Production Of Other Commodities Research Articles

Analisis Skala Usaha Dan Finansial Minyak Sere Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus rendle. Lin) Di Kabupaten Gayo Lues

Sere Wangi is a plantation commodity which is the prima donna in Gayo Lues Regency with the largest production compared to the production of other commodities. The contribution of the plantation sub-sector to the regional economy is also quite large because in Gayo Lues Regency, up to now, there have been many activities in the plantation business, especially the Sere Wangi plant. The purpose of this study was to determine the scale of business and financial business of citronella farming which is processed into citronella oil in Gayo Lues Regency. The research was conducted in Gayo Lues Regency, with a descriptive method. The research method is survey with sampling done by purposive sampling with the amount of data taken by farmers as many as 99 respondents and traders as many as 10 respondents. The research results of sere wangi farmers have obtained profits with an average production of citronella oil of 164.55 kg / year, with a minimum cultivated area of 0.67 ha or 6,657.09 M2, farmers have BEP for land area. Financially, sere wangi farming is feasible to continue to be developed with a Net Benefit Cost Ratio (NBCR) value of 2.57. This means that every one rupiah that is spent during the farming life of lemongrass produces Rp 2.57 units of net benefits. Keywords: Citronella Oil, Business Scale, Feasibility. BEP

Improvement of Free Fatty Acid Secretory Productivity in Aspergillus oryzae by Comprehensive Analysis on Time-Series Gene Expression.

Aspergillus oryzae is a filamentous fungus that has historically been utilized in the fermentation of food products. In recent times, it has also been introduced as a component in the industrial biosynthesis of consumable compounds, including free fatty acids (FFAs), which are valuable and versatile products that can be utilized as feedstocks in the production of other commodities, such as pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements. To improve the FFA secretory productivity of A. oryzae in the presence of Triton X-100, we analyzed the gene expression of a wild-type control strain and a disruptant strain of an acyl-CoA synthetase gene, faaA, in a time-series experiment. We employed a comprehensive analysis strategy using the baySeq, DESeq2, and edgeR algorithms to clarify the vital pathways for FFA secretory productivity and select genes for gene modification. We found that the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions are crucial in the initial stages of FFA production and revealed 16 candidate genes to be modified in conjunction with the faaA disruption. These genes were verified through the construction of overexpression strains, and showed that the manipulation of reactions closer to the FFA biosynthesis step led to a higher increase in FFA secretory productivity. This resulted in the most successful overexpression strains to have an FFA secretory productivity more than two folds higher than that of the original faaA disruptant. Our study provides guidance for further gene modification for FFA biosynthesis in A. oryzae and for enhancing the productivity of other metabolites in other microorganisms through metabolic engineering.

A New Approach to Carbon Dioxide Utilization: The Carbon Molten Air Battery

As the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) increase in the Earth’s atmosphere, the effects on climate change become increasingly apparent. With the demand to reduce our dependence on fossils fuels and lower our carbon emissions, a transition to renewable energy sources is necessary. Cost effective large-scale electrical energy storage must be established for renewable energy to become a sustainable option for the future. We've previously shown that carbon dioxide can be captured directly from the air at solar efficiencies as high as 50%, and that carbon dioxide associated with cement formation and the production of other commodities, such as ammonia and iron, can be electrochemically avoided in the STEP process.1-6 The carbon molten air battery, presented by our group in late 2013,7 as one of a new class of rechargeable “molten air” batteries that utilize a molten electrolyte and a quasi-reversible air electrode,7-10 is attractive due to its scalability, location flexibility, and construction from readily available resources, providing a battery that can be useful for large scale applications, such as the storage of renewable electricity. Uncommonly, the carbon molten air battery can utilize carbon dioxide directly from the air:7,11-18 charging: CO2(g) → C(solid) + O2(g) (1) discharging: C(solid) + O2(g) → CO2(g) (2) More specifically, in a molten carbonate electrolyte containing added oxide, such as lithium carbonate with lithium oxide, the 4 electron charging reaction eq. 1 approaches 100% faradic efficiency and can be described as the following two equations: O2- (dissolved) + CO2(g) → CO3 2- (molten) (1a) CO3 2- (molten) → C(solid) + O2(g) + O2- (dissolved) (1b) Using carbon formed directly from the CO2in our earth’s atmosphere, the carbon molten air battery is a viable system to provide large-scale energy storage. References 1Licht, STEP generation of energetic molecules: A solar chemical process to end anthropogenic global warming, J. Phys. Chem., C, 113, 16283 (2009). 2Licht, Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach Advanced Materials ,47, 5592 (2011). 3Licht, Wu, Hettige, Wang, Lau, Asercion, Stuart, STEP Cement: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of CaO without CO2emission, Chemical Communications , 48, 6019 (2012). 4Licht, Cui, Wang, Li, Lau, Liu, Ammonia synthesis by N2 and steam electrolysis in molten hydroxide suspensions of nanoscale Fe2O3, Science, 345, 637 (2014). 5Cui, Zhang, Liu, Liu, Xiang, Liu, Xin, Lefler, Licht, Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia directly from N2 and water over iron-based catalysts supported on activated carbons, Green Chemistry ,2 DOI: 10.1039/C6GC02386J (2016). 6Li, Wang, Licht, Sustainable Electrochemical Synthesis of large grain or catalyst sized iron , J. Sustainable Metallurgy ,2, 405 (2016). 7Licht, Cui, Stuart, Wang, Lau, Molten Air Batteries - A new, highest energy class of rechargeable batteries, Energy & Environmental Science ,6, 3646 (2013). 8Liu, Li, Cui, Liu , Hao, Guo, Pe. Xu, Licht, Critical advances for the iron molten air battery: A new lowest temperature, rechargeable, ternary electrolyte domain, J. Materials Chemistry, A ,3, 21039 (2015); ibid, 2, 10577 (2014). 9Cui, Xin, Liu, Liu, Hao, Guo, Licht, Improved cycle iron molten air battery performance using a robust fin air electrode,” J. Electrochem. Soc. ,in press (2016). 10Cui, Xiang, Liu, Xin, Liu Licht, A novel rechargeable zinc-air battery with molten salt electrolyte, J. Power. Sources ,in press (2017). 11Licht, Cui, Wang, STEP Carbon Capture: the barium advantage, J. CO2 Utilization ,1, 58 (2013). 12Ren, Li, Lau, Gonzalez-Urbina, Licht, One-pot synthesis of carbon nanofibers from CO2, Nano Letters , 15, 6142 (2015). 13Ren, Lau, Lefler, S. Licht, The minimum electrolytic energy needed to convert carbon dioxide by electrolysis in carbonate melts, J. Phys. Chem. , C, 119, 23342 (2015). 14Licht, Douglas, Ren, Carter, Lefler, Pint, Carbon Nanotubes Produced from Ambient Carbon Dioxide for Environmentally Sustainable Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes, ACS Central Science , 2, 162 (2015). 15Ren, Lau, Lefler, Licht, The minimum electrolytic energy needed to convert carbon dioxide by electrolysis in carbonate melts, J. Phys. Chem. , C, 119, 23342 (2015). 16Lau, Dey, Licht, Thermodynamic assessment of CO2to carbon nanofiber transformation for carbon sequestration in a combined cycle gas or a coal power plant, Energy Conservation and Management , 122, 400 (2016). 17Wu, Li, Ji, Liu, Li, Yuan, Zhang, Ren, Lefler, Wang, Licht, One-Pot Synthesis of Nanostructured Carbon Material from Carbon Dioxide via Electrolysis in Molten Carbonate Salts, Carbon , 6, 27760 (2016). 18Ren, Licht, Tracking airborne CO2mitigation and low cost transformation into valuable carbon nanotubes, Scientific Reports , 106, 208 (2016). Figure: Variations of the Molten Battery. Figure 1

Carbon Nanotubes Electrosynthesized from CO2 for Efficient Greenhouse Gas Removal

Displaying superior strength, conductivity, flexibility and durability, carbon nanotube (CNT) applications had been limited due to the cost intensive complexities of their synthesis. We present an inexpensive, high-yield and scale-able synthesis of CNTs. We show that common metals act as CNT nucleation sites in molten media to efficiently drive the unexpected, high yield electrolytic conversion of CO2 dissolved in molten carbonates to CNTs. We accomplish this by electrochemically reducing CO2 on steel electrodes in a molten carbonate electrolyte. The CNT structure is tuned by controlling the electrolysis conditions, such as the addition of trace common metals to act as CNF nucleation sites, the concentration of added oxide, the addition of initiators and the control of current density. The process can be driven by efficient solar, as well as conventional, energy. Scalability of the process is demonstrated from 1 A to 100A. An inexpensive source of CNTs made from carbon dioxide will facilitate the rate of its adoption as an important societal resource for the building, aerospace, transportation, renewable energy, sporting and consumer electronics industries, while concurrently consuming carbon dioxide. As the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) increase in the Earth’s atmosphere, the effects on climate change become increasingly apparent. An incentive to remove the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is provided by its low energy, low cost, high yield conversion to valuable products such as carbon nanotubes. We've previously shown that carbon dioxide can be captured directly from the air at solar efficiencies as high as 50%, and that carbon dioxide associated with cement formation and the production of other commodities, such as ammonia and iron, can be electrochemically avoided in the STEP process.1-6 Here we show the effective capture of CO2 and its conversion at high yield to carbon nanotubes at low energy and high yield by dissolution in molten carbonates and splitting by electrolysis in molten carbonate to carbon nanotubes and oxygen.9-15 References 1Licht, STEP generation of energetic molecules: A solar chemical process to end anthropogenic global warming, J. Phys. Chem. , C, 113, 16283 (2009). 2Licht, Wang, Ghosh, Ayub, Jiang, Ganley, New Solar Carbon Capture Process: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) Carbon Capture J. Phys. Chem. Lett ,1, 2363 (2010). 3Licht, Efficient Solar-Driven Synthesis, Carbon Capture, and Desalinization, STEP: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of Fuels, Metals, Bleach Advanced Materials ,47, 5592 (2011). 4Licht, Wu, Hettige, Wang, Lau, Asercion, Stuart, STEP Cement: Solar Thermal Electrochemical Production of CaO without CO2emission, Chemical Communications , 48, 6019 (2012). 5Licht, Cui, Wang, STEP Carbon Capture: the barium advantage, J. CO 2 Utilization , 1, 58 (2013). 6Licht, Cui, Wang, Li, Lau, Liu, Ammonia synthesis by N2 and steam electrolysis in molten hydroxide suspensions of nanoscale Fe2O3, Science, 345, 637 (2014). 7Cui, Zhang, Liu, Liu, Xiang, Liu, Xin, Lefler, Licht, Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia directly from N2 and water over iron-based catalysts supported on activated carbons, Green Chemistry , 2 DOI: 10.1039/C6GC02386J (2016). 8Li, Wang, Licht, Sustainable Electrochemical Synthesis of large grain or catalyst sized iron , J. Sustainable Metallurgy , 2, 405 (2016). 9Ren, Li, Lau, Gonzalez-Urbina, Licht, One-pot synthesis of carbon nanofibers from CO2, Nano Letters , 15, 6142 (2015). 10Ren, Lau, Lefler, S. Licht, The minimum electrolytic energy needed to convert carbon dioxide by electrolysis in carbonate melts, J. Phys. Chem. , C, 119, 23342 (2015). 11Licht, Douglas, Ren, Carter, Lefler, Pint, Carbon Nanotubes Produced from Ambient Carbon Dioxide for Environmentally Sustainable Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes, ACS Central Science , 2, 162 (2015). 12Ren, Lau, Lefler, Licht, The minimum electrolytic energy needed to convert carbon dioxide by electrolysis in carbonate melts, J. Phys. Chem. , C, 119, 23342 (2015). 13Lau, Dey, Licht, Thermodynamic assessment of CO2to carbon nanofiber transformation for carbon sequestration in a combined cycle gas or a coal power plant, Energy Conservation and Management , 122, 400 (2016). 14Wu, Li, Ji, Liu, Li, Yuan, Zhang, Ren, Lefler, Wang, Licht, One-Pot Synthesis of Nanostructured Carbon Material from Carbon Dioxide via Electrolysis in Molten Carbonate Salts, Carbon , 6, 27760 (2016). 15Ren, Licht, Tracking airborne CO2mitigation and low cost transformation into valuable carbon nanotubes, Scientific Reports , 106, 208 (2016). Figure: Molten carbonate electrolysis pathways converting CO2 leading to a high yield, uniform CNF product. Figure 1

Food Clustering Analysis: The Impact of Typhoons in Food Production and Utilization in the Philippines

Objectives: Food has been a major concern in the Philippines regarding production and utilization. The main purpose of this research is to develop a model to venture the future of food production and consumption. Methods/Analysis: This study explored using data mining technique using regression and cluster analysis to establish a new knowledge from a data set ranging from 1990 to 2013, where the data taken and extracted into a software readable formatfrom the Philippine Government repository like the PhilFSIS and PAGASA. This research utilized software such as MiniTab 13.20 and Weka 3.7to facilitate model generation. Findings: The data generated were analyzed and found out that only poultry products were not affected by the typhoons. Thisresult is considered to be unique in nature considering that the Philippines is the most visited strong typhoons in the world, and can affect the poultry production. In the model generated, a significant finding also reveals that root crops, poultry products, and hog production increase if there is an increase of typhoons that enter the PAR. Finally, a theory was created based on the interpretation of the generated data from the data mining processes. Novelty/Improvement: These results only suggest that the authorities should look into the risk of declining of the production of other commodities and create a more climate resilient plan of production to sustain the future needs of the consumers. Further study must be conducted to establish the validity of the result of this study.

Distributional implications of changes in U.S. petroleum taxation

This article develops a methodology based on input-output relations for the evaluation of excise tax incidence. Since many excise taxes are levied on products that are used not only in final consumption but also as intermediate inputs in the production of other commodities, estimation of the tax burden by the conventional methodology of using direct final consumption may yield inadequate and perhaps misleading results. The input-output methodology developed in this article is applied to the case of the U.S. taxation of petroleum products and the empirical results are compared with similar ones obtained by the U.S. Congressional Budget Office.

Price Control in Canada

ATER more than two years of partial price control, Canada found it advisable to adopt over-all price control in the fall of I94I. To a limited degree, rentals, coal, sugar, timber, steel, milk, and other items which are either necessaries of life or essential materials of war supply, had been subject to a limited amount of control during the first two years of the war. Previous to the application of a price ceiling, control was directed toward the removing of bottlenecks of supply in order to prevent a too rapid price increase on certain commodities. However, by the summer of I94I it became apparent that more positive steps would have to be taken if fullfledged inflation was to be avoided. Prices of raw materials and wholesale commodities were increasing much more rapidly than at anytime since the declaration of war. Canada's official Cost of Living Index indicated that the rise between February and October I94I was almost as great as the increase in the previous eighteen months of the war. At this time Canada had the choice between selective price control or universal price control. Experience with piecemeal price fixing in all countries during the last war, however, indicated the desirability of an overall ceiling. Piecemeal control during the last war proved to be difficult to administer as well as unsuccessful in controlling inflation. The control of a few prices did not prevent a general price increase from taking place. Undoubtedly, price increases in uncontrolled commodities tended to be encouraged or even accelerated in anticipation of an extension of control to new areas. Rising prices of uncontrolled commodities meant rising costs of many of the factors used in the production of other commodities upon which the selling price had been fixed. These disturbances made it necessary constantly to revise the prices fixed and constantly to broaden the controlled area. The inter-relationship of all prices made it difficult to control one group while another group was left uncontrolled. Most important of all, piecemeal price fixing did not prevent inflation. Canada decided that if inflation was to be prevented during this war, selective price control would not suffice.