Production Of Building Ceramics Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОТХОДОВ СТРОИТЕЛЬНОЙ КЕРАМИКИ ПРИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ

The main technological aspects of the production of building ceramics are given. Based on the analysis of literary sources, a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of using construction ceramic waste as a secondary raw material for the production of new building materials was carried out. Based on the research of modern scientists, it has been established that the waste from the scrap of building ceramics is suitable for use as an aggregate, partial replacement of cement and a reactive additive in concretes and mortars. When using scrap of con-struction ceramics as an aggregate, it is recommended to limit the substitution of natural aggregate at the level of 20-30%, together using various additives: plasticizing and improving rheotechnological and physico-mechanical properties of concrete. Finely ground waste from brick scrap has pozzolan activity and, when used as a reactive additive or partial replacement of cement in concretes and mortars, up to 20-25% can improve the structure of cement stone, increase strength, reduce macroporosity and penetration of chloride ions, and increase sul-fate resistance. This kind of binder is prone to a later set of strength compared to Portland cement. In addition, the waste of building ceramics can be used in the production of alkali-activated cements and slag-alkali binders, as well as s raw materials for the production of new bricks or the construction of road surface bases. It has been revealed that the production of building materials and products based on con-struction ceramics waste is a promising direction for the development of construction production. It is possible not only to obtain materials of equal quality to products based on natural raw materials, but also with improved characteristics.

On the Possibility of Waste-Free Use of Mineral Resources of the Angrensky Brain Coal Deposit

The Angren lignite basin is a complex coal-kaolin deposit. Here, in addition to brown coal, there are large reserves of kaolin clays of two types - primary and secondary, occurring respectively in the soil and the roof of the coal strata. Secondary clays, in turn, subdivided into gray and variegated, which during overburden and mining of coal seams in the bulk go to the dump. Gray kaolins currently partially processed at the “Angren Kaolin” LLC factory in order to obtain enriched kaolin used for the production of building ceramics, etc.

Increasing the strength of building ceramics made on the basis of low-melting clays

The object of the study is the physical and chemical processes of formation of the structure and properties, intensification of sintering of ceramic masses based on local raw materials (Krynichanska low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region, Ukraine) by regulating the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. When choosing clay raw materials for specific ceramic technologies, it is necessary to be guided by a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical properties of clay rock. These can be the granulometric and material composition, including the chemical and mineralogical composition of the clay and impurity components, the presence of amorphous material. The state of order in the structure of clay-forming minerals is also important, the knowledge of which makes it possible to determine the ways of regulating the basic technological properties of clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. Among physical and mechanical parameters, mechanical strength is one of the main criteria for determining the suitability of raw materials for the production of building ceramics. The conducted studies have shown that with an increase in the amount of rotten stone additive introduced from 10 to 20 % of low-melting clay, the mechanical strength of ceramic samples in compression and bending increases. The introduction of rotten stone additive provides an increase in the coefficient of sensitivity to drying low-melting clay raw materials, which has a positive effect on the crack resistance of raw bricks when drying clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. The use of silica materials in the composition of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays as an additive to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished product has shown its effectiveness. This can be explained by the fact that the nature of the interaction of silica additives, which was used as rotten stone, differs from the interaction of clay minerals present in ceramic raw materials with water. Since silica exists in rotten stone in the form of amorphous silica gel, it helps to improve the structure of clay, makes it monolithic, increasing mechanical strength. The impurities of low-melting oxides, which are part of the rotten stone, contribute to the formation of low-melting eutectic, reducing the refractoriness of amorphous silica and have a positive effect on the sintering process, forming a glass phase.

The application of coal mining waste to the production of construction ceramics: radiological and mechanical aspects

The article presents the results of research on the physical and radiological properties of building ceramics made of mining waste. One method of using mining waste is to use it as aggregate in road construction. However, this alone is not enough to dispose of the entire amount of waste generated. Another promising method of using mining waste is the production of building ceramics (bricks). However, some properties (e.g. the content of natural radionuclides) of the waste may limit the possibility of such use. In the scope of this work, the properties of bricks made from mining waste - shale collected from dumps, were examined. It has been shown that the properties of bricks prepared in this way meet the criteria set out in various standards and legal acts and can be used in construction.

Paper industry slag for the production of building ceramics

AbstractBackgroundRe‐use of wastes as a part of sustainable development is one of the most important aspects of a healthy human life and environmental protection. This study examines the viability of using paper industry slag for the production of building ceramics.ResultsPaper industry slag was used in the production of ceramic bricks as a burnable additive in amounts of 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The slag was introduced without and after three different preparatory operations: dried, dried and ground, granulated and dried. Clay was used as a raw material and quartz sand as a lean additive. The samples were made by plastic molding. Drying was carried out at a temperature of 100 °C. To determine the optimal heat treatment temperature, firing was carried out at 900, 950, 1000 and 1050 °C with holding at the maximum temperature for 30 min, followed by determination of the properties of the samples.ConclusionsIt has been established that the samples obtained using the slag have good physical and mechanical properties and comply with current standards. At the same time, the use of slag in the production of ceramic bricks makes it possible to solve the problem of waste management, as well as to obtain a secondary material resource from the slag – a burnable additive, which leads to savings in raw materials and energy resources in the production of ceramic bricks. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Quantitative analysis of the main components in ceramic raw materials based on the desktop LIBS analyzer

The concentrations of SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3 and TiO2, and loss on ignition (L.O.I.) are the main inorganic components of geological samples. Concentrations of the eight oxides and L.O.I. are also the main indicators of concern in the production of building ceramics. Quantitative analysis of the eight oxides and L.O.I. was performed using fiber-laser-based laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A combination of continuous background deduction, full width at half maximum (FWHM) intensity integral and spectral sum normalization was proposed for data processing. After the data processing combined the continuous background deduction, FWHM intensity integral and spectral sum normalization, the mean absolute errors (MAEs) of the calibration of L.O.I., SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, Fe2O3 and TiO2 was reduced from 2.03%, 12.06%, 4.84%, 1.10%, 0.69%, 0.31%, 0.11%, 0.20% and 0.10% to 1.80%, 9.48%, 2.12%, 0.36%, 0.58%, 0.11%, 0.08%, 0.19% and 0.05%, respectively. This multivariate method was further introduced and discussed to improve the analysis performance. The MAEs of L.O.I., SiO2, Al2O3, K2O and Na2O were further reduced to 1.12%, 2.07%, 1.38%, 0.35% and 0.43%, respectively. The results show that the overall prediction error can meet the requirements for the production of building ceramics. The LIBS desktop analyzer has great potential in detection applications on geological samples.

Calculation method for determining effective combinations of oxidizing agents for intensifying burning of carbon in fuel additives in the production of building ceramics

Calculation method for determining effective combinations of oxidizing agents for intensifying burning of carbon in fuel additives in the production of building ceramics

Characteristics of Stone-Like Clay Rocks as Raw Materials for the Production of Building Ceramics

Characteristics of Stone-Like Clay Rocks as Raw Materials for the Production of Building Ceramics

Rheological properties of sewage sludge ash ceramic masses

Industrial wastes are widely involved in the building ceramic production. Sewage sludge ashes are promising secondary sources for building ceramics production. However, sewage sludge ash application for building ceramic materials production is limited by unsatisfactory molding properties. According to modern concepts, coagulation structure formation processes can be controlled by adjusting ceramic mass compositions by highly dispersed modifying additives. In this study, the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate generated in pumping and filtering stations was used as a highly dispersed additive. The purpose of study was to assess the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate effect on rheological properties of ash-clay molding mixtures.Using the photo sedimentation analysis, X-ray phase analysis, calorimeter method and parallel-shifting plate plastometry the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate additive effect on rheological properties of ash-clay mixtures was established.It was found that ash-clay mixture modification with the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate promotes a slow elastic deformations percentage increase from 3-17% to 7-34%. Apparently, this is due to the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate highly dispersed particles adsorption on coarse ash and clay particles that promotes the growth of their hydrophilic properties. Ash-clay mixtures molding properties improvement makes it possible to increase the ceramic blanks density.

Heat-efficient ceramic products based on modified rice straw

The current state of the building ceramics production is based on the following facts. Firstly, as a result of market conditions, the number of operating ceramics factories has significantly decreased. Secondly, considering the increase in the house construction rate due to the shift to new financing mechanisms, there has been an increase in the ceramic brick production by 2-3% since 2019. Growth opportunities are associated with higher thermal efficiency of ceramic products and masonry based thereon. The research objective in this article was the development of compositions for wall heat-efficient ceramics based on loess low-grade loams with the use of rice straw as a burnout additive and, in particular, the determination of the optimal processed rice straw consumption. The scientific novelty of the research consisted in the development of a method for selecting the ceramic mixtures composition, optimizing the composition and substantiating the rice straw and rice straw ash influence on the ceramic mixtures and products properties. Rice straw is introduced into clay masses at the preparation stage in an amount of 5-15% (by mass) of fluff rice straw, which burns out with burning temperature of 200-300°C and makes the mass porous, preventing shrinkage and forming ash containing up to 20% of amorphous silica. Carbonates in clay dissociate during firing, interacting with amorphous silica and forming various calcium silicates that strengthen the shard structure.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГРУБОДИСПЕРСНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ НА СВОЙСТВА КЕРАМИЧЕСКОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

In modern conditions, clay raw materials of fine-grained structure are used for the production of building ceramics. The task of using coarse non-traditional non-plastic components in the compositions of ceramic masses and the choice of rational sizes of their grains is relevant. The exclusion of pre-grinding determines the reduction of energy costs and, as a result, the cost of finished products. The paper offers an optiom of using diopside concentrate of various grain sizes in compositions with minor additions of clay and sodium silicate solution. The problems of stress development at the interface of grain and ligament contact, which in case of a negative outcome do not make it possible to obtain a strong structure of a ceramic shard, are solved. The presence of an insignificant voltage formed as a result of the relationship between the diopside and the forming glass phase is revealed, this does not prevent the consideration of the probability of obtaining a ceramic material. The study of the behavior of ceramic samples containing diopside of different granulometric composition when adding a solution of sodium-silicate glass after molding and firing shows the effectiveness of using diopside concentrate in 100-150 microns. Contacts of this size of diopside are wrapped in liquid glass during molding. A glass phase is formed when fired. In this case, the diopside is partially melted, but it is preserved and exists as an independent unit. A smaller grain size during sintering requires more glass phase, which leads to structural stresses, and with a larger size, not enough glass phase is formed and the strength of the material is significantly reduced. When studying the influence of grain size on the properties of the sample, the results of water absorption indicators of 7 %, mechanical compressive strength – 36 MPa, bending strength-17 MPa are obtained. It is found that the dispersion of diopside in 100–150 microns allows to develop a technology for the use of coarse-grained raw materials in the ceramic mass

The Possibility of Using Tyumen Keramzite Clay in the Production of Ceramic Materials

The properties of red low-melting clay with the aim of its use in the production of building ceramics are investigated. The presented sample of clay raw materials by mineral composition refers to kaolinite clays with mixed-layer formations in the form of illite and ferruginous montmorillonite with Na-, Ca- and Mg-interlayer hydrated exchange cations. It is characterized by an average content of free SiO2 (10 – 25%). The clay is medium plastic with a low content of coarse inclusions, it refers to medium raw materials. Clay is medium-drying, medium-sensitive to drying, non-sintering. Mechanical strength during firing at a temperature of 900°C is 27.5 MPa. When firing samples in the temperature range 900 – 1050°C, a significant black core is formed. At a firing temperature of 1050°C, swelling of the samples occurs. Considering the properties of this clay, it cannot be recommended to produce face and ordinary building bricks. However, the studied clay can be used to produce expanded clay. The introduction of 0.5% of spent technical oil allows to get the expansion coefficient of 3.83. The temperature range of expansion is 1050 – 1170°C. The density of expanded clay granules in this case is 560 kg·m−3.

Bochkarihinskoe clay as raw material to building ceramics production

The possibility of using clay from Bochkarikhinskoe deposit (Sverdlovskaya oblast, Russia) in the ceramic building production has been considered. The chemical, mineral and granulometric composition of clay was determined. The basic technological properties of clay were studied: plasticity, sensitivity to drying, sintering. The frost resistance and mechanical properties of ceramic brick samples were determined. The clay studied with introduction of organic additives also may be used in ceramic production.

Wear Resistance Improvement of Equipment for Production of Building Ceramics by Hardfacing with Flux-Coerd Electrodes based on Fe-Ti-B-C System

Abstract In this work were analyzed factors that leads to wearing of equipment of production engineering, construction, oil and gas, woodworking, tillage industries. Was established that traditional hardfacing materials based on the Fe-Cr-C system are not effective for improvement of abrasion resistance of elements of equipment for production of ceramic building materials due to working conditions. The aim of this work was to increase a durability of that equipment by using of flux cored electrodes with reaction components that provide “in-situ” synthesis, which leads to fine-grained structure of refractory borides and carbides and their solid solutions with increased hardness. Powders of Ti, Mo, B4C and their combinations were used. Structure of the hardfacing coatings were investigated by method of metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using of pure metal powders led to forming a fine-grained structure with refractory borides and carbides and their solid solutions. It was investigated that the offered material based on Fe-Ti-Mo-C-B system used for increasing the wear resistance of extruder-screw for production of ceramic building material can increase the TBO period in 2.2-2.4 times in comparison with serial hardfacing materials based on Fe-Cr-C system.

Prospects and features of microwave sintering in the technology of building ceramics

The results of firing samples from natural aluminum silicates in a microwave oven are considered. The possibility of sintering aluminum silicate raw materials, traditional for the production of building ceramics, is established. The phase compositions of the calcined materials are determined. The influence on the sintering process of the mineral structure of clay raw materials, the composition of the diatomite and the addition of NaCl salt was established. Samples from the mass with the addition of NaCl show high quality and increased strength of the samples. Samples from masses based on brick clay with NaCl salt, annealed in the microwave electromagnetic field, did not show a large increase in strength. For all mass compositions with NaCl, a decrease in the energy of the endothermic process was revealed in the temperature range 400-600 °C. In all mass compositions from clays with NaCl and diatomite with salt and marl, the presence of an aluminum silicate phase with a size of less than 30 nanometers was found. Masses with such a phase structure showed increased strength of the samples.

The Use of Polymer and Glass Waste to Obtain a Self-Glazing Facing Ceramic

The results of the development of a composition of a mixture based on low-plastic clay, which includes the waste of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride as some combustible additives, the cullet of common window glass as a flux-hardening additive and additionally containing boric acid as a flux, are presented. This composition allows you to comprehensively dispose of two types of consumption waste with obtaining high quality ceramic facing materials. In this case, waste of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride of any degree of purity and destruction can be used. Practical use of the developed composition allows you to expand the raw material base for the production of building ceramics, reduce the cost of products and reduce the environmental load from waste.

Color characteristics evaluation of ceramic brick made of coaly argillites

It have been presented the study results of the ash content and mineral composition of the waste from the enrichment of carbonaceous argillites by thermal and X-ray phase analyzes. It has been shown using of coal waste as the main raw material for the production of building ceramics. Problems are noted in assessing and choosing the name of the color of ceramic bricks based on industrial wastes. A method for determining and adjusting color using a synthesized digital palette is described. The proposed use of search engines and digital color databases to determine the names of the colors of building ceramic materials.

Социально-экономические аспекты производства строительной керамики в государствах Центральной Азии и Дальнего Востока в период средневековья

Социально-экономические аспекты производства строительной керамики в государствах Центральной Азии и Дальнего Востока в период средневековья

Il’insky diatomite in building ceramics production

The possibility of using diatomite rocks of the Il’insky deposit in the ceramic brick production has been considered. The chemical and mineral composition of diatomite was determined, and its molding properties were studied. The effect of temperature on the degree of sintering of diatomite was established. The technology of brick production was developed. The main stages of brick production by the method of semi-dry molding are determined. The recommended molding parameters (moisture content and specific pressure of pressing) are proposed. The diatomite properties have been studied and the technology of producing bricks by the method of semi-dry forming has been developed. The samples of ceramic bricks of the grade M100 up to M400 with the medium density class – 1.2 have thermal characteristics, relating to the group of effective products with the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the masonry in the dry state in the range of 0.24 to 0.36 W/(m·°C).

Assessment of preliminary suitability of Fe-and Cr-rich waste material for the production of building ceramics

This paper presents laboratory research on assessment of preliminary suitability of stainless steel waste material in building ceramics production. Application of the waste material in building ceramics production is innovative and might be environmentally friendly way to utilize it and to improve/modify the properties of the ceramic products. The waste was used as an additive to kaolinite-illite and montmorilloniteillite clay type. Selected properties of ceramics materials such as water adsorption, firing shrinkage, open porosity, apparent density, frost resistance, compressive strength and leaching of chromium and iron were determined. Improvement of the mechanical properties of the fired material and its colour intensification were observed. The studies confirmed the possibility of the utilization of this kind of waste material in production of building ceramics.