Production Of Carbonate Research Articles

Evaluation of dust fixation effect of urease-based biological dust suppressant and its field application.

Widespread mining of open-pit coal mines has led to severe dust pollution, which degrades air quality and affects human health. Due to the drawbacks of existing dust suppression methods, there is an urgent need to develop a biological dust suppressant, which is based on urease-induced carbonate precipitation and has excellent potential for application in the field of dust management. The research developed a biological dust suppressant based on urease-induced carbonate precipitation technology. By using biological dust suppressant with different ureases, the dust suppression effect was determined and field applications were conducted. The optimal formulation of the dust suppressant was identified through experiments, and the evaluation of erosion resistance, calcium carbonate yield, hardness, permeability resistance, and crust thickness was conducted, elucidating the consolidation mechanism. After synthesizing the economic benefits and treatment effects of field use, it was found that the optimal ratios of the dust suppressant were 1.0mol/L for urea and calcium chloride, 100g/L for soybean flour, and the ratio of urease solution and cementing solution was 1:1 when used; the calcium carbonate yield of the specimen treated by EICP (SCU) was as high as 7.49 %. In an alternative phrasing, after undergoing tests for resistance to wind and rain erosion, the mass loss rates were recorded at 0.24gm-2·min-1 and 156.51gm-2·min-1. When compared to the treatment with pure urease, there was a significant improvement in wind erosion resistance by 90 % and in rain erosion resistance by 25.53 %. Field applications have revealed that the distribution of calcium carbonate is uneven and exhibits a positive correlation with hardness, penetration resistance, and the thickness of the crusts formed. This is due to the macromolecular organic matter in crude urease, which not only can form a spatial mesh structure and play a bonding role, but also can provide nucleation sites for urease-induced production of calcium carbonate, promoting the precipitation and aggregation of calcium carbonate, so that the strength is improved.

Carbon sequestration behavior of magnesium oxychloride cement based on salt lakes magnesium residue and industrial solid waste

With the extensive utilization of lithium-ion battery in the electric vehicle and energy storage field, the consumption of lithium has been sharply increasing. Lithium resource occurrence area were facing increasing environmental pressure, particularly the magnesium residue (MR) produced in the lithium extraction process, and a sustainable exploitation pathway have not been established. In the framework of "net-zero", MRs were onverted to Salt lake magnesium oxide (SL-MgO) which was characterized by various elemental and surface analysis methods. Magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) was prepared form SL-MgO and two industrial solid wastes [fly ash (FA) and phosphogypsum (PG)], and its carbon sequestration capacity was analyzed and evaluated. If all the MRs produced from the lithium extraction process were used to manufacture MOC materials for CO2 sequestration. When the PG content was 20 %, the CO2 sequestration capacity of the MOC was 0.29 kg/m2, the compressive strength was 85.30 MPa, and the MOC neutralized 220.10 % of the CO2 emissions from the lithium extraction process. In this procedure, evidence was found of the typical metastable carbonate products identifiable. Overall, utilizing MRs and industrial solid waste to manufacture new low-carbon MOCs may become the most direct and effective countermeasures to alleviate environmental pressure in these regions.

A new strategy for the comprehensive utilization of wastewater from the production of soda ash by sodium sulfate-based ammonia-soda process

The production of soda ash by the ammonia-soda process using carbon dioxide and ammonia for sodium sulfate is an effective method to realize the comprehensive utilization of waste resources of sodium sulfate, but this method produces a large amount of wastewater whose main substances are sodium bicarbonate and ammonium sulfate, which limits the modular industrial application of the production of soda ash by sodium sulfate-based ammonia-soda process(SSA-Process). At present, the main utilization method for the wastewater from the production of soda ash by SSA-Process is evaporation crystallization method to deal with the by-products of sodium sulfate and ammonium sulfate, which is a low-value, complex and energy-consuming process, so is an urgent need for a low-cost, high-value, short-process method to comprehensively utilize wastewater from the production of soda ash by SSA-Process. Based on the application theory of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in the traditional ammonia-soda process, this present study systematically investigated the causticization law and mechanism of Ca(OH)2 in a simulated wastewater from the production of soda ash by SSA-Process. On this basis, a new process of Ca(OH)2 segmented causticization was developed to realize the comprehensive utilization of wastewater from production of soda ash by SSA-Process. The results showed that this process enabled a highly efficient ammonia cycle for cost reduction and the production of high purity ultrafine calcium carbonate products and sodium sulfate solids, as well as calcium-based raw material for building materials.

Closed-Loop Process of Extracting and Separating Zinc Impurities from Industrial Cobalt Products—Pilot Test Study

The cobalt-containing products of an enterprise were selected as the object of this study. The separation effect of Cyanex 272 on Zn and Co was studied through a pilot test. The results showed that Cyanex 272 had a high extraction rate for Zn at pH 3–3.4, up to 99.8%. The extracted Zn2+ was enriched in the organic phase, and the Zn2+ in the organic phase was extracted back into the aqueous phase in the stripping stage by adding strong acid. Addition amounts of strong acid of 50 g·L−1, 80 g·L−1, and 100 g·L−1 were set. The results showed that the addition amounts of 80 g·L−1 and 100 g·L−1 could significantly reduce the pH of the back-extraction solution and effectively enrich Zn2+ in the solution. There was a large amount of Zn2+ in the back-extraction solution, which could be used twice to prepare zinc carbonate products through neutralization and precipitation. By comparing the extraction effect, economic cost, and resource loss under different strong acid addition amounts, it was found that the 80 g·L−1 strong acid addition amount was more suitable for the actual production process. This study provides data support and practical evidence for the selection of industrial extraction process parameters for Zn2+ separation in actual cobalt products.

Evaluating the carbon sequestration behavior and microstructure evolution of sedimentary carbonates of granular γ-C2S

Carbon dioxide fixed steel slag powder has demonstrated potential as a supplementary cementitious material. This research investigated the correlation between the carbon sequestration rate of γ-C2S particles, a key carbon sequestration active mineral in steel slag, and the evolution of the microstructure of calcium carbonate products. The results indicated that γ-C2S powder showed notable efficiency in capturing CO2 within the first 180 mins, followed by a gradual slowdown leading to a plateau phase. The micro-scale analysis revealed that the crack structure of γ-C2S particles has a direct effect on the distribution of products and the development of reaction rate. The calcium carbonate on the particle surface underwent epitaxial growth, epitaxial-mantle growth and mantle growth. The primary characteristics of epitaxial growth enhanced the contact time and area between gas and unreacted particles, ensuring a sustained reaction time and delaying the reaction plateau. Moreover, the growth of calcite was influenced by the interplay between particle growth and crystal size reduction, with early epitaxial growth facilitating sufficient calcite growth. Exploring the carbon sequestration behavior of powdered minerals at the micron scale is anticipated to enhance our comprehension of the formation of carbonated products and advance the utilization of steel slag.

Synthesis and catalytic application to form cyclic carbonates of novel Pd(II) Cu(II), and Fe(II) benzoate-based Schiff base metal complexes

This work describes the synthesis and characterisation of six novel Schiff base complexes, Cu(II), Pd(II), and Fe(II), which, under the right circumstances, function as very efficient catalysts for the production of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and epoxides. FT-IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, UV–Vis spectroscopy, molar conductivity, melting point, and magnetic susceptibility measurements are among the spectroscopic methods used to characterize newly synthesized complexes. The molar conductivity values, ranging from 2.58 to 4.03 µS/cm, suggest that the complexes exhibit no molar conductivity. Co-catalysts, such as 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, pyridine, triethylamine, and triphenyl phosphine, were used in these processes, both with and without one. 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine was used as the co-catalyst in the catalytic studies. Additionally, a number of variables that affect the cycloaddition process were examined, including the temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time, and co-catalyst. All novel catalysts exhibited exceptional catalytic activity and selectivity in the catalytic assays. Regarding the coupling of CO2 and epichlorohydrin as epoxides, the L2-Cu catalyst outperformed other catalysts in terms of catalytic activity (90.7%) and selectivity (98.9%).

Mild one-pot production of glycerol carbonate from CO2 with separation from ionic liquid catalyst

Carbon capture and utilization stands as way forward in the minimization of CO2 emissions. It complements the search for clean and effective energy, as it is challenging to achieve zero to negative CO2 net emissions. The glycerol carbonate product opens a new strategy based on a double-residue approach (glycerol and CO2) to contribute, together with ionic liquids (ILs), drafting a new one-pot concept (intensified three phase reactor) at mild conditions and using homogeneous catalysts. In this work, the catalytic activity of [P666,14][Br] in the cycloaddition of CO2 to glycidol has been demonstrated to be highly effective under mild conditions of 45 °C and 5 bar. In addition, liquid–liquid extraction approach is found to be an efficient separation strategy for carbonate product and IL catalyst. 1-Decanol (DOH) is selected as efficient extracting solvent, due to its almost complete immiscibility with glycerol carbonate, as well as the high distribution ratio of the IL catalyst in DOH rich phase. It implies an easy product separation and, simultaneously, an easy catalyst recovery. A preliminary kinetic validation of the three-phase reactor performance has been properly described, enabling the intensified concept. Finally, combining COSMO/Aspen simulation and life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies, low energy consumption (avoiding heating) and low GWP scenarios for the CO2 conversion process have been concluded. This work enables a new concept together with concluding the path to developing this CCU technology in the search of zero to negative CO2 emissions to sustainably capture and convert CO2 into value-added products.

EVALUATION OF CARBONATED PRODUCT FROM MINERAL CARBONATION OF MINING WASTE FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Mining operations generate significant quantities of waste containing alkaline earth silicates, which are valuable for carbon sequestration. Hence, the goal of this study is to assess the possibility of using mining waste to store carbon through a process of mineral carbonation. The study tested mineral carbonation under low reactivity conditions, including ambient pressure and low temperature, to evaluate the effect of pH levels on process efficiency. The samples were discovered to have an alkaline pH, suggesting that they were suitable for mineral carbonation reactions from the beginning. The carbonation process of the mineral was conducted at different pH levels of 8, 10, and 12. The findings showed that the carbonation efficiency was approximately 3%, with the highest level observed at pH 12. Through thermogravimetric analysis, it was observed that there was a multi stage transformation of minerals, which indicated the formation of carbonates containing iron and magnesium. The process captured approximately 33 and 39 g of CO2/kg. The process indicates that mine waste can be used as a source material for mineral carbonation, as demonstrated by the formation of iron and calcium carbonate products. This research demonstrates that mine waste has the potential for long-term carbon storage, offering a beneficial method for waste management and carbon capture strategies.

Controls on mesophotic carbonate facies and sediment distribution across the Maltese shelf, central Mediterranean Sea

Although ~ 20% of global carbonate production occurs on extra-tropical carbonate depositional systems, our understanding of these environments still lags behind that of tropical ones. The Maltese shelf in the central Mediterranean offers an opportunity to study in situ facies distribution and the factors controlling it in a light-dominated setting. The investigated region of the Maltese shelf visually exhibits three main depositional environments: seagrass meadows, sand flats and rhodolith and maerl beds. While visually distinctive, the grain composition of the sediments does not provide a clear differentiation of the three environments but rather a gradient. This gradient is marked by increasing grain size with water depth, a transition from green to red calcareous algae and an increase in the fraction of low magnesium calcite of total carboantes. While some of these features can be explained by changes in light availability, other factors are also in play. Baffling by seafloor vegetation and currents, storms and internal waves inducing sediment reworking appear to play important roles in governing the sediment texture and composition across the Maltese shelf. The role of seagrass meadows in regulating production and accumulation rates of carbonates appears to be of greater importance in Mediterranean C-type carbonate factories than in southern Atlantic ones and this could be an important marker to identify them in the geological record.

Lithium recovery from an alumina electrolysis slag leaching solution with strong acidity: Separation of lithium-ion and production of battery grade lithium carbonate

Lithium (Li) with excellent physicochemical properties is widely used in modern industries. However, the shortage and depletion of Li resources has hindered the sustainable economic development. Li recovery from waste resource was an effective approach, in particular, alumina electrolysis slag is exemplified as Li riched solid waste. In this work, separation of Li from alumina electrolysis slag leaching solution (AESLS) via solvent extraction using bis(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate (P204) system was explored. Effects of saponification degree, phase ratio, and reaction time on metal ions impurities and Li extraction were investigated. Operational parameters including extraction, scrubbing, saponification and precipitation were optimized. Results showed that the extraction efficiencies of Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+ and Li+ were 100 %, 100 %, 99.99 %, 100 % and 20.71 %, respectively, under the optimal single extraction conditions. The loss of Li after scrubbing of loaded organic phase using hydrochloric acid was as low as 1.59 %. The P204 extraction process was proved to be a thermodynamic process with spontaneous entropy increase, and the extraction order of metal ions was Al3+ > Fe3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Li+ according to the extraction driving force (ΔC); The solvent-extracted ligand mechanism was elucidated by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Additionally, battery-grade lithium carbonate was produced. Our study paves a new way for recovery of Li in AESLS.

Integrated Recovery of Iron and Nickel from Olivine Ores Using Solvent Extraction: Synergistic Production of Amorphous Silica and Carbonates through pH Adjustment and Carbon Mineralization

Integrated Recovery of Iron and Nickel from Olivine Ores Using Solvent Extraction: Synergistic Production of Amorphous Silica and Carbonates through pH Adjustment and Carbon Mineralization

Atomically dispersed Zn sites on N-doped carbon boosted transesterification of symmetrical organic carbonates with biomass-derived alcohols

Transesterification of symmetrical organic carbonates with alcohols to access the unsymmetrical ones is a highly attractive strategy for upgrading biomass-derived alcohols. Robust, facile-prepared, and cost-effective catalytic materials remain highly desirable for this route. Herein, we designed several Zn-based catalysts (denoted as Zn@C-T, where T represented the pyrolysis temperature) by the pyrolysis of Zn-based coordination polymer at different temperatures. Very interestingly, the prepared Zn@C-900 could efficiently catalyze the transesterification of diethyl carbonate (DEC) with various biomass-derived alcohols to synthesize the corresponding unsymmetrical organic carbonates with high yields (>95 %), resulting from the atomically dispersed ZnNx sites on the N-doped carbon. Notably, good catalytic activity could be obtained at a low temperature of 80 °C, representing the major breakthrough. Detailed investigations indicated that the excellent performance of Zn@C-900 originated mainly from the synergistic effect of Zn (to activate DEC) and N (to activate the alcohols) in the ZnNx sites. This work provided a promising efficient catalyst for low-temperature production of unsymmetrical organic carbonates via transesterification of DEC.

Novel assessment of molten salt oxidation for cation exchange resin treatment: Effective neutralization of sulfurous gas with Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 system

The conventional thermal treatment of cation exchange resin substantially releases sulfurous gases, causing significant equipment corrosion and air pollution. In contrast, the Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 as an alkaline molten system effectively neutralizes sulfur gas and mitigates waste gas production inherent in thermal oxidation methods. In the molten salt oxidation process, the volume concentration of SO2 was reduced by 81.7 % compared to that in the traditional thermal oxidation process, and this method reduces the generation of hazardous gases such as CO, CH4, and C2H6. The integration of online gas mass spectrometry and phase stability diagrams for carbonate and sulfur interception products demonstrate excellent thermodynamic stability during the molten salt oxidation (MSO) process. Moreover, a more accurate assessment of the acid gas neutralization capacity of the molten salt system is provided, and the acid gas neutralization capacity of the Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 carbonate system can reach 82.58 % at 800 °C. The predominant contributors to acid gas neutralization are Na2CO3 and K2CO3, as evidenced by waste salt composition and ternary phase diagrams. The stable presence of Li2CO3 throughout the MSO process contributes to the lowering of the melting point of the carbonate system to 393 °C.

Regulating the N-functional hydrogen bond donors over magnetic nanoparticles supported imidazole tribromide zinc ionic liquid for CO2 cycloaddition

The design of catalysts for the mile production of cyclic carbonates by CO2 cycloaddition is of value. Magnetic polymer nanoparticles-supported imidazole tribromide zinc ionic liquid catalysts, incorporating N-functional hydrogen bond donors (HBD), was successfully accomplished. The correlation between the N-functional HBD and catalytic activity was thoroughly investigated through experimental studies and DFT calculations. The catalyst featuring a secondary amine group (NHM) demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions. Under optimized conditions, including 0.12 mol% catalyst dose, 100 °C, and nPO:nCO2 = 1:1.2 for 3 h, a complete conversion was achieved. The exceptional performance of the catalyst was attributed to the multicenter synergistic effect, arising from the appropriate electronegativity, minimal spatial site resistance, a balanced distance between the NHM and imidazolium ion, and the presence of multiple active centers (NHM, Zn2+, and Br−). The integration of a magnetic component enabled swift separation and exceptional recovery stability over 8 consecutive cycles.

Quaternarized chitosan nanofiber and ZIF aerogel composites for synergetic CO2 cycloaddition catalysis

Chemical upcycling of CO2, a major greenhouse gas, is attracting significant attention as a crucial strategy to combat global warming. The production of cyclic carbonate using metal-organic frameworks and their composites using nanofibrous carbohydrate polymer are promising ways to convert CO2 into valuable products. However, the current role of fibrous polymers is restricted to serving as physical substrates. This study seeks to expand the functionality of quaternarized chitosan nanofibers into synergistic catalysts in addition to their physical support role. A novel aerogel composite using Co/Zn-ZIF catalyst and quaternarized chitosan nanofiber (Q-CsNF+) was fabricated, and its hierarchical pore structure was extensively discussed. The obtained ZIF/Q-CsNF+ composite can synergistically convert epoxide to cyclic carbonate by acting as a co-catalyst. Moreover, we determined the predominant factors influencing catalytic activity in CO2 cycloaddition, especially by examining the interplay between CO2 affinity and co-catalyst effects. This research provides fundamental insight into developing CO2 cycloaddition catalysts using nature-derived fibrous polymers, opening new avenues for sustainable and efficient CO2 utilization.

Unveiling the carbonation behavior of T-C3S and M-C3S: A comparative investigation

Numerous studies have investigated the carbonation process of tricalcium silicate (C3S). However, research on the carbonation of its different crystal forms remains relatively limited. This study explored the effects of accelerated carbonation on the performance and microstructure of T-C3S and M-C3S. The findings indicated that both T-C3S and M-C3S exhibited a rapid carbonation reaction rate during the initial 12 h, which subsequently declined gradually. The carbonation products of T-C3S and M-C3S primarily consisted of calcite, with T-C3S also containing a proportion of aragonite calcium carbonate. The decomposition peak temperature of calcium carbonate weight loss increased with prolonged carbonation time for both C3S crystal forms. Prismatic or cubic morphology calcite formed in T-C3S and M-C3S during the initial carbonation stages, leading to a denser microstructure. As the carbonation duration increased, the particle size of calcite also grew, displaying a more irregular morphology. Furthermore, needle-like or rod-like aragonite calcium carbonate was observed in T-C3S. T-C3S exhibited superior compressive strength compared to M-C3S at all stages of carbonation. Additionally, a relationship was established between compressive strength, calcium carbonate content, and CO2 uptake. This study provided evidence that the crystal structure of C3S not only influenced the rate of the carbonation reaction but also impacted the type and morphology of calcium carbonate products and the development of compressive strength.

Experimental study on the strength characteristics and micro-mechanism of fluid solidified soil under carbonation

The carbonation of cementitious materials with CO2 was utilised to prepare fluid solidified soil, and the characteristics of fluid solidified soil were investigated. Experimental tools such as flow extensibility, unconfined compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to explore the influence laws of different carbon dioxide pressures, cement dosages, and initial water contents on the strength properties and microstructural evolution of fluid consolidated soils. The results showed that with the increase of CO2 pressure, the flow characteristics of carbonated fluid solidified soil decreased and the unconfined compressive strength increased. This is due to the fact that after the carbonation process, the formation of carbonation products such as calcium carbonate and hydration products in the fluid solidified soil significantly improves the microstructure of the soil, which is the main reason for the increase in its strength. In addition, the carbonation test revealed that the ratio of the amount of CO₂ generated to the mass of cement was as high as 18.36 % under the condition of CO₂ pressure up to 0.20 MPa, which fully proved the high efficiency of the carbonation technology. Therefore, the carbonation technology has great potential and broad application prospects in optimising the performance of fluid solidified soil as well as achieving effective carbon sequestration.

Observed kinetics for the production of diethyl carbonate from CO2 and ethanol catalyzed by CuNi nanoparticles supported on activated carbon

Monometallic and bimetallic Cu:Ni catalysts with different Cu:Ni molar ratios (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) were synthesized by wetness impregnation on activated carbon and characterized by TPR (temperature programmed reduction), XRD (X-ray diffraction) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The synthesized catalysts were evaluated in the gas phase production of diethyl carbonate from ethanol and carbon dioxide. The largest catalytic activity was obtained over the bimetallic catalyst with a Cu:Ni molar ratio of 3:1. Its improved activity was attributed to the formation of a Cu–Ni alloy on the surface of the catalyst, evidenced by XPS and in agreement with a previous assignment based on Vegard law and TPR analysis. During the reaction rate experiments, it observed the presence of a maximum of the reaction rate as a function of temperature, a tendency also reported for other carbon dioxide–alcohol reactions. It showed that the reaction rate-temperature data can be adjusted with a reversible rate equation. The initial rate as a function of reactant partial pressure data was satisfactorily adjusted using the forward power law rate equation and it was found that the reaction rate is first order in CO2 and second order in ethanol.

High-efficiency metal-free CO2 mineralization battery using organic redox catalysts

CO2 batteries offer a promising avenue for mitigating CO2 emissions and conversion, but encounter challenges such as high costs, dendrite, corrosion, flooding and slow kinetics stemming from the use of metal electrodes. CO2 mineralization is thermodynamically favorable (ΔGCO2), presenting an opportunity for processing solid waste and reducing CO2 emissions while potentially producing energy. However, the lack of direct electron transfer in the CO2 mineralization reaction hinders the direct generation of electrical energy. Here, we propose an organic CO2 mineralization battery (OCMB) without using metal, which efficiently harnesses CO2 to mineralize solid waste carbide slag, maximizing the recovery of mineralization reaction energy to generate electricity and produce carbonate products, without requiring renewable electricity charging. We employ a high-solubility, stable under strong alkaline conditions, and fast kinetics organic phenazine derivative—DSPZ as the electron and proton carrier, which facilitates the conversion of ΔpH between electrodes by interacting with alkaline wastes and CO2 into electricity. Simultaneously, the OCMB undergoes regeneration cycles through mineralization reactions. The theoretical model predicted the open circuit voltage (OCV) and discharge behavior of OCMB, offering insights for improved battery engineering. We demonstrate an impressive peak power density exceeding 227.5 W/m2 for the OCMB, with an estimated electricity production of ∼ 178.03 kWh per ton of CO2 mineralization. This research underscores the potential integration of OCMBs into CO2 energy systems, waste treatment processes, and chemical production, offering both economic and environmental benefits.

Low-Temperature Decomposition and Oxidation of the Nerve Agent Simulant on Mesoporous Nickel Oxide and Cu-Doped Nickel Oxide.

In an effort to develop the next frontier filtration material for chemical warfare agent (CWA) decomposition, we synthesized mesoporous NiO and CuxNi1-xO (x = 0.10 and 0.20) and studied the decomposition of CWA simulant diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DIFP) on their surfaces. Mesoporous NiO and CuxNi1-xO were fully characterized and found to be a solid solution with no phase separation up to 20% copper dopant. The synthesized materials were successfully templated producing ordered mesoporous metal oxides with high surface areas (67.89- 94.38 m2/g). Through Raman spectroscopy, we showed that pure NiO contained a high concentration of Ni2+ vacancies, while Cu2+ reduced these defects. Through in situ infrared spectroscopy, we determined the surface species formed, potential pathways, and driving factors for decomposition. Upon exposure of DIFP, all materials produced similar decomposition products CO, CO2, carbonyls, and carbonates. However, decomposition reactions were sustained longer on mesoporous NiO, facilitated by the higher Ni2+ vacancy concentration. NiO was further studied with DIFP, first at low dosing temperatures (-50 °C), which still resulted in the production of CO and carbonates, and then, second, with a higher pretreatment temperature, which showed the importance of terminal hydroxyls/water to fully oxidize decomposition products to CO2. Mesoporous NiO demonstrated high decomposition and oxidation capabilities at temperatures below room temperature, all without any external excitation or noble metals, making it a promising frontier filtration material for CWA decomposition.