Coffee Production Research Articles

Coffee: Lighting Its Complex Ground Truth and Percolating Its Molecular Brew

Coffee is one of the most widely traded commodities worldwide and its popularity is only increasing. The International Coffee Organisation (ICO) reported a 6% increase in global production in 2020 to 10.5 million tonnes. Coffee production is quite involved (from sowing to harvesting, processing, packaging, and storage); consequently, the industry faces major challenges in terms of the assessment of its quality, flavour, and the components which contribute to coffee’s characterisation, as well as the sustainability of coffee production and global trade. This has prompted multiple studies on the nature of the aroma and taste of the many varieties of coffee around the world, which has resulted in the identification of approximately 1000 volatile compounds and the development and implementation of upwards of 100 lexicons to describe the specific sensory characteristics of coffee. The complex nature of coffee has necessitated the development and incorporation of new analytical methodologies, such as multidimensional separation technologies and spectroscopy coupled with multivariant analysis, to qualify the essential characteristics of coffee’s flavour. This work aims to review the research on coffee’s flavour, covering the roasting process of coffee beans, the volatile and non-volatile components generated by this process, and the chemical reactions responsible for their formation, as well as coffee’s sustainability, the coffee value chain, and various forms of regulation, particularly the current emphasis on ‘fair trade’.

Pengembangan Agrowisata Kopi di Lampung Barat

This research explores the potential for developing coffee agro-tourism in West Lampung as a strategy to enhance the local economy while supporting sustainability. Although West Lampung is known as one of the top coffee producers in Indonesia, the development of agro-tourism in this region still faces various challenges, such as limited infrastructure, lack of promotion, and minimal community participation. By using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study aims to identify key factors influencing the success of coffee agro-tourism and provide recommendations to address these challenges. The study indicates that the development of coffee agro-tourism has the potential to improve the economic well-being of the community by increasing income, creating jobs, and preserving culture and the environment. Therefore, policies that support the strengthening of human resources, infrastructure development, effective promotion, and community involvement in the development of agro-tourism in West Lampung are needed. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for the government, local communities, and investors in designing more effective policies and programs for sustainable coffee agro-tourism development in this region.

Chitosan-coated nanoemulsions of a terpene-based natural deep eutectic solvent and lemongrass essential oil to control coffee leaf rust: Two alternatives based on natural products

Coffee production is negatively affected by coffee leaf rust, a disease caused by the fungus Hemileia vastatrix. As a natural product-based alternative to chemically control the disease, this study evaluated the effect of two chitosan-coated nanoemulsions prepared from Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) and the thymol: pyruvic acid (1:1) natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) on the in vitro germination of H. vastatrix urediospores and on the in vivo control of the disease in Coffea arabica plants under greenhouse conditions. Both nanoformulations inhibited urediospores in vitro germination but only that prepared with EO did it significantly more than its free form active ingredient (the observed reduction was around 60 %). On the other hand, the in vivo experiment showed that the EO and NADES chitosan-coated nanoemulsions offered similar and significant protection for Coffea arabica plants against leaf rust; the disease severity level was found to be less than 2.6 % after 81 days from the application of the treatments to the plants (comparable to the cooper oxychloride, which is one of the commercial fungicides traditionally used), while the free components did not (9.0–13.3 % of severity level by day 81, such as the control). This is the first report demonstrating that chitosan-coated nanoemulsions, containing NADES or EO, protect coffee plants against H. vastatrix infection and can be two alternatives for sustainable pest management. Furthermore, this study contributes to broadening the prospects for using hydrophobic NADES in the design of biopesticides.

Carbon Footprint of Organic Coffee: Peruvian case study

In Peru, organic agriculture has emerged as a promising avenue for creating prosperity through the production of premium, value-added goods. Among the array of agricultural exports from Peru, organic coffee stands out as a highly significant product, celebrated internationally for its exceptional quality. Thus, there is an opportunity to address this study from the environmental point of view by focusing on greenhouse gas emissions in coffee production and adopting the principles of a circular economy. This approach not only promises to improve farmers' overall performance but also holds the potential to mitigate the environmental repercussions related with their production processes.The aim of this research is to analyze the carbon footprint of organic coffee that is produced by small farmers who are members of a cooperative situated in the northern region of Peru. To achieve this objective, the above-mentioned environmental impact during the production of organic green coffee was calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. This research also seeks to discern about disparities between the practices of farmers who already possess their organic certification and those currently in the certification process as well as assesses the relative eco-efficiency of these production units. Besides the absence of significant differences between those who have their organic certification and those who apply organic practices in their fields but are in the process of certification, results show that the carbon footprint of 1 kg of green coffee placed in port is estimated at 0.90 kg CO2e.

A bitter cup of coffee? Assessing the impact of climate change on Arabica coffee production in Brazil

Brazil, the world's largest producer and exporter of Arabica coffee, faces increasing challenges from climate changes. To maintain the sustainability of this commodity, innovative management techniques will be essential. This study aimed to assess the impact of climate projections, considering two CMIP6 emission scenarios (SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5) on the phenology and yield of Arabica coffee in 36 representative locations across Brazil for the periods 2041–2060, 2061–2080, and 2081–2100. Observed meteorological data from the BR-DWGD (Brazilian Daily Weather Gridded Data) and projected data from CLIMBra (Climate Change Dataset for Brazil) were employed. An agrometeorological model, calibrated for Brazilian conditions, estimated yield and phenology. Results indicate significant impacts on coffee cultivation areas, mainly due to rising temperatures and increased water deficits. Projections also suggest changes in coffee phenology, with anthesis advancing in colder regions and delaying in warmer areas, while maturation timing occurring earlier in all climates. Yield increases from CO₂ fertilization were more pronounced in category C climates (Cfa, Cfb, Cwa, and Cwb), particularly in Cwb climates, reaching 2.9 bags ha−1 (3.7 bags ha−1 with irrigation) under the SSP2–4.5 scenario and 2.5 bags ha−1 (3.5 bags ha−1 with irrigation) under SSP5–8.5. However, higher temperatures and water deficits could cause severe yield losses, especially in Aw climates and under high-emission scenarios, where losses may reach 100 %. Irrigation will play an important role in mitigating yield losses, especially in northern regions such as northern Minas Gerais and Bahia, where yields could exceed 30 bags ha−1. While southern Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and northern Paraná are projected to have the highest yields, these regions also face greater uncertainty and variability. This study underscores the need for adaptive agricultural practices, the development of resilient coffee cultivars, and supportive research policies to ensure the sustainability of coffee farming in the face of climate change.

Organoleptic attributes of 22 robusta coffee clones and potential for specialty coffee production in Ecuador

Organoleptic attributes of 22 robusta coffee clones and potential for specialty coffee production in Ecuador

Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilization on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Coffee Production in Ghana

Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilization on Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics in Coffee Production in Ghana

Occurrence of ochratoxins in coffee and risk assessment of ochratoxin a in a Costa Rican urban population

Costa Rica is a coffee producer and consumer country, but this product is prone to ochratoxin contamination; therefore, this study aims evaluates the human health risk associated with ochratoxin exposure among coffee consumers in the Costa Rica. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic compound classified as a Group 2B carcinogen, produced by the fungi Aspergillus section Circumdati, Aspergillus section Nigri and Penicillium spp. The presence of OTA and ochratoxin B (OTB) in Costa Rican coffee products (n = 175) was determined by HPLC with fluorescence detection. OTA was detected in 58.2% of the green coffee beans (1.01 ± 0.85 ng g −1), in 36.8% of the pure roasted coffee (2.59 ± 4.41 ng g −1), in 23.1% of the sugar-added roasted coffee (1.59 ± 0.33 ng g−1) and 75% of the instant coffee samples (0.69 ± 0.58 ng g−1). The contamination with OTB was 45.5% (1.28 ± 0.83 ng g −1), 31.6% (1.60 ± 2.04 ng g −1), 30.8% (1.42 ± 0.86 ng g −1), and 41.7% (2.64 ± 2.07 ng g −1), respectively. The dietary exposure to OTA of the Costa Rican population was assessed by a probabilistic approach. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA from coffee was: 0.184 (90% IC: 0.179–0.189) ng kg−1 bw day−1 for the total population (0.189 [90% IC: 0.184–0.194] ng kg−1 bw day−1 for males and 0.181 [90% IC: 0.176–0.186] ng kg−1 bw day−1 for females). The EDIs were lower than the tolerable human intake benchmarks for OTA set by international food safety authorities (even though more than 80% of OTA is extracted during coffee preparation). The results evidence a low risk (related to ochratoxin) for coffee consumers in Costa Rica.

Antioxidant activity and physical quality of ice cream with the addition of the coffee extract from local Kotamobagu

The production of local Kotamobagu coffee extract used the ground coffee taken from organic robusta coffee producers in Kotamobagu City, North Sulawesi Province. This study aims to determine the addition of local Kotamobagu coffee extract to the antioxidant activity and physical quality (overrun, pH & melting point) of ice cream. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely the addition of local Kotamobagu coffee extract of P0: 0%; P1: 5%; P2: 10%; P3: 15% and P4: 20%. with 4 replications. The variables measured were antioxidant activity, overrun, pH and melting point. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the addition of local Kotamobagu coffee extract had a significant effect (P <0.05) on antioxidant activity and overrun but had the same effect on the pH and melting point of ice cream. It was concluded that the addition of local Kotamobagu coffee extract up to 20% produced ice cream that had increasing antioxidant activity content with physical quality that met the requirements of SNI 01-37131995.

Optimization of the Number of Cylinder Blades in Coffee Pulper Machine: Finite Element Analysis and Simple Additive Weighting Methods

The increasing interest in coffee in all circles means that coffee production and quality must always increase due to consumer demands. One way to maintain the quality of coffee beans is by breaking them down using a huller machine. This research aims to improve the optimization of coffee machines by modifying the cylinder blades of huller machines with variations of 3, 4, 5, and 7 cylinder blades in terms of static loading design and quality and production capacity of coffee bean breaking. The experiment was carried out using 400 rpm and breaking 10kg of dry coffee cherries every time the sample was taken. The research results show that the best sample collection is the variation of 3 cylindrical blades with the maximum stress and lowest deformation values of 6.67 MPa and 0.000737 mm. In terms of production quality, it shows that the best sampling was the three cylindrical blade variations with 50% whole and good coffee beans. In terms of production capacity, the most significant capacity was the seven cylindrical blade variations with a value of 294.11 kg/hour. Sampling from the four most optimal variations uses the SAW (Sample Additive Weighting) method. The most optimal result from the 4 test criteria, the variation of 3 cylindrical blades is the best because it has the highest score with a value of 0.9754.

Equationing Arabica coffee: Adaptation, calibration, and application of an agrometeorological model for yield estimation

CONTEXTCoffee cultivation is important to Brazil's economy, positioning the country as a global leader in production and export. Given the complex environmental and management factors affecting yields, particularly due to climate change, there is a pressing need from farmers and dealers for more precise crop estimation models. OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to refine and calibrate an agrometeorological model, originally developed by Santos and Camargo (2006) and later adapted by Verhage et al. (2017a), to estimate Arabica coffee yield in the main producing regions of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Additionally, sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the most influential model parameters and variables. METHODSYield data from 28 coffee-producing locations (2003−2020) and meteorological data alongside irrigation use were employed. Following calibration and adaptation, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the model's response to variations in coffee plant parameters and environmental conditions. Local sensitivity analysis (LSA) focused on meteorological variables, while global sensitivity analysis (GSA) addressed coffee-related parameters. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe adaptations proposed to the original model led to a significant refinement in the yield estimates, emphasizing the complex interactions between climatic variables and agricultural management practices. Key adaptations include the estimation of potential yield (Yp), the incorporation of temporal curves for root growth, leaf area index, available water capacity, and crop coefficient, as well as a water balance that accounts for irrigation and its effect on attenuating high canopy temperatures. Calibration improved the model's accuracy and precision, with the RMSE decreasing from 13.66 (819.6 kg ha−1; 1 bag ha−1 = 60 kg ha−1) to 8.65 (519.0 kg ha−1) bags ha−1, R2 improving from 0.62 to 0.65, d-index from 0.79 to 0.88, and NSE from 0.09 to 0.64. During the evaluation phase, with independent data, RMSE was 7.76 bags ha−1 (465.6 kg ha−1), d-index 0.85, and R2 0.55. Sensitivity analysis emphasized the importance of mean temperature and solar radiation on Yp, as well as the impact of irrigation practices and water deficit management under rainfed conditions. Additionally, factors specific to the coffee plant itself directly affect its yield. SIGNIFICANCEThe findings underscore the importance of a multifactorial and adaptive approach to coffee cultivation, addressing the complexities and challenges posed by varying climatic conditions. This work offers valuable insights into optimizing coffee production, presenting the model as a tool for developing more resilient cultivation strategies and enhancing the sustainability of Brazilian Arabica coffee in future climate change scenarios.

Hyperspectral Characterization of Coffee Leaf Miner (Leucoptera coffeella) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) Infestation Levels: A Detailed Analysis

Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world. However, it has been a challenge to manage the main pest affecting the plant’s foliar part, the Coffee Leaf Miner (CLM) Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae). To mitigate this, remote sensing has been employed to spectrally characterize various stresses on coffee trees. This study establishes the groundwork for efficient pest detection by investigating the spectral characteristics of CLM infestation at different levels. This research aims to characterize the spectral signature of leaves at different CLM levels of infestation and identify the optimal spectral regions for discriminating these levels. To achieve this, hyperspectral reflectance measurements were made of healthy and infested leaves, and the classes of infested leaves were grouped into minimally, moderately, and severely infested. As the infestation level rises, the 700 nm region becomes increasingly suitable for distinguishing between infestation levels, with the visible region also proving significant, particularly during severe infestations. Reflectance thresholds established in this study provide a foundation for agronomic references related to CLM. These findings lay the essential groundwork for enhancing monitoring and early detection systems and underscore the value of terrestrial hyperspectral data for developing sustainable pest management strategies in coffee crops.

Dietary intake and quality in irritable bowel syndrome: a comparative study with controls and the association with symptom severity.

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) often attribute the onset or worsening of gastrointestinal symptoms to intake of food. Hence, in order to alleviate symptoms, patients with IBS may avoid triggering foods, potentially impacting their dietary intake and diet quality. This study aimed to compare the habitual diet intake and quality of IBS patients with controls, and to explore the association between dietary habits and symptoms in IBS patients. IBS patients were included from four clinical studies reporting habitual dietary intakes at baseline. Age- and sex-matched controls representing the general population were derived from the Swedish population-based Riksmaten study. Dietary intakes were assessed using 4-day food diaries. Diet quality was measured using a diet quality index (DQI-SNR), and diet diversity was scored based on the variety of food groups consumed. The study included 646 patients with IBS and 646 controls (38±14 years, 77% female). Both groups adhered to Nordic nutrition recommendations for macronutrients, except patients consumed fewer carbohydrates. Patients reported eating less carbohydrates, coffee, and dairy products, and more fats, lactose-free dairy products, and nuts and seeds compared to controls. Fewer patients had a good diet quality according to the DQI-SNR. In patients, symptom severity and gastrointestinal-specific anxiety were associated with reduced energy and carbohydrate intake, lower diet diversity, and worse diet quality. Poor diet quality was associated with younger age, more severe IBS symptoms, anxiety, and depression. Patients with IBS exhibit different dietary patterns compared to controls, with poorer dietary habits linked to more severe symptoms. Understanding food-symptom associations may enhance the optimization and personalization of dietary management for IBS patients.

ENHANCING EFFICIENCY AND TRANSPARENCY IN COFFEE SUPPLY CHAIN THROUGH BLOCKCHAIN-INTEGRATED TRACEABILITY PLATFORM

Coffee is a global commodity that plays a significant role in the economy of many countries, including Indonesia. As the world's fourth-largest coffee producer, Indonesia has a vast potential to increase its coffee exports. This economic impact is not only a source of foreign exchange but also a significant source of income for smallholder farmers. However, recent inefficiencies have led to declining exports and quality control issues. This issue is exacerbated by the lack of transparency and traceability in the coffee supply chain, which makes it difficult for stakeholders to monitor the movement of coffee beans from farm to market. Thus, this research aims to address these problems by developing a blockchain-integrated traceability platform enhanced with IoT technology. The platform connects all stakeholders in the coffee supply chain, including farmers, processors, distributors, sellers, and consumers, ensuring real-time monitoring and data transparency throughout the coffee supply chain. This benefitted not only the involved stakeholders but also the end consumers. The system's provided QR code allows consumers to access information about the coffee's origin, quality, and processing details, increasing customer awareness and trust in the product.

Analysis Competition Coffee Exports From Producing Countries in the United States Market with Use Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) Model

For the Indonesian economy, coffee is one of the commodities plantation methods. Coffee's contribution to state revenues, especially in the form of foreign exchange, is what gives it its strategic worth. Indonesia follows Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia as the world's top four coffee producers. Other nations besides Indonesia sell coffee to the US market, including Brazil, Vietnam, and Colombia. This study uses the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) Model to examine competitiveness between coffee-supplying nations in the US market. Examine Data spanning 2003 to 2022 is used for this. According to research, Brazilian and Indonesian coffee prices are inelastic, whereas Vietnamese and Colombian coffee prices are elastic. Colombian, Vietnamese, and Indonesian coffee are competitors of Indonesian coffee. This is demonstrated by the mark elasticity positive cross (substitution), and Brazilian coffee has a complementary relationship.

THE CHALLENGES FACED BY PRODUCERS IN THE PRODUCTION OF AMAZONIAN ROBUSTA COFFEE IN TANGARÁ DA SERRA – MT

Coffee production is one of the main activities in the world, generating around 100 million jobs directly and indirectly. In 2022, an estimated 17.97 thousand bags of Amazonian Robusta coffee were produced in Brazil. Given the considerable importance of coffee cultivation for the country as well as for the municipality of Tangará da Serra - MT, it is relevant to identify the main challenges faced by Tangará producers in the production of this type of coffee. In order to provide solutions to the problems exposed, the proposal was to characterize the producers of Amazonian Robusta coffee in Tangará da Serra - MT, identify the difficulties that interfere in production and compare them to those recorded in 2019 with those faced in 2023. For the study, a qualitative methodological approach was used, which enables a given perception of reality, with an exploratory research strategy for greater familiarity with this topic little explored in the municipality. The careful description sought to identify the obstacles faced by local coffee producers, and nineteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with these workers to collect data. The results showed that they face various challenges in the production of Amazonian robusta coffee, since they worked individually, without any ties to coffee associations or cooperatives, a factor that limits the representativeness of the crop, such as the lack of adaptation to the regime that manages water resources when the irrigation method is used for the crop, and the succession for the coffee activity, which appears as an obstacle to be overcome, since it is the transfer of power to the next manager of the business. It is evident that this production in Tangara tends to grow, since there are new entrants in the crop with crops in formation.

ENERGY ASPECTS OF CONILON COFFEE DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHERN FLUMINENSE. PART 2 - ENERGY BALANCE

Conilon coffee represents a large portion of Brazilian coffee production, and it is essential to understand how the crop relates to the energy available in the environment. Therefore, this study sought to determine the components of the energy balance of the Conilon coffee crop in the North Fluminense region during seven harvests. The experiment was conducted in a crop field in the area belonging to the Darcy Ribeiro State University of North Fluminense, in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, which contains a micrometeorological station that monitored environmental data between June 2015 and May 2022. Using this information, the energy balance was performed using the Bowen ratio method, which made it possible to determine the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and the crop coefficient (Kc). The Bowen ratio energy balance method performed satisfactorily and indicated that 66% of Rn was converted to LE, 24% to H and 10% to G. The average crop evapotranspiration was 3.81 mm.day-1 and the average Kc per harvest showed an increasing trend throughout the experiment and ranged from 0.82 to 0.92. Conilon coffee presented an average productivity of 3.43 t.ha-1 (57.16 sc.ha-1) and it was concluded that an average of 0.08 g per MJ of net energy was produced.

Influencing factors of Indonesian coffee product customer experience in international market: an aspect-based sentiment analysis with GPT-3 Davinci model

Influencing factors of Indonesian coffee product customer experience in international market: an aspect-based sentiment analysis with GPT-3 Davinci model

Effects of Active Compounds and Their Metabolites Associated with Coffee Consumption on Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Coffee is one of the most known and consumed beverages worldwide. Only three species are used in commercial coffee production, i.e., Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee), Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner (Robusta coffee), and Coffea liberica Hiern (Excelsa coffee). The world population consumes approximately two billion cups of coffee per day, making it an important commercial resource of bioactive compounds in world markets. High interest in coffee consumption described in the literature is not only due to its organoleptic properties (for example desirable bitterness, amount of flavours, and aromas) but also for its ability to stimulate the central nervous system.It is now known that there are more than 1000 compounds in coffee beverages, several of which have a bioactive activity. Recent studies show that consuming three to four cups of coffee per day, i.e. moderate consumption according to the European Food Safety Authority, may be beneficial for health.The main objective of the proposed review is to provide a comprehensive overview of bioactive compounds in coffee and other caffeine-containing beverages and their effects on neurodegenerative proteinopathies.

Unveiling Critical Innovation Factors in Sustainable Coffee Production: A Colombian Perspective

Abstract The coffee sector stands as a cornerstone of Colombia’s economy, ranking third in the nation’s export portfolio. Despite the Colombian coffee esteemed global reputation, it has yet to fully exploit its potential for diversification into differentiated products. Present agro-industrial paradigms emphasize trade and sustainable, efficient agricultural practices, underscoring the imperative for innovation across production, marketing, and distribution channels. This study aims to pinpoint the pivotal innovation factors within coffee farm production processes. To this end, a sample of 66 coffee farms was selected through simple random sampling. Drawing from the 2018 Oslo model, innovation types associated with sustainable specialty coffee certifications were delineated. Within this framework, seven fundamental factors emerged for investigation: economic, social, environmental, production, knowledge, technology, and change management. Through cluster analysis, it became evident that economic, environmental, knowledge, technological, and change management factors are indispensable for fortifying the coffee industry.