Production Of Carbon Electrodes Research Articles

The production of carbon electrodes from lignocellulosic biomass of areca midrib through a chemical activation process for supercapacitor cells application

ABSTRACT Lignocellulosic biomass can be used as a suitable basic material for producing activated carbon for use as a supercapacitor cell electrode, due to the high specific surface area, adjustable pore structure, chemical stability, electrical conductivity, and environmentally friendly. Lignocellulosic biomass of areca midrib (AM) is the first biomass to be used as a carbon electrode of a supercapacitor cell carbon without an adhesive material. AM is processed into self-adhesive carbon grains (SACG). Furthermore, SACG is chemically activated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) activator with varying concentrations 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and 0.3 M for get green monolith, before carbonization with N2 gas at 600°C and physical activation with CO2 gas at 700°C to produce carbon monolith electrodes for supercapacitor applications. X-ray diffraction and N2 isothermal methods to determine physical properties of carbon electrodes, while cyclic voltammetry method to determine electrochemical properties of supercapacitor cells. The results of the microstructure analysis showed the Areca carbon midrib electrode has a semicrystalline structure, indicated by the presence of (002) and (100) hkl planes at an angle of 2θ about 24° and 44°, while the highest heap height (Lc) value was produced at a concentration of 0.2 M (carbon electrodes AM-02). The results of isothermal gas N2 and electrochemical properties analysis show that carbon electrodes AM-02 have the highest specific surface area (SSA) and specific capacitance (Csp) of 654.729 m2/g and 142 F/g, respectively. Based on research results, it was shown that the AM-02 had a better potential as an energy storage device for supercapacitor applications than the AM-01 and AM-03 samples.

PEMBUATAN ELEKTRODA KARBON AKTIF DARI TANDAN KOSONG BUAH AREN DENGAN VARIASI SUHU KARBONISASI

The preparation and characterization of the physical properties of activated carbon electrodes derived from the biomass of empty palm fruit bunches were analyzed by varying the carbonization temperature. Biomass of empty palm fruit bunches is selected as a base material for making carbon electrodes throught a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation with KOH 0.5 M activator, carbonization process with variations in temperature 650 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C, and 800 °C under an N 2 gas environment, and activated by CO 2 gas at 900 °C. Reduce of carbon mass by 20.182 % and produce carbon powder. Thermogravimetry show that thermal resistance temperature of 307 °C a carbon powder . The density value of each carbon electrode for carbonization temperature of 650 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C is 0.557 g/cm 3 , 0.622 g/cm 3 , and 0.702 g/cm 3 , respectively. Microstructure analysis shows that amorphous structure for the activated carbon electrodesshowed by the presence of the peaks of 2θ around 24° and 44°.The results showed that the temperature of 700 °C is the best carbonization temperature in production of carbon electrodes from TKBA.

The Physical and Electrochemical Properties of Activated Carbon Electrode Derived from Pineapple Leaf Waste for Supercapacitor Applications

This study aims to the physical and electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor carbon electrodes derived from pineapple leaf waste. The production of carbon electrodes was conducted using combinations of chemical activation, carbonization, and physical activation. The chemical activation was carried out using a 0.9 M KOH activator. The carbonization and physical activation were conducted using a one-step process. The PAL-AC electrode was obtained showed porosity in the mesoporous range, large pore volume, and high specific surface area. The surface morphology of the PAL-AC electrode is dominated by carbon and nanofibers particles. The nanofibers diameter based on the SEM micrograph is in the range of 44-137 nm. Elemental contents of the PAL-AC electrode are dominated by carbon and oxygen with an atomic percentage of 86.03% and 9.49%, respectively. The XRD pattern of the PAL-AC electrode shows the presence of two wide peaks at scattering angle of 23° and 45°. The specific capacitance of the PAL-AC electrode as high as 127 F g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte solution using two-electrode configuration. The pineapple leaf waste based-carbon electrodes show promising potential for use as supercapacitor electrodes.

Sustainable Biomass Activated Carbons as Electrodes for Battery and Supercapacitors-A Mini-Review.

Some recent developments in the preparation of biomass carbon electrodes (CEs) using various biomass residues for application in energy storage devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors, are presented in this work. The application of biomass residues as the primary precursor for the production of CEs has been increasing over the last years due to it being a renewable source with comparably low processing cost, providing prerequisites for a process that is economically and technically sustainable. Electrochemical energy storage technology is key to the sustainable development of autonomous and wearable electronic devices. This article highlights the application of various types of biomass in the production of CEs by using different types of pyrolysis and experimental conditions and denotes some possible effects on their final characteristics. An overview is provided on the use of different biomass types for the synthesis of CEs with efficient electrochemical properties for batteries and supercapacitors. This review showed that, from different biomass residues, it is possible to obtain CEs with different electrochemical properties and that they can be successfully applied in high-performance batteries and supercapacitors. As the research and development of producing CEs still faces a gap by linking the type and composition of biomass residues with the carbon electrodes’ electrochemical performances in supercapacitor and battery applications, this work tries to diminish this gap. Physical and chemical characteristics of the CEs, such as porosity, chemical composition, and surface functionalities, are reflected in the electrochemical performances. It is expected that this review not only provides the reader with a good overview of using various biomass residues in the energy storage applications, but also highlights some goals and challenges remaining in the future research and development of this topic.

СПРОЩЕНА МАТЕМАТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ПРОЦЕСУ ГРАФІТУВАННЯ ВУГЛЕЦЕВИХ ЕЛЕКТРОДІВ

Production of carbon electrodes characterized by considerable resource and energy consumption, so important is the task of improving the efficiency of production through the introduction of optimal modes of its component processes. Developed and studied a simplified mathematical model of carbon electrodes graphitization, which differs from the known models almost zero time to calculate it. Constructed simplified mathematical model allows increasing effectiveness research process temperature control graphitization carbon electrodes by reducing the time a study to determine the temperature at any point in the process. Research conducted simplified models accuracy by comparing the temperature values calculated by these models, with temperatures calculated for the original complex model, which in this case is regarded as experimental data. As a result, a simplified mathematical model can be used for the synthesis of process control systems, as well as in the control system real time.

Cold Extrusion of Carbon Electrodes Using Dies of CRHS Concept and Performance Analysis

In this article cold extrution of carbon electrodes using the direct extrusion die that is designed using one of the theoretical concepts, Constancy of the Ratio of the Successive Generalized Homogeneous Strain-increment (CRHS), is presented. On the basis of the above concept we used three types of dies that are categorized as uniform (UCRHS),accelerated (ACRHS),and decelerated (DCRH) according to the deformation rates. All dies were with fixed reduction area of 50%. The mixture used (filler with binder) was extruded in round section carbon electrodes carried out at 60oC to 80oC. Ten samples are produced and tested for properties such as electrical resistivity, hardness, density and porosity. The results show that the extrusion die UCRHS is the more efficient die design for the production of carbon electrodes.

99/00843 Recovery and utilization of waste liquids in ultra-clean coal preparation by chemical leaching

Coal with ash lower than 1%, being called an ultra-clean coal, has many potential applications, such as a substitute for diesel fuel, production of carbon electrodes, superior activated carbon and other chemical materials. It is difficult to reduce coal ash to such a level by conventional coal preparation technology. By means of chemical leaching with the proper concentration of alkali and acid solutions, any coal can be deeply deashed to 1% ash level. However, the cost of chemical methods is higher than that of physical ones, additionally, the waste liquids would give rise to environmental pollution if used on a large scale. If the waste liquids from chemical preparation of ultra-clean coal can be recovered and utilized, so as to produce salable by-products, the cost of chemical leaching will be reduced. This processing will also solve the pollution problem of these waste liquids. This paper describes recovery and utilization methods for these liquids used in chemical leaching, including the recoveries of alkali, silica, sodium-salt and aluminium-salt. A preliminary estimate was made regarding its economic benefits. It shows that this research solves the two problems in the chemical preparation of ultra-clean coal. One is the high-cost and the other is environmentalmore » pollution. This research demonstrates good potential for the production of ultra-clean coal on an industrial scale.« less