* value (+redness/−greenness) and increase in b* value (+yellowness/−blueness) (P < 0.05). In the ultraviolet absorption spectrum, myoglobin treated with APP for 20 min showed absorption peaks at 503 and 630 nm, a spectrum different from that of sulphmyoglobin or choleglobin. The secondary structure and molecular weight of myoglobin were unaffected by APP treatment, excluding the possibility of verdoheme or nitrihemin formation. After APP treatment, nitrite was produced in myoglobin solution that provided a positive environment for nitrimyoglobin formation. However, the addition of 0.5% sodium dithionite, a strong reducing agent, to myoglobin solution resulted in the formation of deoxymyoglobin, which was subsequently converted to nitrosomyoglobin upon APP treatment to yield a desirable red colour. Thus, APP-induced green colouration in myoglobin solution is associated with nitrimyoglobin formation. The addition of the antioxidant resulted in the production of red colour in myoglobin solution after APP treatment owing to nitrosomyoglobin formation.

How crossing with East-Asian raspberry-relative species affects fruit color and shoot pigmentation in the seedlings of cultivated raspberry (Rubus idaeusL.)

This research work represents the evaluation of fruit colour and red pigmentation of vegetative shoots of selected raspberry hybrid species. The selected hybrids are derived from the crossing of Rubus idaeus and Rubus parvifolius. The aim of the experiment was to integrate the vitality and resistance of wild raspberry and the fruit quality of the cultivated one with several backcrossings. In fruit quality, colour plays an important role by influencing market demand. During the analysis of colour inheritance, we assumed the presence of a second yellow gene (Y2), due to the significantly higher rate of segregation at the yellow fruit colour hybrids. A wide range of shades of yellow can be identified from light yellow to apricot. Several other genes are involved in the regulation of the production of yellow and red colour. Identification of these genes requires further research work. The C gene determines the shoot colour of raspberry. During the observation of wild raspberries we have revealed the role of a dominant Pr gene. The linkage of the Y and Pr genes are descended. The value of the crossing over is approximately 15%. The anthocyanin production inhibitory effect - caused by the Y gene - extends only for the fruit. By observing the shoots of yellow fruit plants, we have noticed strong anthocyanin production.

Charge-Transfer Reaction of Cediranib with 2,3-Dichloro- 3,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone: Spectrophotometric Investigation and Use in Development of Microwell Assay for Cediranib

Purpose: To investigate the charge-transfer (CT) reaction between cediranib (CRB) and 2, 3 - dichloro-5, 6- dicyano -1, 4 - benzoquinone (DDQ) and employment of the reaction as a basis for the development of a novel 96 - microwell spectrophotometric assay for CRB.Method: The reaction of CRB and DDQ was investigated in different solvents of varying dielectric constant and polarity index The reaction resulted in the formation of a red-colored product. Spectrophotometric investigations confirmed that the reaction proceeded through to the formation of a (CT) complex.Results: The molar absorptivity of the CT complex was linearly correlated with the dielectric constant and polarity index of the solvent; the correlation coefficients were 0.801 and 0.858, respectively. The association constant of the complex was 0.5 × 103 L mol−1 in 2-propanol. The reaction conditions were optimized for the development of the microwell assay for CRB. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 6.8 and 20.6 μg/well, respectively. The assay was validated as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and successfully applied to the analysis of CRB in its bulk and dosage forms with good accuracy and precision.Conclusion: The developed assay has high throughput and consumed minimum volume of organic solvent; thus, it reduces the exposure of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, and should significantly lower the analysis cost.Keywords: Cediranib, 2,3-dichloro-3,5-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone, Charge-transfer reaction, Spectrophotometry, Microwell assay, High throughput analysis.

Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia using ninhydrin assay and kinetic studies

A spectrophotometric method for the determination of ammonia in aqueous media was investigated. This newly developed method for the reaction of ammonia with ninhydrin found to be simple, accurate and precise. A deep red color product was formed in the presence of sodium hydroxide at wavelength of 508 nm. The effects of variables such as temperature, time, acidity and reagents concentration have been evaluated to select the appropriate conditions for this reaction. Beer's law is obeyed; the calibration curve is linear over the range of 2×10 -4 -1.4×10 -3 M of ammonia with regression coefficient ( r 2 ) of 0.994 (n = 7). The calculated molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity values are 1.069×10 3 L/mol.cm and 0.015 μg/cm 2 , respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are calculated to be 1.2×10 -5 and 3.6×10 -5 M, respectively. The intra-day accuracy expressed as relative error was less than 0.5% with precision (RSD) ranging from 0.49 to 1.55%. The inter-day accuracy ranged (RSD) from 0.49 to 1.90 % with a relative error was less than 1.50 %. The stoichiometry of this reaction was determined to be of 1:2 between ammonia and ninhydrin with first order reaction.

A novel 96-microwell-based high-throughput spectrophotometric assay for pharmaceutical quality control of crizotinib, a novel potent drug for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

&lt;p&gt;This study describes the development and validation of a novel 96-microwell-based high throughput spectrophotometric assay for pharmaceutical quality control of crizotinib (CZT), a novel drug for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. We examined the reaction between CZT and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate, a chromogenic reagent. A red-colored product showing a maximum absorption peak (λ&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt;) at 490 nm was produced in an alkaline medium (pH 9). We examined stoichiometry of the reaction and postulated the reaction mechanism. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe a color-developing reaction for the proposed assay. The reaction was performed in a 96-microwell plate, and the absorbance of the colored product was measured using an absorbance reader at 490 nm. Under optimized reaction conditions, Beer's law, which shows a correlation between absorbance and CZT concentration, was obeyed in the range of 4-50 µg/well with an appropriate correlation coefficient (0.999). The limits of detection and quantification were 1.73 and 5.23 µg/well, respectively. The assay showed high precision and accuracy. The proposed assay was applied successfully for the determination of CZT in capsules. Thus, the assay proposed in this study is practical and valuable for routine application in pharmaceutical quality control laboratories.&lt;/p&gt;

The Removal of COD and Color from Textile Industry by Chlorine Hypochlorite

Industrial wastewaters are played one of the most important roles in environmental pollutions, but discharge these wastewater to environment has always with irreparable damages. The aim of this study was to explore the removal efficiency of COD and color of polyacrylic Textile Industry by Calcium hypochlorite. In this study, this parameter was measured including total Dissolved Total Solids, Turbidity, and pH. Red and blue color product the maximum rate of color. The removal efficiency of COD was about 96 to 98 per cent and for Turbidity were 72 to 71 per cent. Produced Pollution of imported fibers from Belarus, Spain and Japan is 4.47, 3.07 and 6.33 times lower than native fibers. The method of oxidation with chlorine as the easiest, cheapest and most efficient way of preliminary wastewater treatment plant was used in the textile industry polyacrylic. With this technique within COD decrease, the possibility of wastewater treatment with biological treatment in the final stage is provided.

Integrated development of up- and downstream processes supported by the Cherry-Tag™ for real-time tracking of stability and solubility of proteins

Product analytics is the bottleneck of most processes in bioprocess engineering, as it is rather time-consuming. Real-time and in-line product tracing without sample pre-treatment is only possible for few products. The Cherry-Tag™ (Delphi Genetics, Belgium) which can be fused to any target protein allows for straightforward product analytics by VIS absorption measurements. When the fused protein becomes unstable or insoluble, the chromophore function of the group is lost, which makes this technology an ideal screening tool for solubility and stability in up- and downstream process development. The Cherry-Tag™ technology will be presented for the tagged enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) from Escherichia coli in a combined up- and downstream process development study. High-throughput cultivations were carried out in a 48-well format in a BioLector system (m2p-Labs, Germany). The best cultivation setup of highest product titer was scaled up to a 2.5L shake flask culture, followed by a selective affinity chromatography product capturing step. In upstream applications the tag was capable of identifying conditions where insoluble and non-native inclusion bodies were formed. In downstream applications the red-colored product was found to be bound effectively to a GST affinity column. Thus, it was identified to be a native and active protein, as the binding mechanism relies on catalytic activity of the enzyme. The Cherry-Tag™ was found to be a reliable and quantitative tool for real-time tracking of stable and soluble proteins in up- and downstream processing applications. Denaturation and aggregation of the product can be detected in-line at any stage of the process. Critical stages can be identified and subsequently changed or replaced.

ACTIVE MAP OF READY-TO-EAT LETTUCE: INTERPLAY BETWEEN FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY (THE QUAFETY APPROACH)

Oxidative enzymatic browning of cut edges and microbial spoilage are the two major causes of deterioration of ready-to-eat lettuce. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these two processes are interrelated and the presence of spoilage pseudomonad bacteria on cut lettuce surface hastens the accumulation of phenolics and enhances browning, presumably as part of the host defense response. Preventing browning by heat treatment promoted bacterial growth and tissue maceration of Pectobacterium-inoculated lettuce core discs. The red-colored phenolic oxidation products have been isolated from cut lettuce and are currently under investigation. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is used to preserve the quality of fresh-cut lettuce by inhibiting both the oxidative browning and the growth of microbial populations. Flushing the packages with a gas mix of desired composition (active MAP) expedites the achievement of favorable atmosphere conditions improving the product quality preservation. At the same time, the active MAP favored the survival of Salmonella on lettuce leaves, possibly due to the elimination of its natural antagonists. Atmosphere modification does not ensure microbiological safety of ready-to-eat lettuce and must be supported by appropriate sanitation practices. Washing with active chlorine followed by potable water rinsing did not taint shredded lettuce with unacceptable level of disinfection byproducts but produced wastewater heavily contaminated with trihalomethanes. The comprehensive approach to quality and safety of ready to eat fresh products is the basis of the EU FP7 QUAFETY project.

Photoinduced adsorption of spiropyran into mesoporous silicas as photomerocyanine

UV irradiation to a spiropyran-containing suspended mesoporous silica in toluene, the photochemically formed photomerocyanine was adsorbed into the mesoporous silica to give a very stable red-colored product.

Tribo-, Thermo-, and Vapochromic Behavior of Hydrazone–Pt(II) Complexes Induced by Protonation–Deprotonation in the Solid State, and Their Luminescence Properties in Solution

Abstract Pt(II) complexes containing tridentate hydrazone ligands were prepared. Reversible protonation and deprotonation of the hydrazone complexes occurred in solution and in the solid state. On grinding and heating the yellow-colored crystals of the protonated complex [PtCl(HL)]Cl, the deprotonated red-colored product, [PtCl(L)], was produced, and HCl vapor was released. The deprotonated complex reverted to the yellow-colored protonated complex on exposure of the red-colored crystals to HCl vapor. Both [PtCl(HL)]Cl and [PtCl(L)] exhibited different luminescence colors in acetonitrile solution.

Charge–transfer reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with crizotinib: Spectrophotometric study, computational molecular modeling and use in development of microwell assay for crizotinib

The reaction of 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (DCNQ) with crizotinib (CZT; a novel drug used for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer) was investigated in different solvents of varying dielectric constants and polarity indexes. The reaction produced a red-colored product. Spectrophotometric investigations confirmed that the reaction proceeded through charge–transfer (CT) complex formation. The molar absorptivity of the complex was found to be linearly correlated with the dielectric constant and polarity index of the solvent; the correlation coefficients were 0.9567 and 0.9069, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of DCNQ:CZT was found to be 2:1 and the association constant of the complex was found to be 1.07×102l/mol. The kinetics of the reaction was studied; the order of the reaction, rate and rate constant were determined. Computational molecular modeling for the complex between DCNQ and CZT was conducted, the sites of interaction on CZT molecule were determined, and the mechanism of the reaction was postulated. The reaction was employed as a basis in the development of a novel 96-microwell assay for CZT in a linear range of 4–500μg/ml. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 2.06 and 6.23μg/ml, respectively. The assay was validated as per the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and successfully applied to the analysis of CZT in its bulk and capsules with good accuracy and precision. The assay has high throughput and consumes a minimum volume of organic solvents thus it reduces the exposures of the analysts to the toxic effects of organic solvents, and significantly reduces the analysis cost.