Production Cost Of Reactive Power Research Articles

An Interactive Fuzzy Satisfying Method Based on Particle Swarm Optimization for Multi-Objective Function in Reactive Power Market

Reactive power plays an important role in supporting real power transmission, maintaining system voltages within proper limits and overall system reliability. In this paper, the production cost of reactive power, cost of the system transmission loss, investment cost of capacitor banks and absolute value of total voltage deviation (TVD) are included into the objective function of the power flow problem. Then, by using particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO), the problem is solved. The proposed PSO algorithm is implemented on standard IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus test systems and with using fuzzy satisfying method the optimal solutions are determined. The fuzzy goals are quantified by defining their corresponding membership functions and the decision maker is then asked to specify the desirable membership values. The obtained results show that solving this problem by using the proposed method gives much better results than all the other algorithms.

Multi Objective Differential Evolution approach for voltage stability constrained reactive power planning problem

This paper presents the application of Multi Objective Differential Evolution (MODE) algorithm to solve the Voltage Stability Constrained Reactive Power Planning (VSCRPP) problem. Minimization of total cost of energy loss and reactive power production cost of capacitors and maximization of voltage stability margin are taken as the objectives in the Reactive Power Planning (RPP) problem. The L-index of the load buses is taken as the indicator of voltage stability. In the proposed approach, generator bus voltage magnitudes, transformer tap settings and reactive power generation of capacitor bank are taken as the control variables and are represented as the combination of floating point numbers and integers. The MODE emphasizes the non dominated solutions and simultaneously maintains diversity in the non dominated solutions. DE/randSF/1/bin strategy scheme of Differential Evolution with self tuned parameter which employs binomial crossover and difference vector based mutation is used for the VSCRPP problem. A fuzzy based mechanism is employed to get the best compromise solution from the pareto front to aid the decision maker. The proposed reactive power planning model is implemented on two test systems, IEEE 30 bus and IEEE 57 bus test systems. The simulation results of the proposed optimization approach show that MODE is better in maintaining diversity and optimality of solutions.

10.5937/zeint24-6997 = Assessment of the operating conditions of coordinated Q-V controller within secondary voltage control system

The paper, discusses the possibility to use coordinated Q-V controller (CQVC) to perform secondary voltage control at the power plant level. The CQVC performs the coordination of the synchronous generators' (SG) reactive power outputs in order to maintain the same total reactive power delivered by the steam power plant (SPP), while at the same time maintaining a constant voltage with programmed reactive droop characteristic at the SPP HV busbar. This busbar is the natural pilot node for secondary voltage control at HV level as the node with maximum power production and maximum power consumption. In addition to voltage control, the CQVC maintains the uniform allocation of reactive power reserves at all SGs in the power plant. This is accomplished by setting the reactive power of each SG at given operating point in accordance to the available reactive power of the same SG at that point. Different limitations imposed by unit's and plant equipment are superimposed on original SG operating chart (provided by the manufacturer) in order to establish realistic limits of SG operation at given operating point. The CQVC facilitates: i) practical implementation of secondary voltage control in power system, as it is capable of ensuring delivery of reactive power as requested by regional/voltage control while maintaining voltage at system pilot node, ii) the full deployment of available reactive power of SGs which in turn contributes to system stability, iii) assessment of the reactive power impact/contribution of each generator in providing voltage control as ancillary service. Furthermore, it is also possible to use CQVC to pricing reactive power production cost at each SG involved and to design reactive power bidding structure for transmission network devices by using recorded data. Practical exploitation experience acquired during CQVC continuous operation for over two years enabled implementation of the optimal setting of reference voltage and droop on daily, monthly and seasonal basis. Finally, the paper suggests and elaborates on studies related to application of several coordinated Q-V controllers in power system to facilitate secondary voltage control. It is shown that the CQVC can be used to maintain desired voltage at assigned pilot node in the power system with predefined reactive droop characteristic, and such maintain the required voltage profile across the transmission network based on commands received from upper hierarchical control level.

A stochastic framework for reactive power procurement market, based on nodal price model

A new modified nodal pricing method is presented in this paper to calculate reactive power price. This article tries to solve the problems of traditional nodal pricing methods to be able to consider opportunity and availability costs for the generators. A modified model of generators reactive power production cost has been used in OPF objective function considering normal and contingency conditions. Availability cost would be estimated considering the volume of network demand from the generators in contingency states through probability calculations. This cost would be paid to all the units that possibly will needed to produce reactive power in contingency states. Purvey of required availability of generation units to deal with emergency conditions, encouraging providers to invest in critical areas in the network and fair distribution of reactive power production costs over several producers are some advantages of the proposed method. The proposed method is tested on IEEE 24 bus RTS and is compared with the uniform pricing method.

Application of the ant colony search algorithm to reactive power pricing in an open electricity market

Reactive power management is essential to transfer real energy and support power system security. Developing an accurate and feasible method for reactive power pricing is important in the electricity market. In conventional optimal power flow models the production cost of reactive power was ignored. In this paper, the production cost of reactive power and investment cost of capacitor banks were included into the objective function of the OPF problem. Then, using ant colony search algorithm, the optimal problem was solved. Marginal price theory was used for calculation of the cost of active and reactive power at each bus in competitive electric markets. Application of the proposed method on IEEE 14-bus system confirms its validity and effectiveness. Results from several case studies show clearly the effects of various factors on reactive power price.

A new approach for cost allocation and reactive power pricing in a deregulated environment

Power industry has been facing restructuring problems during the past decade. Appropriate management of reactive power is very essential for supporting power system security. Reactive power has dominant effects on real energy transfer. Furthermore, it can support the secure operation of the system as an ancillary service. However, most researches have been focused on active power as the main good transacted in electricity markets. On the other hand, while reactive power production cost is highly dependent on real power output, it is mainly confined to local consumption. As a result, to avoid market power and to maintain the secure operation of the system, a fair cost allocation method seems to be very essential. Appropriate pricing of reactive power as an ancillary service has been a challenging problem during the past decade. However, most methods proposed so far for reactive power pricing are essentially based on empirical approximations. In this paper, a new method for reactive power cost allocation is proposed. The method is based on calculation of the accurate cost which will be imposed on generators due to supporting reactive power. The proposed method is fair, accurate and realistic and it can be formulated very easily. Furthermore, a new approach based on tracing algorithm is proposed for pricing of reactive power which considers the cost of both active and reactive losses allocated to each generator. Application of the proposed method on IEEE 9-bus standard network confirms its validity and effectiveness.

Application of the Ant Colony Search Algorithm to Reactive Power Pricing in an Open Electricity Market

Developing an accurate and feasible method for reactive power pricing is important in the electricity market. In conventional optimal power flow models the production cost of reactive power was ignored. In this study, the production cost of reactive power was comprised into the objective function of the OPF problem. Then, using ant colony search algorithm, the optimal problem was solved. The IEEE 14-bus system has been used for application of the method. The results from several study cases show clearly the effects of various factors on reactive power price.

Security region based real and reactive power pricing of power system

This paper develops a novel model and an algorithm of security region based real and reactive power pricing of power systems. In the proposed model, the reactive power production cost is represented as the opportunity cost. The static voltage stability region in the cut set power space (CVSR) and the practical dynamic security region (PDSR) in the injection power space are used to represent the constraints of voltage stability and transient stability, so that the consideration of this kind of constraints in the optimization becomes very easy. In the proposed algorithm, a decoupled optimization and iteration method of active power production cost and reactive power production cost is suggested. According to the K-T optimality conditions, the prices of active power and reactive power, and the different components corresponding to the concerned security constraints are derived. The components of spot prices can reflect the influence of different node power injections on each kind of security constraints, so that through the node price all of the participants in power market can be stimulated to take an active part in maintaining the system security. An illustrative example on the New England 10-genetator 39-bus System is used to demonstrate the proposed method.

A cost allocation method for reactive power service based on power flow tracing

In this paper, a novel cost allocation method for reactive power service based on power flow tracing is suggested. The corresponding reactive power price contains two parts: the production cost of reactive power and the transmission cost of reactive power. The principle and procedure of reactive power tracing are presented. The detailed formulation for the calculation of each part is derived. Computer tests are conducted using the IEEE 14-bus system and the results show that the suggested method is reasonable and practical.

A study of reactive power marginal price in electricity market

Abstract Developing an accurate and feasible method for reactive power pricing is significant in the electricity market. The reactive power price cannot be obtained accurately by conventional optimal power flow models which usually ignore the production cost of reactive power. In this paper, the authors include the production cost of reactive power into the objective function of the optimal power flow problem, and use sequential quadratic programming method to solve the optimization problem and obtain reactive power marginal price accordingly. A five-bus test system is used for computer study. The results from eight study cases show clearly the effects of various factors on reactive power marginal price.