Production Of Quality Seedlings Research Articles

Substrates based on carbonized rice husk combined with phosphate fertilization in coriander and mustard seedlings

Combinations of substrates of easy acquisition and nutrients availability favor the production of quality seedlings with lower production cost. Aiming at an alternative for the production of quality seedlings from the insertion of low-cost, sustainable raw material into the commercial substrate, the present work aimed to evaluate the effect of different proportions of the composition of the carbonized rice husk mixture, sand and soil (3:1:3 V:V:V) with commercial substrate (composed of peat fiber and vermiculite), with or without added phosphorus, without development of coriander and mustard seedlings. The experiment was executed in a greenhouse under a randomized block design with six seedlings per plot and seven replications. The treatments were arranged in a 5x2 factorial scheme with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of the combination added to the commercial substrate with or without addition of triple superphosphate. After 35 days of emergency, plant height, shot dry mass production and roots dry mass production were evaluated. The results showed that there was no effect on the phosphate fertilizer addition to the substrates tested in any evaluated trait, as well as significant interaction between the factors studied in the development of seedlings. The height and dry matter yield of shoots and roots were higher when the combination of carbonized rice husk, sand and soil was added to the commercial substrate in proportions of 50 % and 75 % and 100 % in both vegetables. Carbonized rice husk proved to be an efficient alternative substrate for the production of coriander and mustard seedlings.

Initial Growth of Red Tent Seedlings (Adenanthera Pavonina l.) In Soil Enriched with Different Doses and Nitrogenous Sources

Purpose: To evaluate the initial growth of red tent seedlings in different doses and sources of N. Theoretical framework: Based on scientific articles found on search engines and books in the area of soil fertility and plant nutrition. This is to support the explanation of how the morphological characteristics of seedlings, which explain their growth, are affected by nitrogen fertilization, depending on the dose and source of fertilizer applied. Method: The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five doses of N and five replications, using urea and ammonium sulfate as sources, which were evaluated separately. The doses tested were: T0 – without addition of N; T1 – 50 mg dm-3; T2 – 100 mg dm-3; T3 – 150 mg dm-3; T4 – 200 mg dm-3, for each source tested. At the end of 90 days, the morphological characteristics of the seedlings were evaluated: height, diameter, height/diameter ratio, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root part, aerial dry mass/root dry mass ratio, height/aerial dry mass ratio and, Dickson quality index. Results and conclusion: Growth, dry mass production and seedling quality were greater at a dose of 200 mg dm-3 when using urea as a source of N. When the source was ammonium sulfate, the greatest growth in height occurred at a dose of 100 mg dm-3, however, the greatest growth in diameter, the greatest production of dry mass and quality, were observed at a dose of 200 mg dm-3. This is the recommended dose for the species studied. Research implications: These results indicate that nitrogen fertilization is essential for the quality growth of red seedlings, and the dose to be applied is essential for this to happen, since values lower than this dose may not allow the plant to perform at its maximum. growth potential. Meanwhile, higher doses do not guarantee greater growth and will result in unnecessary expenses and, probably, loss of growth due to toxicity. Originality/value: Using nitrogen fertilizers, in the correct dose for the species, increases its growth potential and guarantees the production of quality seedlings within the nursery.

Regimes hídricos nas respostas morfofisiológicas e bioquímicas de Croton blanchetianus (Euphorbiaceae)

ABSTRACT Plant species occurring in the Caatinga biome, when subjected to different water fluctuations, may have their morphophysiological and metabolic performance altered. Depending on the level of stress, the production of quality seedlings is affected. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the responses to different water availability levels in the morphophysiological and biochemical development of Croton blanchetianus Baill. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, evaluating four water regimes: 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of pot capacity, and conducted in a randomized block design, with a total 5 blocks. The variables analyzed were: branch height and branch diameter; leaf area, number of leaves, root volume; root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass and root/shoot ratio; relative water content, proline, total soluble proteins, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and photo synthetic pigments (chlorophyll ɑ, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids). The species Croton blanchetianus Baill. shows drought tolerance mechanisms, demonstrated by the reductions of growth, leaf area, dry mass of seedlings and photo synthetic pigments. It adjusts osmotically with increments in the production of proline, which acts in osmoprotection when there is water deficit, and in the production of proteins under the lower and higher water regime. The species has full development of seedlings under water regimes between 75% and 80% and adapts to different water fluctuations.

Viability and Vigor of Annona squamosa, L. Seeds in Different Substrates

The Annona squamosa belongs to the Annonaceae family and is native to Tropical Americas and the West Indies. Its fruit can be consumed fresh, but it is also used in various foods such as purees, ice creams, mousses, yogurts, and traditional juices. For this reason, its economic relevance in Brazil has been significant, driven by the growing demand in the consumer market. The production of quality seedlings depends on various factors, with substrate composition being of great importance. The germination of seeds, root initiation, and rooting are directly linked to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of the substrate. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Tocantins, in the city of Gurupi - TO, between March 4, 2022, and August 22, 2022. Seeds of Annona squamosa were taken from the fruit itself and sown in the following substrates: Washed sand; Commercial substrate + rice husk + chicken manure; Black soil; Black soil + coconut shell powder + commercial substrate. The substrate black soil + coconut shell powder + commercial substrate provided higher viability and vigor values in Annona squamosa seeds.

Germination responses with different treatments, seed vigour and seedling growth of Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk.) provenances stored from 19 to 30 years

Knowledge of the genetic variability of different species for conservation purposes and quality seedling production after longer storage time is important. The aim of the research paper was to examine the effect of longer seed storage periods (19–30 year) on seed viability, seed vigour and initial growth of seedlings from five provenances of Pterolobium stellatum (Forssk). Seeds collected from Dabena, Gambo, Agaro, Bishofitu, and Merti localities and stored for 19, 19, 21, 25, and 30 years, respectively used for the study. Different seed dormancy-breaking treatments such as; soaking in cold water for 48 h (CW-48); soaking in hot water for 10 min (HW-10); 20 min (HW-20) and mechanical scarification; i.e., nicking (NK) used for the germination of the seeds. A randomized complete block design was used for the experiment and the study undertaken in a greenhouse. For each treatment, four replications and for each replication, 50 seeds were used. One-way analysis of variance was used for germination index, early seedling growth and seed vigour index data. The results showed that for all the provenance seeds stored for different periods, NK treatment resulted relatively in a higher mean germination percentage and germination indices as compared to the other pre-treatments. The seed vigour index result showed significant differences among the different provenances (P < 0.001). Similarly, there were significant differences among the early growth of seedlings germinated from different provenance seeds (P < 0.001). The seeds collected from Merti provenance and stored for 30 years and Dabena provenance, stored for 19 years, have relatively resulted in higher mean germination index, seed vigour and seedling growth relative to the other studied provenance seeds. We observed that provenance had a more significant influence on germination, seed vigour and seedling growth than the seed storage period for the P. stellatum. Finally it is recommended that despite there is inter population variation, the seeds of P. stellatum can be stored for a longer time and application of nicking as a dormancy breaking treatment could enhance seed germination of the species.

Influence of leaf area on clonal propagation by mini-cuttings of two varieties of Ficus benjamina L.

Due to the peculiar characteristics of the species Ficus benjamina L., this plant is used on a large scale in afforestation for ornamental purposes and thermal comfort. However, its multiplication depends on clonal propagation techniques, due to the impossibility of obtaining viable seeds for seminal propagation in the semi-arid region. The leaf area rate that must be maintained in the multiplication propagules is a very important factor for the production of quality seedlings, as it influences the initiation and rooting of the species. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of different degrees of leaf reduction on minicuttings of two varieties of Ficus benjamina L.. In order to obtain vegetative propagules for the installation of the experiments, a mini-clonal Hedge was established for each variety. The minicuttings were made up with 10 cm in length and the levels of leaf area reduction evaluated were three whole leaves, three leaves reduced to 1/2 and three leaves reduced to 1/3. Ten weeks after planting, the minicuttings were transferred from the rooting environment to the shade house and at sixteen weeks the experiment was finalized. For each variety, an experiment was installed in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments, three replications and plots consisting of twelve mini-cuttings, resulting in an experiment for each variety consisting of 108 mini-cuttings. At seven and sixteen weeks, survival data were analyzed and at the end of the experiment, rooting and aggregation of roots in the substrate. Weekly, up to sixteen weeks, data were collected from roots observed in the extremity of the tube. Regardless of the variety, the leaf area of the mini-cuttings that presented the best results for the clonal propagation of the species Ficus benjamina L., was the ones using mini-cuttings with leaf area reduced to three whole leaves.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ON SEEDLINGS OF SINGLE ASSAI PALM

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is the main disease affecting single assai palm seedlings and, therefore, a limiting factor to the production of quality seedlings. So far, there are no fungicide recommendations for the control of C. gloeosporioides in Euterpe precatoria. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the action of fungicides, such as pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad, as a possible alternative for controlling anthracnose in single assai palm seedlings. The experiment was installed in the nursery at Embrapa Acre, in a randomized block design, with seven treatments (0 – 0.155 – 0.187 – 0.218 – 0.250 – 0.281 – 0.312 μl of fungicide), with four replications of five plants. Evaluations were conducted for ten months regarding seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, and Dickson Quality Index. A visual scale ranging from 1 to 9 was used to assess the severity of the disease. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis. Under the study conditions, the application of the active ingredient pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad reduced anthracnose severity by an average of 36.94% in single assai palm, providing better quality seedlings in the nursery.

Effect of Seed Fortification With GA3 for Quality Seedling Production in Annatto (Bixa orellana L.)

Pre-sowing seed treatments study was designed to evaluate impact of soaking hours and role of GA3 on quality seedling production in Bixa orellana. In the present study seeds soaked in cold water for 18 hours soaking which took 15 days for quick seed vigour in seed germination Accordingly it indicated that 18 hours seed soaking duration treatment has enhanced seed softening, quick seed germination and seedling quality traits than other treatments. Among the treatments, the seeds soaked in GA3 200 ppm for 18 hours recorded the highest values for seedling per cent and other seed vigour parameters and it was followed by GA3 150 ppm. Among the treatments studied,T4 (200 ppm) and T5 (250 ppm) recorded early germination, took 9 days to initiate germination, whereas control (T6 )) took maximum (23.8) days to germinate. Maximum germination registered with GA3 200ppm (T4 - 64.74 %) while minimum was recorded with control (T6 - 13.67 %). It enhance seedling vigour parameters at nursery studied through like root length, shoot length, collar diameter, dry matter production and vigour index of seed fortified with GA3 200 ppm escalated over control. Hence, seed fortification with GA3 200 ppm for 18 hours duration is highly useful and easily adoptable for enhanced quick and high quality seedling production especially by commercial nursery growers on Bixa orellana.

Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na propagação vegetativa de pimentão e tomate

ABSTRACT: The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

Pre-sowing Treatments Impact on the Germination of Three Melia species (Melia Azeadarch, Melia composita and Melia dubia)

A nursery experiment was carried out to study germination rate of three different Melia species at the Division of Agroforestry, experimental farm at Sher-e-Kashmir, University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chatha, Jammu (UT). Three Melia species drupes (Melia azedarach, Melia composita and Melia dubia) were subjected to eight pre-sowing treatments. Analysis of the results revealed that Melia drupes treated with cow dung slurry for 30 days enhanced germination percentage and days to initial and final germination. Finding of the experiments showed that pre-sowing treatments was effective in enhancing germination and production of quality seedlings of Melia species.

Seed ecology enlightens restoration of endemic species: A case study of Actaea kashmiriana from the Himalaya

Lack of sufficient studies on seed ecology of endemic species poses practical hurdles in their habitat restoration programs. Here, we studied the seed ecology traits and regeneration potential of Actaea kashmiriana – an endemic plant species to Kashmir Himalaya. We conducted population sampling of the species at four different sites in Kashmir Himalaya. The seeds showed profuse covering with brownish membranous wings, indicating wind dispersal in the species. The percentage of seed set varied from 67(±0.7) to 72(±0.6) and seed viability from 76(±2.4) to 86(±2.4), with highest being at low-altitude site. We observed a gradual reduction in viability of the seeds over time, and 4 °C temperature optimum for maintaining long-term viability. Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment (3 mM) showed highest percentage of seed germination and seedling survival. The treatments involving GA3 (2 mM), GA3 (2.5 mM), and GA3 (3 mM) showed highest number of seeds germinated per day as well as seedling vigour index. Mean germination time was significantly reduced to 45 ± 0.92 days under GA3 (3 mM) as compared to the other treatments. For breaking the epicotyl dormancy, 24–25 °C temperature was effective for the emergence of cotyledon. Faster seed germination initiated within 38 and40 days under treatments with GA3 (3 mM) and GA3 in combination with Thiourea respectively. Our results indicate non-deep morpho-physiological dormancy in the species and GA3 likely serves as a substitute for cold stratification. Based on our findings, we outline a protocol for production of quality seedlings in A. kashmiriana, which can steer restoration of the species in this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and enlighten the restoration of endemic biodiversity elsewhere.

Seed seedlings development of different Eucalyptus and Corymbia species purposing forestry advancements for Cerrado biome

The production of quality seedlings has a direct impact on the productivity of a forestry establishment. Knowing the specifics of each specie and its adaptation to the edaphoclimatic conditions of a given region is essential for the success of a forest plantation. The production of seedlings of Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp. presented in this work comes from the sexual propagation, by seeds. The study carried out the comparison between 13 species of Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp., verifying the quality of the seed lots, via in vitro germination test and by sowing in tubes. The biometric measurements applied in this study were total seedling height, stem diameter and vigor, two measurements of seedlings were carried out in plastic bags and the data were transferred to the R software to be analyzed, applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means of variables. The germination percentage was higher in tubes than the results obtained in vitro, with emphasis on the results of the species Eucalyptus dunnii, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus longirostrata and Corymbia maculata, which reached 100% germination in tubes and these are also the species that stood out in biometric measurements, with emphasis on the results of the species Eucalyptus dunnii, Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus longirostrata. The study aimed to generate viable, healthy and vigorous seedlings from seminal propagules of Eucalyptus spp. and Corymbia spp., to compose, at the end of the experiment, which has the potential to extend, beyond this study, the Eucalyptus Garden at Escola de Agronomia - EA/UFG), Goiania, GO, Brazil, collaborating with the practical classes that will be able to use the space to present to the students the features inherent to the species.

Identification of Problems of Sweet Orange A Case Study from Pyuthan Municipality, Pyuthan

In view of suitable climatic condition in mid hill of Nepal, sweet orange is emerging as a new enterprise for farmers, for which the government of Nepal has also given priority to this crop. In the light of these facts, a case study was conducted in Pyuthan municipality of Pyuthan district to identify the problems related to sweet orange in Pyuthan municipality. All of the farmers had their own land for Sweet orange production. Majority of the respondents (80%) had the annual income below NRs. 20000. Farmers were able to increase their higher education, household expenses, health and savings from Sweet orange production. Transportation, irrigation, citrus greening disorder and green stinky bug were major problem in Sweet orange production in study area. Study suggested that concerned stakeholders should focus their program on quality seedling production, input use, and human resource management, and scientific orchard management, capacity development of farmers, insect pest management, scientific value chain management and post-harvest loss reduction for overall development of sweet orange industry in Pyuthan district.&#x0D; Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 10(2): 134-139.

Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Improves Growth and Photosynthesis of Ilex paraguariensis (St. Hil) Seedlings

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hill.) is an important woody tree in South America, however the production of quality seedlings is a major problem. Microorganisms that promote plant growth have shown to be efficient biotechnologies in the production of seedlings. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), it establishes symbiosis with several plant species and increases the accumulation of biomass and absorption of poorly mobile nutrients such as phosphorus. Here, we test the effects of two AMF species on growth, root architecture, phosphorus accumulation and gas exchange of yerba mate seedlings cultivated under different phosphorus levels. We used seedlings in a non-sterile soil, inoculated with AMFs Rhizophagus clarus SCT720A and Acaulospora colombiana SCT115A, and non-inoculated (control) treatment under five levels of phosphorus (0; 25; 50; 100 and 200% recommendation). After 90 days of AMF inoculation, plant dry biomass, root architecture and mycorrhizal colonization were determined and after 180 days, the same parameters plus photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and P content were evaluated. AMF inoculation increased shoot and root dry biomass, total root length, root volume. Plants inoculated with AMF showed higher photosynthesis rate. Phosphorus content and mycorrhizal colonization were increased almost three times when inoculated with AMF. Our findings highlight the importance of AMF inoculation for Ilex paraguariensis seedlings production, reducing the time needed in nurseries to enhance tree performance.

Sand amended with carbonised rice husk and goat manure as a propagation medium

Abstract Tomato is an important horticultural crop as it provides income and contributes to food security for Rwandan citizens. Besides its importance, its production is hampered by the use of a soil-based growing medium which results in the production of low-quality transplants. This is mainly attributed to the unaffordability of peat moss to small-scale farmers in Rwanda. Hence, a greenhouse nursery experiment was carried out at the Rwanda-Israel Horticulture Centre of Excellence to search for an alternative growing medium to peat moss. Nine different growing media were formulated from a mixture at different ratios of sand, goat manure, and carbonised rice husks. The seeds were sown in propagation trays. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test at p ≤ 0.05. The data analysis was carried out using SAS software version 9.2. The results revealed that sand + goat manure + carbonised rice husk 50 %: 10 %: 40 % (T8) was comparable to T1 (peat moss 100 %) in producing higher quality seedlings during both trials with a mean quality index of 0.28 and 0.31, respectively, whereas T2 (sand 100 %) had seedlings with the poorest quality. Consequently, T8 can be adopted by nursery producers as an alternative to peat moss in the production of quality tomato transplants. More research on other locally available organic substrates is encouraged to find out alternatives to expensive media like peat moss because it was observed that the use of sand + goat manure + carbonised rice husk 50 %: 10 %: 40 % revealed in production of quality seedlings with no significant difference from the ones grown in peat moss.

Mini-Clonal Technology-An Innovative Mass Multiplication Technology for Tree species

The growing importance on promotion of plantation and agroforestry in India demands production of quality planting materials to satisfy the demands of tree growing farmers and wood based industries. The National Forest and Agroforestry policies also prioritized ensuring quality seedling production for successful establishment of forestry and agroforestry plantations. As of now, most plantation activities in the country are carried out through seed based seedling production barring few exceptions which exhibited wide variations in growth, yield, productivity and adoptability. Under such circumstances, The Forest College and Research Institute (TNAU) has developed species specific mini clonal technology for wide range of pulpwood, plywood and timber species viz., Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Melia, Teak, African Mahagony, Toon and Kadam. This innovative mass multiplication technology exhibits greater potential of adoption across regions towards mass multiplication of wide range of species and to ensure quality seedling production as envisaged in National Agroforestry policy. The rapid multiplication coupled with increased rooting efficiency in a short duration and elimination of epigenetic variation attracts this technology as a most promising in forestry and agroforestry plantation development program.

Using leading and lagging indicators for forest restoration

Abstract Forest restoration targets are often planned, implemented, measured and reported based on few short‐term lagging indicators (i.e. indicators of realised outcomes), such as the number of seedlings and area planted. We propose the use of leading indicators, which denote likelihood of a certain outcome (e.g. odds that seedlings are of quality and properly planted) to complement lagging indicators and describe how this construct differs from the current practice and how they can be used in conjunction with available frameworks for forest restoration. Leading indicators have great promise to complement lagging indicators because they address the near‐term factors more likely to influence the progress and performance of restoration efforts. For example, secure land tenure (leading indicator) can increase the likelihood of long‐term maintenance and protection (lagging indicator), and the use of best practices in quality seedling production (leading indicator) can increase survival rate (lagging indicator). By observing near‐term leading indicators, management can be adapted towards a goal. Long‐term impacts cannot be verified in the early stages of forest restoration, hence claiming success within the length of project cycles is often unrealistic. Reporting on leading indicators can inform the likelihood that forest restoration goals will be achieved in the longer term. Synthesis and applications. Leading indicators complement lagging indicators and can be used in forest restoration beyond monitoring and evaluation. Indicators can also be used in the design, adaptive management and reporting of restoration interventions. Leading indicators can be used to identify issues that might prevent success in a timely manner so they can be addressed.

Nutripriming of Seeds with Manganese Sulphate for Better Germination and Seedling Vigour in the East Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)

Poor and staggered seeds germination is the major hurdle in plantation establishment of sandalwood (Santalum album L) which is one among the esteemed timber species of the world. Nutrient priming is an innovative approach that combines the positive effects of seed priming and improved nutrient supply thereby helping in mass production of quality seedlings. In the present investigation, the effect of nutripriming using MnSO4 on germination and seedling growth of the sandal was studied. The experiment was conducted in two factorial CRD with concentration of MnSO4 (0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8 M and 1 M) and duration of treatment (3, 6, 9 and 12 days) as factors. Results indicated that seeds subjected to nutripriming at 0.8 M for 3 days recorded the highest germination (88.0%) followed by those soaked at 0.4 (86.7%), 0.6 (86.7%) and 1.0 M (86.0%) concentrations respectively. The nutri-primed seeds incubated for more than 3 days recorded a germination < 10%. Multivariate analysis indicated that the seedling growth and biomass production were also higher at 0.8 M concentration for 3 days followed by 0.4 M for 6 days. Hence, we recommend nutripriming at 0.8 M for 3 days and 0.4 M for 6 days for superior planting stock production of sandal.

SUCCESSFUL INCORPORATION OF CRUSHED PINE (PINUS CARIBAEA) LEAVES INTO COCONUT COIR DUST NURSERY MEDIUM FOR VEGETABLE SEEDLING PRODUCTION

Different soilless media are used in vegetable nurseries for high quality seedling production. In the current research, potential of incorporating crushed pine leaves (CPL) into coconut coir dust (CCD) as an economical and sustainable media alternative for vegetable nursery trays, was investigated. CPL was used as mixtures with CCD at the ratios of 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3 and 0:4 (Treatment 1-5). Suitability of each treatment as soilless medium was investigated by evaluating their physical and chemical properties as well as biodegradability. Growth performances of the seedlings grown in the treatments were evaluated using brinjal, capsicum, ‘elabatu’ (Solanuminsanum), knolkhol and tomato. The highest water holding capacity, pH and bio-degradability (6.21ml/g; 7.38; 12.6%) were observed in CCD and lowest values were in CPL (1.30ml/g; 5.18; 8.6%). The highest air porosity and bulk density were in CPL (36.7%, 0.32g/cm3) and the lowest were in CCD (2%, 0.23g/cm3). Mixing of these two materials brought those parameters to moderate values which were appropriate for vigorous plant growth. Capsicum, knolkhol and tomato showed higher seedling vigour index, growth rate and root lengths in T2 and T3 mixtures. Brinjal showed the highest values of growth rate and root length in T3 and T4, and seedling vigour index in T3. ‘Elabatu’ showed highest values of growth rate and root length in T4 and T5, and seedling vigour index only in T4. The result concludes that, CPL can be used in nursery medium without any harm to the plants but incorporation of CPL with CCD improves the properties of growth media and assures better seedling growth.

Quality seedling production as influence by various nutrient source: A review

Quality seedling production as influence by various nutrient source: A review