Production In Different Sectors Research Articles

The Modeling and Simulation of Waste Recovery Processes Applied to the Orange Juice Industry

Orange-juice production represents a significant, world-leading economic sector in Brazil. Orange processing residues, however, correspond to 50% to 60% of the in natura fruit mass. Despite the high amount of generated waste, which is disposed of in landfills or used as raw material to produce low-value animal feed, studies on the use of this waste are still developing in Brazil. However, orange peels contain compounds that can be precursors to higher value-added products in different sectors. Therefore, this study presents a conceptual proposal for a biorefinery integrated into the orange-juice-production route to assess integrated processes’ technical, environmental, and economic performance to convert waste into chemicals, fuels, and energy. A stationary process simulation model was developed to analyze the manufacturing of four products, namely, D-limonene, pectin, biomethane, and electricity, comparing the results to the conventional feed production route according to generated revenue and environmental impacts. The results indicate that pectin production is the highest financial-return route, presenting the most significant environmental impact, whereas D-limonene production is more attractive, generating the second-highest revenue with the lowest associated environmental impacts.

Парадокс производительности труда в экономике США: рост интенсивности, напряженности и «бессмысленности»

This study aims to provide a theoretical and empirical assessment of the influence of increased work intensity, physical strain, and repetitive tasks on labour productivity in different sectors of the US economy over an extended period. Employing an index-based methodology, we present a comparative analysis of changes in these factors from 1901 to 2020, using indicators and standards provided by the US Bureau of Labour Statistics. The findings reveal a paradoxical trend of slowing and, in some cases, declining labour productivity growth in specific sectors of the American economy. Our research hypothesis focuses on the paradox created by employers valuing employees’ time as a continuously acquired resource, resulting in increased “meaningless work”. This leads to stagnant labour productivity, requiring longer working hours as a solution. Empirical evidence confirms our hypothesis: in sectors involving material production and socially significant services, the limits of labour intensity and effort play a big role in reducing overall labour productivity. This happens independently of factors like capital and technology. On the other hand, in most commercial sectors like trade and various services, labour productivity steadily grows. These sectors efficiently use both intensive and extensive aspects of human effort per unit of time worked. The adverse impact of the proliferation of “meaningless work” is particularly noticeable in socially significant service industries, in the transport and warehousing sector in the United States. Through an examination of labour productivity trends across different sectors of the US economy, this study sheds light on the prospects of harnessing human potential within the context of structural adjustments.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY USE IN AZERBAIJAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GREEN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The article examines the development of renewable energy in Azerbaijan and the characteristics of supporting the use of green energy in energy supply. To this end, the article analyses types of renewable energy and green energy forms as part of them. In this context, the article compares green energy with fossil fuels and considers the environmental and economic advantages and disadvantages of using renewable energy. In addition, a study of the current situation in the field of green energy production and consumption in Azerbaijan was conducted, and the consumption of energy products in different sectors of the economy was analyzed comparatively. Furthermore, the possible impact of green energy development on global trends and the local context was studied in the article, using of green energy in the country. In relation to the sustainable development goals as well as relevant international trends, the possibilities of perspective supply of energy types, considering the development trends of the areas and, in this context, the impact of green energy on the country's sustainable development goals, were assessed and proposals were made.

The hidden benefit: Emission trading scheme and business performance of downstream enterprises

There seems to be no empirical study on the impact of emission trading scheme (ETS) on downstream industries. However, carbon trading may affect the performance of downstream firms via cost effect or spillover effect through the industrial chain. Based on the data of listed companies, this paper innovatively constructs three-dimensional data of “upstream firm - downstream firm - time”, with a total of 40,437,001 valid observations, simulates the upstream and downstream relationship between enterprises, and estimates the impact of carbon trading on the downstream performance using the Pair Weighted Difference in Difference in Difference (PW-DDD) model. The results show that the effects of carbon trading on downstream performance is negative in the short run, but it has positive significance in the long run. Heterogeneity is also found: the downstream firms with significant industrial chain relationships are more positively affected, such as chemical, petrochemical, and cement. In addition, carbon trading may improve productivity in different sectors in the same region or the same industry in other areas, thus improving the performance of non-ETS-covered enterprises.

Labor productivity in the agriculture, structural shifts and economic growth in the Central and Eastern European countries

Purpose. In our article, we assess the scope and directions of changes in agricultural labor productivity compared to other sectors of the economy.
 Methodology / approach. For our survey we choose 15 countries: (і) EU countries – Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia, as well (іі) post-Soviet European countries – Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, russia and also (ііі) Albania for period 1996–2019. We use an empirical methodology designed to analyze structural decomposition of labor productivity into the growth effect within the sector and structural dynamic and static effects, often called ‘shift-share analysis’. We analyze process of convergence of sectoral labor productivity and its impact on economic growth.
 Results. Labor productivity grows in the agricultural sector of the economy at the fastest rate, on average by almost 12 % per year. The growth effects within the industry takes a dominant position in all sectors of the economy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and its share is on average 88.5 %, and the structural effects are as follows: the dynamic effect is almost 1%, the static effect is 10.4 %. We have confirmed that the agricultural sector is gaining weight in the economic growth of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the influence of the service sector is increasing, although together they do not exceed the influence of the growth of value added in industry.
 Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time we have used the methodology of decomposition of labor productivity growth into three effects: growth, dynamic and static ones for the period before the financial crisis 2008 and after the crisis for 15 countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Using panel GLS estimator with fixed effects we estimate the impact of labor productivity on economic growth in different sectors for 1991–2020 period. 
 Practical value / implications. The main results of the study can be used for elaboration of effective economic policy in agriculture development in Central and Eastern European countries; for identification of structural shifts in labor productivity in different sectors of the economy before and after the financial crisis; for estimation of the level of convergence between different sectors of the economy; determining main factors of increasing value added in agriculture in Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; implementation structural changes in economy in the period of crisis.

No Waste from Waste: Membrane-Based Fractionation of Second Cheese Whey for Potential Nutraceutical and Cosmeceutical Applications, and as Renewable Substrate for Fermentation Processes Development

Second cheese whey (SCW) derived from buffalo milk is the main by-product of the mozzarella cheese dairy industry. The objective of this study was to develop a membrane-based purification procedure to obtain specific fractions from SCW and assess their biological and applicative potential. Special interest was paid to the proteins and newly identified health-promoting compounds that could be recovered and used as value-added products in different sectors of food and pharmaceutical industries. SCW has been treated, sequentially, with microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and nanofiltration (NF) membranes giving the possibility to obtain three different fractions, namely retentates recovered on 100 and 10 kDa (R100 and R10) and a nanofiltration retentate (RNF). These retentates were compared for their ability to preserve human keratinocytes from dehydration, to form protein-based films by casting, and finally they were used for probiotic cultivations as the main substrate. Results showed that Lactobacillus rhamnosus could grow without any further additional nutrient up to 2.2 ± 0.3 × 109 CFU/mL in the RNF medium. Dehydration tests on HaCat cells proved R100 as the most efficient fraction in preserving cell viability from this specific stress. R10, after diafiltrations, formed transparent films with improved features when glycerol was added as a plasticizer.

A Roadmap for Quality of the Digital Human Model in the Textile and Apparel Industry enabled by Digital Transformation

Digital transformation and the paradigm shift towards the virtual reality applications have altered the products in different sectors, such as textile and apparel industry. Development of the digital human models enables the industry to innovate the traditional process of planning, production and sales. The use of digital technology based on the body measurement data requires the anthropometric properties as well as the ergonomic assessment of realistic dynamic motions to create complex movements and fitting garments. This paper lays a roadmap to create a digital human model library by using the 3D body scanner and optimization algorithm to ensure the quality of the processes.

Gas mixture quality studies for the CMS RPC detectors during LHC Run 2

Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detectors are widely employed in the muon trigger systems of three experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). They are operated with gas mixture recirculation systems to reduce operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions since their gas mixture is based on C2H2F4, which has a high global warning potential. It is well known that the C2H2F4 molecule can break down under the effect of radiation and electric field. This leads to the creation of several impurities and free fluoride ions (F-), which could accumulate under gas recirculation and potentially attach to the RPC bakelite electrode inner surface. For these reasons, an extensive gas analysis campaign has been performed during LHC Run 2 for the CMS RPC system to verify gas mixture quality and possible accumulation of impurities.During the entire LHC Run 2 period, a gas chromatograph has been used to analyze the RPC gas mixture at different points of the gas system: quality of pure C2H2F4, fresh gas from the mixer, gas at the output of the detectors, and after the purifier module. Several impurities have been found and identified. Few impurities are already present in the C2H2F4 supply, as residuals of the industrial production. Nevertheless, it was found that some of these impurities, as well as others, are created inside the detector gas gap due to the fragmentation of the C2H2F4 molecule under the effects of electric field and radiation.During the 2018 LHC Run several gas analysis points were added to measure the fluoride ions production in different sectors of the RPC detector system. Indeed the products of the C2H2F4 fragmentation do not always recombine and F- species can stay free in the gas mixture. F- analyses were performed on the gas at the output of the detectors both for barrel and endcap regions, where radiation levels and operational conditions were different. In this way, it was possible to correlate the F- production with integrated charge, and gas mixture flow rate. In parallel, the RPC currents have been constantly monitored to look for possible correlations.Fluoride measurements have also been performed at GIF++ to better understand the correlation between F- production, radiation levels and gas volume exchanges.A comprehensive overview of the results obtained from the different types of gas analyses and possible correlation with RPC currents and LHC luminosity will be presented.

Assessing indirect economic losses of landslides along highways

Landslides along highways not only induce direct losses related to cost of replacement, repair or maintenance due to physical damage, but also induce indirect losses due to reduction in production in different sectors in an economic system. In this study, a method is suggested to assess the indirect losses of landslides along highways, where the impact of landslides on the transportation network is evaluated through the gravity model, and the output losses of different sectors are computed based on the dynamic input–output model. The suggested method is used to assess the indirect losses of landslides that occur along highways related to Yingxiu Town, Sichuan Province, China, which is the epicenter of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake. It is found that the impact of a landslide hazard on different sectors is not the same depending on their dependence relationship with the transportation sector. The indirect losses of a landslide increase as the repair time increases and decrease as the transportation network becomes more robust. Also, the location of a landslide will affect the caused indirect losses, and the indirect losses will increase as the transportation network is attacked by more landslides. The suggested method provides a useful instrument for estimating the indirect losses of landslides along highways, which were seldom addressed in previous studies.

A Decision Support Framework for National Crop Production Planning

This paper proposes a decision support framework for defining planning parameters for national crop production. The proposed framework addresses the gaps in policymaking, the role of all stakeholders, and uses historical data of crop production in different sectors of land in optimizing the profits that shall meet the defined constraints including national requirement, and export demand of different crops. There are many agro-economy-based countries where agriculture is the main contributor to their GDP, while there are others who always struggle to meet their national need while optimizing the agro-economy component of their earnings. Crops are not always produced with keeping the demand and production balance. Rather, the crops are mostly produced according to the farmer’s ease and last year’s prices for profit maximization leading to excessive production of one type of crop, lowering of profit margins, and shortage of some key crops for national need. This paper presents a decision aiding tool that can be used for farmer’s awareness for crop production planning that meets the national and export needs while maximizing farmer’s earnings. The model is tested on historical data of different segments of cultivated lands in Pakistan for validation, with the first experiment performed on single farmland with multi-fields while the second performed for multi-locations and multi-fields. The results are promising and provide estimates of net profit, expected production against the demand for each crop, and analysis that aids in crop planning, before and after the application of our model while meeting all necessary constraints.

Measuring the energy and environmental indices for apple (production and storage) by life cycle assessment (case study: Semirom county, Isfahan, Iran)

Assessment of energy and environmental indices is a common method for estimation the sustainable production in different sectors of agriculture. Considering the area under apple cultivation in Semirom county located in Isfahan province, the present study aimed to investigate the status of energy consumption and emission the environmental pollutants through life cycle assessment for apple production and storage in 2017–2018 cropping season. Required data were collected through questionnaire and interview with apple growers. Based on the results, the average of total required energy input and the yield of apple orchard were obtained as 116,505 ​MJha−1 and 34,951 ​kgha−1, respectively. For post-harvest operations, the average of total energy inputs was estimated as 15,727 ​MJ ​t−1. In apple orchard, the contribution of fuel, pesticides and transportation to total energy input were 58%, 12% and 11%, respectively, while in post-harvest section, the share of apple baskets and electricity in total energy input were 50% and 46%, respectively. Assessment of energy indices showed that energy ratio, energy productivity, specific energy and energy net-added were 0.72, 0.3 ​kgMJ−1, 3.33 ​MJ ​kg−1 and -32621 ​MJha−1, respectively. Based on the results obtained from environmental impact assessment of apple, the highest normalized pollution in apple orchard was related to Eutrophication and Freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity impact categories with the amount of 473×10−9 and 137×10−9, respectively, while in post-harvest operations, Marine aquatic ecotoxicity and Acidification impact categories had highest amounts as 0.0802×10−9 and 0.0121×10−9, respectively. Based on the results, diesel fuel and manure with the share of 97% of total emissions were identified as the environmental hotspots in apple orchard.

Aquatic nanotoxicology: impact of carbon nanomaterials on algal flora

Currently, different nanomaterials are being used in various commercial products in different sectors. Among them, carbon nanomaterials are one of the most promising engineered nanoforms of material. The excellent flexibility and capability to conduct electricity and heat make them suitable for many industrial purposes. It is predicted that nanomaterials production volumes will be increasing constantly during the next decades. However, the question arises what would be the impact of this wide usage of carbon nanomaterials on the environment in upcoming years. As ultimate disposal of these nanomaterials occurs in the aquatic ecosystems, it is very essential to assess its toxicological impact on it. Nevertheless, the risk assessment of carbon nanomaterials is a very intricate task. The reason is that a quantification of carbon nanomaterials in the carbon-rich environment is not at all easy. Hence, it is well evident that there is a necessity of the current research and development to investigate the potential aquatic toxicity of nanomaterials. Algae being an integral part of an aquatic ecosystem could play a role in monitoring tool for assessing the impact of carbon nanomaterial on the aquatic ecosystem. Seeking this correlation, this review focuses on the impact of carbon nanomaterials on algal flora. The mechanism effectually attributing the toxicity on algae is discussed, and future recommendations are made.

Evaluation of Russian Economic Sectors’ Sensitivity to Tax Burden

This study tests the hypothesis that Russia’s economic sectors have different sensitivity to tax burden. Econometric models are built to explore the relationship between production in different sectors and the tax burden on these sectors. We use employment growth, labour productivity growth and world oil prices growth as control variables; to neutralize crisis effects we introduced a binary dummy variable. A peculiar feature of our models is that we build a certain a priori non-linear fiscal aggregate, which appears as one variable in an econometric dependency and comprises one or two exogenous parameters. This enables us to test the hypothesis about the non-linear impact of tax burden on production and to avoid the multicollinearity problem. The parameter of the non-linear fiscal aggregate can take different values as we build the econometric dependency, which means that we can conduct a lot of computational experiments to choose the most adequate model. The econometric models use statistical data of Rosstat and the Federal Tax Service of Russia for the period of 1996–2019 for the whole economy and for the period of 2006–2019 for specific sectors. For this study we have chosen the manufacturing and extractive industries, manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, chemical industry and electrical engineering. To gain a bigger picture, we have also considered the public service sector– education and health care. Model calculations have shown that the main indicator reflecting the sectors’ sensitivity to tax regulation is the width of the corridor of permissible values of the tax burden in the parabolic dependency (permissible in the meaning that such tax burden provides a positive production growth in the sector): ∆q = q00 – q0. The lower is ∆q, the more sensitive is this sector to any tax increase. The use of additional indicators – q (effective tax burden), q* (optimal tax burden) and l* (potential production growth if the tax burden is optimal)– has shown that the more technologically advanced is the sector, the more sensitive it is to the tax burden. Moreover, the more technologically advanced is the sector and the more sensitive it is to fiscal regulation, the faster its development can be, provided that the tax rates are optimal. Thus, a possible solution is to apply a differentiated taxation system for economic sectors. All developed countries apply progressive personal income tax scales, which shows awareness of the differences in income groups’ sensitivity to taxes. Theoretically, nothing could be said against applying a similar principle to economic sectors with different levels of technological intensity and innovation and with a different sensitivity to tax burden. A differentiated tax system can be applied for economic sectors if certain conditions are met and specific procedures are established and followed. For citation Balatsky E.V., Ekimova N.A. Evaluation of Russian Economic Sectors’ Sensitivity to Tax Burden. Journal of Tax Reform. 2020;6(2):157–179. DOI: 10.15826/jtr.2020.6.2.080. Article info Received June 22, 2020; Revised July 14, 2020; Accepted July 21, 2020

Relation between Head Nurses Empowerment and Staff Nurses Productivity in Different Sectors

Background: Psychological empowerment is definitely important and human resource managements a crucial resource in the organization survival and improved. Therefore, it is essential for nurse manager to recognize staff nurses workand implement several ways and techniques to empower them to improve quality of care and productivity. Aim: Assess the relation between head nurses’ empowerment and staff productivity at different sectors.Setting: The study was conducted at EL-Mahala General Hospital and Kafr_El-Sheikh General Hospital. Methods: A descriptive correlation design used for caring out this study. The current study was conducted in both EL-Mahala General Hospital and Kafr_El-Sheikh General Hospital which are affiliated to Ministry of Health. The study subjects consist of 35% of head nurses (n=41) and staff nurses (n=310) from different departments in both hospitals previous mentioned.Tools: Includes two tools, tool; included two parts;socio demographic sheet,part 2: psychological empowerment questionnaire and tool II:productivity scale was used. Results: The present study was revealed that the majority (87, 80%)of total empowerment of head nurses were good level and the 54.84% of staff nurses productivity were a good level. There is a statistical significant difference between total empowerment and head nurses demographic related to years of experience.Also, there is a statistical significant difference between totalstaff nurses productivity and their demographic related to marital status, age, years of experience and academic qualification respectively. In addition, there is a strong positive correlation between head nurse' empowerment and staff nurse' productivity.Conclusionand recommendation: The present study concluded that the head nurses had high level of empowerment and staff nurses resemble a good level of productivity.There is a positive significant correlation between head nurses' empowerment and staff nurses' productivity at both EL-Mahala General Hospital and Kafr_El-Sheikh General Hospital. The study recommended that nurse manager create positive work environment,established open channels of communication and conducting training program to increase awareness of all staff nurses members about importance of empowerment and productivity.They contribute and allow individual creativity, empower staff nurse to increase productivity.

Unfolding the innovation system for the development of countries: coevolution of Science, Technology and Production

We show that the space in which scientific, technological and economic activities interplay with each other can be mathematically shaped using techniques from statistical physics of networks. We build a holistic view of the innovation system as the tri-layered network of interactions among these many activities (scientific publication, patenting, and industrial production in different sectors), also taking into account the possible time delays. Within this construction we can identify which capabilities and prerequisites are needed to be competitive in a given activity, and even measure how much time is needed to transform, for instance, the technological know-how into economic wealth and scientific innovation, being able to make predictions with a very long time horizon. We find empirical evidence that, at the aggregate scale, technology is the best predictor for industrial and scientific production over the upcoming decades.

Driving factors of water-energy nexus in China

Water and energy are intertwined during their production and consumption processes. Static assessments and simulations of the water-energy nexus among production and consumption are important for determining the mechanism behind the nexus; however, dynamic studies can help determine the most important factors that influence the development of the water-energy nexus, which can provide new insights for shaping energy and water synergetic management. Thus, we probed the driving factors of the water-energy nexus in China through structural decomposition analysis from 1990 to 2014 and decomposed the water consumption of different consumers into six energy related factors: the water-energy nexus coefficient, the energy intensity, the production structure, the consumption volume per capita of final consumers, consumption patterns, and the population. The results showed that the consumption volume, which indicates the consumption levels of different consumers, contributed 156% of the increase of the total energy related water consumption in 2014 compared with that in 1990. Additionally, the energy intensity is the most important driving factor that can reduce the total water consumption of all consumers (household, government, gross fixed capital format, etc.), accounting for −271% of the water consumption in 2014. The consumption patterns, i.e., expenditures on various products in different sectors, also show positive impacts on water consumption conservation for the gross fixed capital format and government, although they can aggravate the water consumption in households. The investigation of the driving forces for different consumers also shows that prosperity in the real estate industry and other related industries has indirectly driven more water flow into gross fixed capital investments and the government, which negatively affects the sustainable water consumption goal in China.

Use of traditional inputs and advanced industrial technology in value-added within the pulp and paper industry in india

ABSTRACT This paper exploits the information obtained in Annual Survey of Industries during 1999–2010 to gauge the degree of value-added owing to the use of traditional inputs (capital, labor, energy, indigenous materials, and imported materials) and advanced industrial production technology (services, information and communications technology, and pollution control equipment) in two main sub-sectors of the Pulp and Paper (P&P) industry in India categorized according to use of different types of raw material. The panel data econometric exercise confirms that the use of traditional inputs and advanced industrial technologies, and industry level determinants of the two sub-sectors have varied effects on value-added within them. These findings are important for promoting higher value-added production in different sectors within the resource-based industry.

Brexit and the Future of UK Capitalism

Brexit and the Future of <scp>UK</scp> Capitalism

Impact properties of thermoplastic composites

The excellent properties exhibited by thermoplastic composites at much reduced weight have attracted attention in the development of products in different sectors. Thermoplastic (TP) composites, because of their distinctive properties as well as ease of manufacturing, have emerged as a competitor against the conventional thermoset resin-based composites. Depending on the application, these composites may undergo impact events at various velocities and often fail in many complex modes. Hence, the development of TP composites having high energy-dissipation at (the desired) much-reduced weight has become a challenging task, but it is a problem which may be alleviated through the appropriate selection of materials and fabrication processes. Furthermore, fibre surface modification has been shown to increase fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion, which can lead to improved impact resistance. Textile preforms are helpful in acting as a structural backbone in the composites since they offer a relatively free hand to the composite designer to tailor its properties to suit a specific application. Additionally, hybrid textile composite structures may help in achieving the desired properties at much lower weight.Simulation software can play a significant role in the evaluation of composites without damaging physical samples. Once the simulation result has been validated with actual experimental results, it should be possible to predict the test outcomes for different composites, with different characteristics, at different energy levels without conducting further physical tests. Various numerical models have been developed which have to be incorporated into these software tools for better prediction of the result.In the current issue of Textile Progress, the effects of various materials and test parameters on impact behaviour are critically analyzed. The effect of incorporating high-performance fibres and natural fibres or their hybrid combination on the impact properties of TP composites are also discussed and the essential properties of TP polymers are briefly explained. The effects of fibre and matrix hybridization, environmental factors, various textile preform structures and fibre surface modification treatments on the impact properties of thermoplastic composites are examined in detail. Various numerical models used for impact analysis are discussed and the potential applications of TP composites in automobile, aerospace and medical sectors are highlighted.

Mathematical Modelling of the Process of Tungsten Fluorides Reduction by Hydrogen

The process of tungsten fluorides reduction by hydrogen is a component part of Fluoride technology of tungsten conversion. Nowadays the researchers are definitely interested in studying this process. It is connected with common use of metal tungsten products in different sectors of the economy, which is the result of unique qualities of this metal. With the help of physical and mathematical modelling of the process of tungsten hexafluoride reduction by hydrogen, it becomes possible to create an import substitution technology of metal tungsten conversion. Fluoride technology of tungsten conversion allows putting different coverings and make tungsten products of different shapes, which is impossible to get traditionally. The process of tungsten fluorides reduction by hydrogen can be referred to CVD processes (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Common use of CVD technologies for getting metal products and coverings is limited by definite problems, connected with access difficulties to initial components of research and the lack of information about their basic thermal characteristics. Therefore, mathematical description of the initial components mass-moving process, which provides with optimal value of their concentration in gas flow and in precipitation zone, is a question of current importance.